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    8 views10 pages

    Perm Estimation Various Sources

    Uploaded by

    Jose Carlos Cabello Hiza
    Perm+estimation+various+sources

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 10
    Permeability Estimation: The Various Sources and Their Interrelationships Usman Ahmed, SPE, $.F. Crary, SPE, and G.R. Coates,” SPE, ‘Schlumberger Well Services Summary. Rock-formation perme- abilty is one important flow parame- ter associated with subsurface pro: duction and injection. Its importance is reflected by the number of avail- able techniques (wel-iog evaluation, core measurements, and well testing) typically used to estimate it.The ltr. ature is ful of comparisons and corre- lations of permeabilty from these sources. Too often these compari ‘sons and correlations are used to make important conclusions without proper regard to the interrelation- ships among them. Permeability est- mates by individual techniques within the various permeability sources can vary with the state of rook (in-situ en- Vironment), fluid saturation distribu: tion, flow direction, and the scale of the medium under investigation. This paper reviews the commercially available permeability-estimation techniques and discusses the impor tant factors that ilustrate thei interre- lationships. Knowledge of appropri- ate interrelationships among the ‘various techniques allows meaningful ermeabilty comparisons and corre lations. Usefulness of the interrela- tionships is demonstrated with field data, Also, the interrelationship con- cepts presented are a comerstone for reservoir flow characterization. Introduction ‘Of all the formation parameters that petro- Jeum engineers use, permeability is one of ‘the most important. In the oil and gas in- ‘dustry it is used to determine whether a well should be completed and brought on line.” Permeability i8 also essential in overall reservoir management and development (eg, for choosing the optimal drainage points and production rate, optimizing com- pletion and perforation design and devising [BOR pattems and injection conditions). il and gas companies use both accurate and approximate permeability values. These values frequently are compared and correlat- cd withoot much attention to how each value ‘was determined, Such comparisons and correlations are then used to make impor- tant conclusions about formation flow poten- tial and for various aspects of reservoir management and development. But estab- lishing a correlation between unstressed core plug permeability and drilster-esting (DST permeability and then using the cor- relation with other unstressed core plug per- ‘meabilities to evaluate the flow potential of other zones, for example, may be futile un- Tess the scale factor, measurement environ- iment, and physics are adequately consid- cred. The scale factor considers the relative size of the volumes being investigated and the nature of heterogeneity, and the meas- ‘urement environment and physics consider the state ofthe rock environment, uid satu- ration distribution, flow direction, and sen sitivity of the measured or infrred varia- ‘bles that constitute permeability calculations To address the appropriate correlations ‘among techniques, we first define the vari- ‘ous permeabilities that are measured by the various techniques. Permenbility Definitions ‘The classic definition of permeability, as de- scribed by Darcy,? isthe intrinsic charac teristic of a material that determines how easly a fluid can passthrough it. Inthe pe ‘roleum industry, the darcy is the standard unit of measure for permeability. It repre- sents I cm? of fluid with a viscosity of 1 “Mow et NUMA Cop. copy 801 Soc of Prcaum Engrs ep flowing trough a -em? cross-sectional fatea of rock in I Second under a pressure {radiznt of {alm per tem of length inthe ‘irecton of flow. This intrinsic rock prop- ‘en iscalled absolute permeability when the rock is 100% saturated with one id phase. Permeability also measured in reference to a uid phase shen the rock is saturated with a mulpe-fuid phase. Such a perme- ability is the efetive permeability of the rock tothe particular owing Hui. (The rato of effective to absolute permeability is the relative permeability) These definitions ae simple and straightforward when the ‘mewsuremen is performed in the oratory. ‘When downhole rock permeability is meas- tured, however, complications arise because of lack of knowledge about the dovahole tevironment, the volume, and the measue- ‘ment method. Almost every discipline within the i in- test/log volume ratio would then be 9.33%105 ‘The scale relationship betwen the well {est and other permeabilities canbe further established through the standard-devition ‘concept illustrated in Eq, 7. Therefore, the theoretical standard. deviations of core- ‘measured and log-inferred permeabilities to well-test permeability can be expressed as follows: 14% 105g 0) OX 1DE yy... (UD) ‘Measurement Environment and Physies. Because these factors ate interrelated, they are discussed together. "The transient wel tet isthe only method. that allows formation capacity or diffusivity (@ product of average formation permeabil- ity and the thickness ofthe responding ration, fH) measurement ata truly in-situ condition, Most wireline logging methods satisfy all in-situ equirements, with the pos- sible exception of reservoir fluid satura (owing to mud filtrate invasion). Superflow conditions in an RFT test, however, are an exception to this rule, Most core analyses ate performed at tandard bench conditions. Certain tests are performed at simulated in- situ effective stress (overburden minus pore pressure) and possibly temperature; satura- tion is rarely simulated correcdy Core Testing. Simulation of appropriate in-situ temperature doesnot significantly af feet permeability measurement. There fore, availablity of appropriate temperature simulation capability is not highly sought. Presure effects, however, are significant, Absence of inst pressure conditions can ‘make laboratory permeability values orders, of magnitude higher.°0 Simulation of owahole saturation is not a small feat ‘Techniques like the pulse-decay method? can alow one to measure permeability at particular simulated downhole fluid satura- tion by imposing a pressure pulse smaller ‘than the capillary pressure. The complicated nature ofthe test makes it unusable. A prac- tical way to incorporate the saturation ef- fect in the core-analysis method (to report cffective permeability at a certain hid sat- ration is to combine absolute permeability measurements at in-situ pressure with rela- tive-permeabilty data Wireline-Log Analysis. All wireline-log permeability techniques discussed except RFT superfiow calculate permeability based ‘on 100% invaded-fluid movement. Thus, the calculated permeabilities are closer to invaded-fluid absolute permeabilities as op- posed to effective permeabilities. To relate absolute to effective permeability, use the ‘elative-permesbility concepts developed by Jones and later modified by Coates and ‘Denoo? as follows: egy “Sy SyiMA-S IP «2 and ky =O-8,)2 US), 03) where ky hydrocarbon relative permea- bility ‘All wireline Jog techniques except RFT infer permeability. Any- inference-based technique is always biased to local environ- ment. Permeability from wireline logs hus ‘en successful in local basins where repeat- ced use ofthe techniques has allowed these biases to be overcome. Even inthe presence ‘of bias, the wireline permeability calculated every foot may not agree quantitatively with another direst measurement; however, it presents an excellent relative value for cor- relating between layers or zones. Well Testing. Transient-well-test interpre- tation provides formation capacity or iff May 199) «PT sivity. Therefore, to calculate a pecmeabil ity, we need to ascertain the thickness of the formation that responds to the perturbation daring the test. Typically, openhole logs (gamma ray, spontaneous-potential, pporosity-development are used to ascertain formation thickness, The conteibutng for- ‘mation thickness during the test may not cor- respond to the log-estimated formation thickness. The only way to solve this prob- Jem accurately is to have a production pro- file (Fig. 5) of the ayer(s) available during ‘drawdown and production. A gradual slope of the cumulative production curve (from bottom to top) indicates uniform production through zone, and an abrupt change feflets thn heterogeneous producing lay- cer. With the flow-profil-per-depthinforma- tion, the transient-diffusivty equation fora

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