A Study to Determine Factors Influencing Multiple Sexual

Partnership among Students in K.m.t.c Bondo

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH INFORMATION AND

TECHNOLOGY SIAYA CAMPUS

By: Billy Omondi Kola

2015

DECLARATION
I hereby declare that this research proposal is my original work and it has never been
presented either in the same or different format to this or any other institution for any
qualification.
Name

: KOLA BILLY OMONDI

Student No : D/UPHRI/14029/136
Date

: 2014/2015

CERTIFICATION
The undersigned certify that they have read and recommended to the department of health records and
information technology for the acceptance of a research proposal entitled.
A study to determine factors influencing youth students aged 18-30 to engage in multiple sexual
partnership at KMTC MASITA.
Approved by:

INTERNAL SURPERVISOR: Ms. MUWANGA AHOMO

NAME:
CREDENTIALS: principal kmtc siaya
SIGNATURE:
DATE:
EXTERNAL SUPERVISOR:
CREDENTIALS:
DATE:

Table of Contents
DECLARATION...............................................................................................................................2
CERTIFICATION..............................................................................................................................3
ACKNOWLEGEMENT....................................................................................................................6
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................7
OPERATIONAL DEFINATIONS OF VARIABLES.........................................................................8
CHAPTER ONE..............................................................................................................................10
1.1INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................10
1.2BACKGROUND........................................................................................................................10
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT.........................................................................................................12
1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY.....................................................................................................13
1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY.................................................................................................13
1.5.0 BROAD OBJECTIVE............................................................................................................13
1.5.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES.......................................................................................................13
1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS.......................................................................................................14
1.7 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................15
1.8 LIMITATIONS & DELIMINATION OF THE STUDY............................................................15
1.9 SCOPE OF THE STUDY..........................................................................................................15
CHAPTER 2....................................................................................................................................16
2.0 LITRETURE REVIEW.............................................................................................................16
2.1 SOCIAL-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS....................................................................................16
2.2 SOCIAL STATUS......................................................................................................................16
2.2.0 GENDER DIFFERENCES.....................................................................................................16
2.2.1 FAMILY BACKGROUND.....................................................................................................17
2.2.2 Parents marital status and stability.........................................................................................17
2.2.3 PARENTAL SUPERVISION..................................................................................................18
2.3 INDIVIDUAL FACTORS.........................................................................................................19
2.3.0 DRUG AND SUBSTANCE USE...........................................................................................19
2.3.1 PEER INFLUENCE AMONG YOUTHS...............................................................................20
RELIGION......................................................................................................................................21
2.5 YOUTHS SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE AND THEIR AWARENESS ON MSPs....................23
2.6 YOUTHS ATTITUDE ON MSPs (GENDER BASED ATTITUDE).........................................24
2.6.0 YOUNG WOMENS ATTITUDE..........................................................................................24

2.6.1 YOUNG MALES ATTITUDE................................................................................................25

2.7 YOUTHS CULTURE AND BELIEFS REGARDING MSPS..................................................27
CHAPTER 3....................................................................................................................................30
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY...............................................................................................30
3.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................30
3.2 STUDY AREA..........................................................................................................................30
3.2.0 GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION AND SIZE..........................................................................30
3.2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARIES.....................................................................................30
3.2.2 CLIMATE & PHYSICAL FEATURES..................................................................................31
3.2.3 POPULATION AND DISTRIBUTION..................................................................................31
3.2.4 RELIGION, CULTURAL AND ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS...................................31
3.2.5 EDUCATIONAL &HEALTH FACILITIES...........................................................................31
3.3 STUDY POPULATION.............................................................................................................32
3.4STUDY DESIGN.......................................................................................................................32
3.5 SAMPLING METHODS & PROCEDURE..............................................................................32
3.5.0 INCLUSION CRITERIA........................................................................................................32
3.5.1 EXCLUSION CRITERIA......................................................................................................32
3.6 SAMPLING SIZE.....................................................................................................................33
3.7 STUDY INSTRUMENTS.........................................................................................................33
3.8 VARIABLE S............................................................................................................................33
3.8.0 Dependent variable.................................................................................................................33
3.9 ETHICAL INFORMATIONS FOR PARTICIPANTS................................................................34
3.10 DATA MANAGEMENT AND PROCESSING.......................................................................34
3.11 BUDGET (KENYA SHILLINGS)...........................................................................................34
3.12 TIME SCHEDULE..................................................................................................................35

ACKNOWLEGEMENT
I acknowledge the invaluable encouragement and financial support from my parents Dr
David A Kola and my mother Millicent Atieno kola. To Mr. Ahomo and Bernard Osiemo your
keen attention and professional guiding is also much appreciated, thanks to you all and may
God bless and reward you more in life.

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
WHO World Health Organization
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus
AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
STIs/STD s Sexually Transmitted Infections / Diseases
MSPs-multiple sexual partnership

OPERATIONAL DEFINATIONS OF VARIABLES.

Sexual experience: Practiced penetrative penile vaginal sex at least once.
Youth: this is a period of transition from the dependence of childhood to adulthoods
independence
Risk behavior: Pattern of personality that predispose one to conceive HIV infection.
Had ever had sexual intercourse: Practiced penetrative penile vaginal sex at least once
Life time partner: People commit to one another for one reason or another. Some commit
for love, some for money, some for influence, and some for just plain good sex.
Drug: any chemical substance that alters body functions.
Substances: Any non-medical drugs used by study subjects such as alcohol, khat, Cannabis,
heroin, cocaine, and marijuana to alter their mood or behavior.
Drug abuse: Persistent or sporadic excessive use of drugs inconsistent or unrelated to
acceptable medical practice.
Substance abuse: is a maladaptive pattern of substance use result repeated problems and
adverse consequences. Or the use of any of these substances by study subjects at any time
without medical prescription
Gender identity: A sense of maleness or femaleness (psychological aspect of behavior
related to masculinity or femininity, influenced by parental and cultural attitudes) (Sadock,
2007)
Sexual identity: Biological sexual characteristics (chromosomes, genitalia, hormones,
gonads and secondary sexual characteristics) (Sadock, 2007)
Sexual behavior: A psycho-physiological experience influenced by the brain and spinal cord.
It is affected by psychosexual development, psychological attitudes towards sexuality and
attitudes towards ones sexual partner. (Sadock, 2007)
Sexual intercourse: An act whereby a male inserts his penis into a females vagina
Sexual orientation: Being heterosexual, homosexual or bisexual (Sadock, 2007)
Sexual coercion: That range of experience that compels someone to have sex against her or
his will, including violence, threats, verbal insistence, deception, cultural expectations and
economic circumstances. The consequence being a lack of choice to pursue other options
without severe social or physical consequences. (Erulkar, 2004)
Dependence: A cluster of physiological, behavioral and Cognitive phenomena of variable
intensity. In which the use of psychoactive drug takes on a high priority. Characterized by
preoccupation with a desire to obtain and take the drug and persistent drug seeking behavior.
8

Illicit (illegal) drugs: Drugs which are forbidden by law Such as cocaine, heroine, and
marijuana.
Licit drugs: Drugs which are permitted by law such as alcohol, cigarette and khat.
"Hard drugs: Substances such as cocaine, heroin, etc, which are under the International
control and produced, trafficked and consumed illicitly.
Khat: A central nervous system stimulating substance with alkaloid active ingredient,
cathinone, and with effect similar to that of amphetamine
Poor family economic background: a family income less than 500 Birr per month
Medium family economic background: a family income between 500 and 1000 Birr per
month
Rich family economic background: a family income
More than 1000 Birr per month

CHAPTER ONE
1.1INTRODUCTION
1.2BACKGROUND
Multiple sexual partnerships can be broadly described as relationships where an individual
has two or more sexual relationships that overlap in time (SADC 2006)
Research shows that multiple sexual partnerships has been investigated extensively
worldwide and poses real danger on development of youths across all continents economy
and development, (Oliver and Hyde 1993; prince et al 1993).
This study focuses on multiple sexual partners among youths in higher learning institutions
and factors influencing youths to engage in multiple sexual practices. The prevalence of
multiple sexual partnerships has been found to be high among college and universities In
Africa. (Gold and gold 1991).
Despite the efforts by NASCOP (2007) to reduce the rate of HIV/AIDS among students in
Bondo, there are still cases of multiple sexual partnerships among students and villagers and
student to student relationships. Based on the foregoing it is established that the most
vulnerable set of people to this habit are the youths, in fact college and university students
have particularly identified as the most at risk for this behavior (Co hem 2009)
In Kenya approximately 80-90% of college students report being sexually active and only
one third report using condom on regular basis with different sexual partners during sex, it is
also noted that college students are likely to have multiple sexual partners averaging six or
more partners which invariably increases their sexual risk susceptibility (Abbey et al 2009)
(Deisenberg 2001).
In Bondo the rate of multiple sexual partners among youths is noted to be high due to the
increased HIV/AIDS prevalence among youths being admitted in Bondo district hospital and
the increased number of students being registered in the Art register, hence keen interest has
to be taken on youths reproductive development or further consequences will be felt in the
future.
10

Therefore the increased incidences of multiple sexual partnership has made it urgent for this
study to be conducted to asses the prevalence of multiple sexual partners among students and
factors leading to youths engaging in multiple sexual partnership, Besides the findings will
contribute for the health institution to design better intervention and strategies to help the
youths.

11

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT

Multiple sexual partnerships have become a serious problem facing our youths today. Despite
efforts by the non- governmental organizations to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS worldwide,
youths are still at the centre of global HIV/AIDS pandemic, (Moore et al 2008).
In Africa, the age initiation of sexual intercourse among young adult is very high, this poses a
real danger in Africas economical development, cases of rape, polygamy and multiple sexual
partners among African countries varies on the countries policy (Imaledo et al 2012).
In Kenya according to kenya demographic and health survey (KDHS) 41% and 21% of youths
15-24 years reported sexual activity with different partners preceding the survey (central bureau
of statistics (CBS) [Kenya] Ministry of health (MOH) [Kenya] & ORC Marco, 2004).the
prevalence of youths engaging in multiple sexual partnership
In Bondo studies were done among secondary school youths but not college and university
students due to the increased cases of multiple sexual partners among college students, there is
need for more studies to be done, and this study sets out to study multiple sexual partners among
college students in Bondo.

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1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF THE STUDY

Youths sexuality is an important aspect of young adults and behavioral sciences with regard to
reproductive health. A lot of attention has been given to youths behavior however a holistic
approach needs to be set for psychological and social factors affecting youths .This study focuses
and gives more attention to youths in colleges and universities.
Despite several campaigns on abstinence and multiple sexual practices among youth students in
universities, the reality is that many still indulge in this risky activity, a lot of awareness and
programs have been rolled out to promote safe sexual practices, hence after this research study,
the prevalence of HIV/AIDS as a result of multiple sexual partnership should decline.

1.5 LIMITATIONS & DELIMINATION OF THE STUDY

The respondents may not be cooperative- Financial constraints, the scarcity of finance, which
may hinder the research process since the college does not fund students in regard to assistants to
help in data collection process.

1.6 Assumptions
The students were cooperative and gave accurate information.

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1.4 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

This study sought to asses the level of awareness and perception of multiple sexual partners
among college and university students in reducing HIV/AIDS and promoting youths
reproductive health.

1.5 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1.5.0 BROAD OBJECTIVE
To investigate the factors influencing youth students aged 18-30 years to engage in multiple
sexual partnerships in JOOUST

1.5.1 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

1. To determine the socio-demographic factors influencing youths students to engage in
multiple sexual partnership.
2. To understand the source of knowledge and the awareness youths have on multiple sexual
partners.
3. To determine the factors influencing youth students to engage in multiple sexual partnership.
4. Review youths norms, values and beliefs on multiple sexual partners.
5. To determine youths personal attitude towards multiple sexual partners.(Gender based
attitude)

14

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS

1. What are the socio-demographic factors affecting youths to engage in multiple sexual
2.

partnership relationships?
What are the sources of youths knowledge and awareness about multiple sexual

partners?
3. What are the factors influencing youth students to engage in multiple sexual
partnership
4. Which beliefs, values and culture about multiple sexual partnerships do youths
students have?
5. What attitude do youths have on multiple sexual partnerships?

15

CHAPTER 2
2.0 LITRETURE REVIEW
There is limited literature on the level of multiple sexual partners among Kenyan youths in
universities and colleges; however the few existing pieces suffice to provide a picture of the
trend and gap in literature about multiple sexual partnerships among youths. This section is
arranged into five themes: socio-demographic factors (family stability social status, individual
factors & economic factors) affecting youths, knowledge, attitude, factors affecting youths to
engage in multiple sexual partners and beliefs and culture about MSPs.

2.1 SOCIAL-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS.

2.2 SOCIAL STATUS
This is the social rank of a person in a society.

2.2.0 GENDER DIFFERENCES.

Although pressure on girls and boys to engage in sex overlap, they also differ in crucial aspects,
for instance girls often have less say about the condition of sex, they have far much exposure to
sexual abuse, lower socio economic status and lack of economic option. This drive girls more
readily than boys forcing them to have multiple sexual partners for different purposes as for
sexual pleasure, financial support hence involving themselves in transactional sex (Parker,
2000).
The final injury is that girls are more likely to be easily infected than boys by having multiple
sexual partners and inconsistence use of condom even when motivated, they may lack the
negotiating skills and power to avoid (Johnston et al 1991), female youths were predicted to be
more marginalized in participating in multiple sexual partnership as compared to male youth and
this in turn increases heir prosperity to sexual risk taking behaviors among youths (Aggleton et
al 2000).
Female youths are viewed as that e that are deprived of the opportunities to negotiate for safe sex
are less informed and have low self esteem. They were presumed to of great risk to the male
counterpart (Akunga et at 2004).

16

Gender also influence the number of partners an individual have within different period of time,
for instance men tend to seek multiple sexual partners and are reluctant to commit to any
committed relationship, (bison & Levin 2009). This in turn makes it attractive for friends with
benefit trend among college students, in this case men are generally but not invariantly more
likely to engage in friends with benefit relationships (FWB) as compared to women ( zasman in
press, 2005) (Puentes et al 2008).
Men in this case takes advantage due to the fact that women easily engage in certain factors for
specific purposes, for instance a woman engages In sex with every partner she feels caring and
has little affection to her, this they believe is a way of increasing their chances of being in
committed relationship, hence ending up having more men (Bisons and Levine, 2009).
Male students are likely to engage in multiple sexual relationships due to circumstances such as
heartbreaks, this shows how men are vulnerable to stress than women, hence engage in sex to
reduce the stress they encounter, for men both taking service from prostitutes and multiple sexual
partners is acceptable and tolerable among other societies where the consumers of sex are
invisible (Farley 2004 & 2005; Hughes 2001 & 2005). And for the same reason male
counterparts are more likely to experience casual sex than their female counterparts (Manning et
al 2005). Studies based on college samples indicate that this gender gap in sex experiences
continues into early adulthood with men having more lifetime partners than women. (Grilles et
al 2006; Paul and Hayes 2000).

2.2.1 FAMILY BACKGROUND

Family background refers to issues revolving around the family system. They include parental
marital status and parental supervision and structure of the family.

2.2.2 Parents marital status and stability.

According to Hogan youths coming from stable families are not likely to indulge in multiple
sexual practices as compared to counterparts who come from privileged families. (Hogan sun &

17

Conwell 2000) teenage girls were less likely to be sexually active if their parents were married at
the time of their birth.
Adolescent females aged 15-19yrs whose parents were married at the time of adolescent birth
were 42% less likely to report having engaged in sexual activity when compared to similar youth
whose parents were not living together at the time of adolescents birth. Young (1992)also found
out that compared to adolescents from two-parent families, adolescent from single-parent
families were significantly more likely to report having ever had sexual intercourse with more
than one partner.
On average youths whose mothers divorced tends to have more sexual partners than peers who
did not experience parental divorce. Adolescents whose mothers had a pre-marital or were
married at a young age and those whose mothers expressed more accepting attitudes about teen
sexual activity tended to report having had sex with more partners than their peers (Thornton &
camburn 1987)
Another study by witBeck, Simons & Kau (1994) showed that teenage boys whose mother
dated more often and more quickly after divorce are more likely to be sexually active, hence
more sexual partners. In a recent article among a sample of recently divorced mothers and their
young adult children, mother dating behaviors(number of dating partners , frequency of dates ,
length of time began dating after divorce) were directly related to their sons sexual activity in
participating in multiple sexual partnership(Paradise et al 2001). It also states that sons whose
mothers dated often has multiple dating partners hence multiple sexual partners also.

2.2.3 PARENTAL SUPERVISION.

A study by Mutinda (2012) suggests that students living in rented houses in the campuses away
from their parents are not easily controlled hence freedom to make decision whether wise or not.
In addition students coming from rural setting or background and free from restrictions, this
makes them susceptible to risky sexual behavior including multiple sexual partnerships.
(Mutinda2012)

18

Due to this other student who live far from home may easily access illicit brew and illegal drugs
which are suppressants to sexual behavior, this goes even to an extend of staying near night clubs
pubs and bars where they even access prostitutes, combined to the culture of having girlfriends
in campuses, despite that peer pressure also is likely to crop up since there is no close mentorship
by parents on the ongoing living trend of the student in school whether good or bad, this could
end up in having multiple sexual partners due to their lifestyle( Moodley 2008).
2.3 INDIVIDUAL FACTORS
Individual factors include the habits and characters leading one to engage in multiple sexual
partnerships.

2.3.0 DRUG AND SUBSTANCE USE.

Studies examining the link between drug use and multiple sexual partners typically ask
participants about their influence in MSPs. Risky sexual behavior among university students
remains a serious problem and these behaviors may even be on the increase, A significant
percentage have of college student have reported engaging in drugs and alcohol use prior to or
during sexual activity, they are also observed to be involving themselves in multiple sexual
partnership and inconsistently using condoms during sexual intercourse(Lyons 2006)
Marijuana alcohol and cigarette use is greatly connected with sexual activities around youths
life across all the ethnicity and gender also rape and sexual assault is also a side effect of this
drugs (Valois et al 1999), alcohol use was the only consistently associated with an increase in the
number of sexual partners (Valois 1999), it was also found that 17% of teenagers between 14-24
years who have had an intimate encounter say they have done something sexual while under the
influence of drugs or alcohol that otherwise they might not have done( Kaiser family
foundation 1998).
According to Kaiser family foundation (1998) it was also found that physical and sexual abuse
was related to increased high risk In a previous study of over 4000 students (30.2% of female
and 9.3% of males) report on history of sexual abuse, abused males were four to five times as
likely as non-abused males to report multiple sexual partners, substance use at last sex and

19

involvement in a pregnancy and abused females were twice as likely as non-abused females to
report early coitus, multiple partners and a past pregnancy (Raj et al 1997).
In another study by CASA a national survey was carried out nationally and sample from 2000
students taken, majority said they indulged in drug and alcohol use to relieve stress, relax have
fun, forget their problems and be one of the gang.
College women in focus group said they wanted to keep with the guys so they went to drink with
them. though on average, one drink has the impact on a woman than two have on a man) these
women also said they were under enormous pressure to have sex and they used alcohol as a
disinhibitor. (Dabbers & Hogue 2011)
A reciprocal relationship is also found in the previous studies youths who begin substances use at
early age are associated with rape cases or sexual assault among themselves, in addition having
multiple sexual partners has been associated with both ever-used and current use of alcohol and
other drugs (Santali et al 1998; Lowry et al 1994). Alcohol and other drug use among young
adults have found mixed evidence of associations with MSPs hand consistent condom use. The
association between substances use and sexual behavior may reflect situational factors such as
disinheriting effects, cognitive impairment, social modeling (i.e. learning from others by
observing and copying their actions) or the fact that substances use and sexual risk-taking often
occur in the same social venue (Ellen et al 1996).

2.3.1 PEER INFLUENCE AMONG YOUTHS

Peer influence affects youths sexual activity. In the adolescent health survey of grade 7 students,
when the factors of family structure wealth and education and popularity were controlled, a
female close up look on group of friends had the most influence on the timing of sexual debut.
Youths whose friendship network included mostly low-risk friends were half as likely to
experience first intercourse as were youths whose close friends network was composed mostly of
high risk friends (Bear &Bruckner 1999).
The Kaiser family foundation (1998) found that 13&of young men between the age of 15-24
years of age cited pressure from their friends compared to1% of young women and 8%of young
women and 1% of young men cited pressure from a partner as a factor contributing to MSPs
20

RELIGION
One factor that has not been given adequate attention is the role of religion in teen sexual
behavior, although several studies have shown a correlation between youths sexual behavior and
religious commitment and the number of partners, since religion values are the source of moral
teachings and perceptions for many individuals the teachings of churches are likely to play a role
in the formation of positive individual attitudes values and decision-making. Much knowledge
about the influence of religion on teen sexuality is based on religious affiliations and religious
commitment although its measurement is problematic since ideological variations within
religious affiliations that span the liberal conservative continuum (Robbins and Diek 1990).

The extent, to which religion influences individual attitudes and behavior, however depends on
specific doctrines and policies of the churches and on the degree of integration and commitment
of individuals to their particular religious institutions. Indeed Kinsey, Pomeroy, martin and
Gerhard (1953) first reported that variations in devoutness within religious groups w as more
important than affiliation in determining patterns of sexual behavior among youths such as
MSPs, masturbation to orgasm, premarital petting and premarital coitus (Leclerc et al 2004)
With some exceptions, the Christian religious groups have strong opposition against premarital
and MSPs, although such opposition is more radical among the Pentecostal and evangelical
religious movements, while the latter can sanction their members by excommunication, the
former can tolerate the offending members with the hope that they will turn a new leaf. (thorton
and Cambum 1989) past research has indicated that religious affiliations may be linked with
unique patterns of sexual behavior, in young adults population, catholics have been reported
fewer sex partners as compared to protestants (shearer and Boone 2004).
This differentials institution commitment to MSPs and premarital sexual abstinence leads to the
expectation that individual catholics and evangelical protestants would be less accepting of
premarital sex than non fundamentalists protestants yet surprisingly they have comparable
sexuality or sexual activity compared to conservative protestants and fundamentalist protestants,
those with no religious affiliation would be more likely to accept and engage in MSPs and

21

premarital sex (Beck Cole and Hammond 1991) no difference in sexual experience between
Jewish and Christian participants which has been consistently supported(Lottes and
Kuriloff 1994)
Non religious individuals(who endorse no religion) report having more sexual experience and
lifetime sexual partners and greater frequency of masturbation than conservative protestants,
catholics and Jewish individuals(Pluhar et al 1998), other than the findings that non religious
individuals are generally more susceptible to MSPs and other risk behavior than other
affiliations, the use of religious affiliation has provided inconsistent information about religious
difference in sexual behavior (Leibium, wiegel, and Brickle 2003)
Like religious affiliation , religious participation has been widely used to evaluate the
relationship between religion and sexual behavior, frequent attendance of religious services is
related to greater abstinence, less sexual activity, few lifetime sex partners less MSPs or no
MSPs practice at all, and no frequent sexual partners and delayed age of first sexual intercourse
as compared to their counterparts (Bark an 2006) (Russell 2007).
Intrinsic religion in men and women is associated with less willingness to engage in casual sex,
fewer desired sexual partners and decreased likelihood of having

engaged in a sexual

relationship(Rowatt and Schmitt 2003) and it is correlated with frequency of sexual intercourse
in previous years of a youth (Zale ski and Schiaffino 2000).
Spiritually is said to another type of religion it is a subtype of subjective experience of belief in a
divine or super ordinate being that is distinct from beliefs held by specific religions (Hyman and
Handal 2006) embodied spiritually, or a spiritual perception of sexual experiences was found
to positively correlate with a general measure of level of comfort with the body, intimacy and
sexual expression (Horn and hunt 2005).
Since most religious groups discourage premarital sex and MSPs practices, the degree of
commitment to religious organizations may be more important as a determinant of premarital sex
attitudes and behavior than religious affiliations, individuals who attend church services on
22

regular basis or more frequent may receive more religious messages against premarital sex and
MSPs hence not likely to engage in MSPs and premarital sex (Lehrer et al 2004).

2.5 YOUTHS SOURCE OF KNOWLEDGE AND THEIR AWARENESS ON

MSPs
The impact of MSPs among adolescent youths is felt by the society at large; students die or leave
school due to HIV/AIDS which is as a result of youths behavior. This reduces both the quality
and efficiency of the educational system and the nations development in general. (Tobijor 2000)
the high mortality and morbidity among youths has also affected the health sector, manpower
development and economy at large. Previous studies carried out in Kenya indicate that despite
youths having information and awareness of the effects of MSPs many are still indulging in this
risky behavior (Obiero et al 2000) according to Obiero (2000) a large number of youths engage
in sex at an earlier age when they cannot fully realize the consequences of their actions resulting
in unwanted pregnancies and abortions and STIs.
Wambua (2000) conducted a study in Machakos district among church going youths, he found
that up to 80% of the youths were aware that pregnancy can be prevented by abstinence and
19%suggested the use of condoms and some knew about MSPs and its as result of having MSPs
that had more chances in getting pregnant, he also revealed that more than half of the youths in
his study were sexually active with only 30.5% abstaining from sex and were aware of the
consequences of this sexual practices. (Wambua 2000).
In another study by Jepchirchir (2009) although many youths were aware of the consequences
of engaging in MSPs they still engaged in risky sexual behavior and relationships with multiple
partners. This indicated that either their knowledge in youth domain did not significantly lead to
behavioral change or these were factors beyond their immediate control that likely increased
their vulnerability, (Jepchirchir 2009).
Strusburger (2009) also noted a dramatic rise in teenage MSPs intercourse over the decades, in
his study he reported that during the youthful stage of development, unlike adults who rationalize
23

health risk of activities They engaged in, the youths look at rewarding social consequences of
their actions hence young people maximize the benefits while minimizing costs of what they
engage in sexual intercourse or drugs use without looking at the consequent risks (Steinberg
2009).
The source of knowledge about teen sexuality varies with the youths, about 70% of teenagers
said they got some or a lot of information about sex and sexual relationships from parents, other
sources of information about sex and sexual relationships included friends at 53% school an 53%
television and movies at 51% and magazine at 34% school and magazine were source of
information for more girls than boys and teens who were sexually active were much more likely
to say they got information about sex from friends and partners (Co uric 2005).
Various studies have shown that western media is the mot sexually suggestive in the world, and
that the media for outranked parents or schools as the source of information about birth
control
(Strasburger 2005) other research found direct relationship between the amount of sexual
content teens are exposed to see and their level of sexual activity or their intention to have MSPs
in future (brown 2004) ;(Jones 2006).A recent study on source of information on youths
behavior also showed that youths whose media diet was rich in sexual content were more than
twice as likely as others to have had sex by the time they were sixteen (Luscombe 2008).

2.6 YOUTHS ATTITUDE ON MSPs (GENDER BASED ATTITUDE)

An interesting emergence dimension in the attitudes of young women and men has been
identified,

2.6.0 YOUNG WOMENS ATTITUDE

The young women are developing the attitude that sex relations with someone who has a main
relationship with another person is not of itself a disincentive for engaging in a sexual
relationship with that person .
This implies that the fact that a partnership does not itself discourage the young female from
engaging in sexual relations with that male partners, this mostly happens because of the rising
number of women in the universities and globally, the ratio of women to men is 7:1
24

(Silberschmidt and Rasch 2001) it appears that this attitude fuels the setting up and
maintenance of massive concurrent relationships

At higher level of this attitude, the female no longer sees herself as merely a victim of mixed
sexual relationships. That is sex with older males or even young mates who have resources,
meaning that they are mostly material driven, (Leclere et al 2004), the young female adult sees
herself as consumerist entrepreneur who gives sex in exchange for gifts and other modernist
items. This young female adult sees herself as an active agent and entrepreneur who deliberately
exploit the partner(s) in the relationship, (Silberschmidt and Rasch 2001).
They also stated that indulgence in mixed sex relationships (where the young women are
likely to be part of large sex networks by older men) was not only or always as a result of
poverty but the attitude of the women towards having many sex partners. In their study for
example silberschmidt and rasch (2001) found that university women students exchanged sex for
account payments and fashionable clothing, access to commodities that conferred a certain status
and represented a sophisticated lifestyle. This finding was also supported by evidences from the
University of KwaZulu-Natal (hunter 2005).

2.6.1 YOUNG MALES ATTITUDE

This is reflected by mens intention to have short term relationships or temporary partners,
perhaps to avoid responsibilities of relatively permanent relationships when they have no time to
keep regular relationships, while hegemonic expression of masculinity is shaped by differential
social forms to confirm gender order in society(Carrington and Scott 2008).The sexual
conservation or progressive attitude towards MSPs may influence the construction and
stereotyping of women expected behaviors by men(Mankanyi 2008), in general he said
buying sex and having multiple sexual partners are closely dependent on belief that sex is for
satisfying one pleasure and can be achieved from any willing opposite sex.
Male domination is known as patriarchy this system creates privileges for men in general.
Following beg any and Millburn (2002) we argue that these privileges ensure an existence of a
patriarchal world in mens mind about their entitlement for sex and their control on womens
25

sexuality, for example while prostitution refers to the market for men to buy womens bodies and
as such their sexuality(ONeil and Be beret 2000).
Having multiple sexual partners for heterosexual men is normalized by mens power in the
society. This normalization is reflected in mens mind about womens sexuality and also because
men can fulfill their sexual needs from multiple outlets, they prefer temporary sexual encounters
to permanent ones. This exposes a feeling of men about women behavior in relation to sex, and
this feeling is learned through extensive socialization process of men. This process also provides
men the feeling of unearned entitlements of sex; it also points out the psychological constructs of
men about women in general (Glick and Fisk 1999).
Many men believe that the rape of a prostitute for example cannot be called rape (Kurtz et al
2004) The patriarchal notion of mens sexuality is a combination of feelings of control (power)
over sexuality, which is reflected in acceptance of rape myth that ultimately encourage men to
prefer temporary partners.

While Monto (2000) contents that avoidance of conventional

relationships is one of the reasons for men going to prostitutes (and such, seeking multiple
partners) he does not explicitly explain why men may avoid conventional relationships.

Following Manson (2001) we argue that having multiple sexual within a short span of time is an
exposure of mens abuse of sex, because men see women as available when women violate the
standard code of conduct (wearing provocative dress, wanting a ride, visiting a mans home
alone) this attitude of men is also a reflection of what Baylies and Bujra (2000) calls the
hegemony of masculinity the hegemony of masculinity actually enforces mens feeling of
entitlements for sex that helps them to satisfy both their usual and unusual sex desires(Hughes
2004) which is reflected in the dualism of embodiment and disembodiment of women as
prostitutes (carputer 1998) and also as sexual partners to relatively permanent relations which is
activated in mens buying sex and having side relationships with other partners within a short
span of time( Pitts et al 2004)
Monto (2000) found that the level of MSPs acceptance and mens multiple sexual encounters are
also associated with their feeling of entitlements to have multiple sexual partners, therefore at
26

general level, the feeling of entitlement among some men is exposed in their sexual conservatism
and behavior.
Following scholars Monto and Farley and Kelly, browning we argue that these are the core
values in some mens minds regarding the control over women bodies. Men may justify heir
preferences for MSPs or relatively temporary partners to permanent ones by saying no time
and by expressing inability to bear responsibilities of regular permanent relationships. (Monto
& Kelly 2000).

2.7 Youths Culture And Beliefs Regarding Msps

Youth subculture remains an important construct to situate stylistic resistance among subaltern
groups like urban black youth that confront pressure to conform to dominant institutional norms
with alternative cultural solutions (Hodkinson 2004 & Blackman 2005). Youth stylistic
expressions take on a resistant dimension when they challenge demands for conformity from
representatives of institutional authority in media, schools, police, and prison that spearhead
efforts to label as deviant and sometimes criminal certain forms of expression. Care must be
taken not to reify youth subculture affiliation as uniformly resistant or inclusive. A re-thinking of
Sub culture as a contested context for stylistic expression and identity formation helps reveal the
variable commitment of participants to dominant culture or resistant subculture (Bennett and
Harris 2004).
This paper addresses the cultural meaning of fashion in a marginalized segment of society where
demands for conformity are complicated by individual and subculture resistance that frames
identities yet also inspires mainstream fashion trends and moral panics. The focus is on young
African-American males in a New Fashions and hairstyles worn by most students at the high
school reflect a combination of rampant consumerism and what Lipsitz (1994) terms rebellion.
Through commodity consumption that can be traced to hip-hop culture. Hip-hop emerged from
the bankrupt urban landscape of post-industrial New York City in the mid-1970s. In this context,
class polarization and the concentration of poverty were framed by ever more commodified
images of wealth and consumption. The embrace of capitalism and consumption is one
dimension of hip-hop, while Tricia Rose (1994, pp. 25, 33) argues that hip-hop also provides
27

young black people with an alternative path to identity and social status that creatively combines
fashion, music and language to confront a dominant cultural frame that limits these youth to a
life of concentrated poverty, crime and loss.
Clarence Lusane (2004) agrees that, in important ways, hip-hop is a culture of resistance and
insurrection of subjugated knowledge acquired by members who grow up in conditions of
violence and destitution. Hip-hop provides a clear conduit of commerce and consumption that
can carry resistant musical and stylistic messages On the fashion front, members of hip-hop
crews gain status from competition to craft and display new styles. New styles bubble up from
the street and are marketed as popular brand names like RocaWear, FUBU, Sean John, G-Nikes,
Jordans, Air Force Ones and Girbaud that are favored by those interviewed for this study. Styles
are generated in ongoing communication between prison, street, and mass market. Sagging pants,
wearing shoes without laces, and long shorts are associated with a tendency of hip-hop culture
that is heavily influenced by the prison (Boyd & Wharton 2003). The pants of many prison
inmates sag below the waist because inmates are not allowed belts. Sagging pants are worn by
some young people in our colleges and other places as emblems of a gangster or thug lifestyle
identified with the incarcerated. This is an emblem of resistance and affiliation with a resistant
subculture that demands defiant masculinity and hardness. Sagging pants and the larger baggy
pants trend first appeared on the streets of
New York City in the early 1990s. Gangs in Los Angeles copied the style as it spread across the
country. Hip-hop-inspired fashion labels like Cross Colors and Karl Kani, and later Sean John
and RocaWear, further marketed and popularized this sign of resistance to established authority
(Weiss &Walters 2004). Wearing sagging pants challenges the authority of police and school
officials charged with enforcementof laws and uniform dress codes. Revealing under garments is
a short step away from showing ones ass, revealing private parts as a defiant sign of resistance
to basic requirements of body adornment (Joseph 1986, p. 57). The sagging pants style
isreminiscent of the shaved head worn by British Skinheads studied by scholars from the CCCS
(Clarke et al 1996) This parallel suggests the continued relevance of stylistic resistance that is
defined by the wearers social context, the reactions of institutional authorities (e.g. police,

28

school, media), and an internal

status order that draws individuals toward the resistant

subculture.
(Journal of Youth Studies 99)

29

CHAPTER 3
3.0 Research Methodology
3.1 Introduction
This part of research deals with research design and the methodology which will be applied in
conducting the study. This include the study design, study variables, study area, target
population, sampling techniques and procedure, data collection tools, data collection procedure,
validity and reliability of research instrument, data analysis and presentation, study period and
ethical consideration.

3.2 Study Area

3.2.0 Geographical Location And Size
The research took place in KMTC Bondo in Bondo district, Bondo district lies between 0 26
to 0 90 and from longitude 33 58 E and 34 35 W, The district was curved out of Siaya in
May 1998. It borders Siaya district to the North, Kisumu district to the East and Homabay and
Suba across the Winam Gulf to the South East and South. To the West is Uganda. The district
covers a total of 1,972km2 out of which 972km2 is land mass while the rest 1,000km2 is water
surface.
Topographically, the district is divided into scattered highlands such as Got Ramogi and
Usenge in Usigu division, Got Abiero and Sirafuongo in Nyangoma division, lowlands of Yala
Swamp and Uyoma Plains. Bondo university was first started as a teachers training college then
changed to bondo university college and later changed to the current known as jaramogi oginga
odinga university of science and technology, its located south of bondo town along bondo usenge
road,it offers 27 courses

3.2.1 Administrative Boundaries

Administratively, the district is divided into five divisions namely Maranda, Nyangoma.
Rarieda, Madiany and Usigu (See map below), each headed by a district officer. The district
Have a total of nineteen locations and forty-nine sub-locations. Nyangoma has two locations
30

And seven sub-locations, while Maranda, Madiany and Rarieda have four locations each.
However, there are thirteen sub-locations in Madiany, ten in Maranda respectively. Usigu Leads
with five locations but only ten sub-locations.

3.2.2 Climate & Physical Features

The district has a modified equatorial climate with strong influence from local relief and the
Expansive lake, which influence rainfall amounts and distribution. Predominantly, the district
Has warm, dry and humid climate with mean annual rainfall ranging between 800-1600 mm On
bi-modal rainfall pattern of long rains occurring between March and May and short rains
Occurring between October and November

Temperatures too vary with mean of 22.5C and

evaporation varies between 2000 mm and2200 mm annually.

3.2.3 Population And Distribution

There has been a steady increase in population over the years. Bondo district has a total
population of 238780. Densities are high in urban centers, shopping centers and beaches where
there are considerable economic activities and better infrastructural development. The District
Development Plan cites Rarieda as one of the five divisions in Bondo with the highest population
density estimated at 319 Persons/km2 while Nyangoma has the lowest population density
estimated at 186 Persons/km2.

3.2.4 Religion, Cultural And Economic Characteristics

Bondo district mainly compose of Islam and Christian religion, the economic activities include
farming, fishing, the cultural practices includes adoption of male circumcision and widow
inheritance.

3.2.5 Educational &Health Facilities

Information on:
No. of Pre-primary Schools - 324
No. of Primary School-245

No. of Secondary Schools 45(including one national school-

Maranda)
No. of Non-formal Institutions - 01
31

No. of Technical Institutions - 01

No. of Colleges 03(JOOUST, K.M.T.C & T.T.C)
The district has 43 health facilities as;
District hospital-1
Sub-district hospital-1
Health centers- 4
Dispensaries- 2
Private hospital-1
Private clinics & dispensaries- 15
There are also illegal medical clinics and dispensaries operating in the district.

3.3 Study Population

The study targeted both male and female students aged 18-30 in JOUUST

3.4study Design
The research involves a Cross sectional descriptive study design.

3.5 Sampling Methods & Procedure

The research used random sampling technique, small pieces of paper were folded and

3.5.0 Inclusion Criteria

Those students who were available during data collection participated in the study.
Those required students who volunteered to participate in data collection.

3.5.1 Exclusion Criteria

Those who declined to participate in the study were not involved
Those students who were not around during data collection.

32

3.6 Sampling Size

This was determined using the Fischer et al. (1998) formula
NF= n/ [1 + n/N]
Where NF= desired sample size (N< 10000)
n= desired sample size (N> 10000)
N= estimated population size
Calculating the sample size: n=100
N= 250
Therefore, nf=n/ [1+ 100/250]=
The minimum sample size is 70

3.7 Study Instruments

The study involved the use of questionnaires.

3.8 Variable S
3.8.0 Dependent variable
Being a youth.
Gender
3.8.0Independent variable
Smoking
Alcohol drinking

33

3.9 Ethical Information For Participants

The research study only involved willing participants. A detailed explanation of the study
Was given and adequate time offered to the participants to make a decision to participate.
Participation in the study was voluntary therefore those who declined or dropped out in the
Middle of the study were not be penalized in any way.
Confidentiality was ensured at all levels. Serial numbers were used and no identification By
name or description in any reports were made. The students who took part in the study were
requested to fill in the questionnaires as honestly as they possibly could. These were Selfadministered instruments especially because of the sensitive information being collected Like
drug use and sexual behavior. It was anticipated that some of the participants would reexperience emotional distress from memories of bad experiences they may have gone through in
their earlier years. The affected students were advised to talk to the researcher who would then
refer them appropriately to a professional counselor, psychologist or psychiatrist based on their
need. No invasive procedures will be used.

3.10 Data Management And Processing

The researcher was assisted by a statistician during the data management and processing
Stage. The data was collected using the researcher designed questionnaires. The questionnaires
was then checked for completeness and arranged according to codes then entered for computer
analysis. The descriptive and Inferential statistics were analyzed using the statistical package for
social scientists (SPSS) Version 17. Results were presented in form of tables, charts, graphs and
narratives.

34

CHAPTER 4
4.0 STUDY FINDINGS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Seventy students participated in the study, 25(35.7%) male and 45(64.3%) female. The students who
participated where between the age of 15 and 30 majority students who participated in the study were first
year students at 35 (50%) followed by second year students, the third year students at 20(28.6%) and
15(21.4%) respectively. Most of the students were Christians 55(78.6%) and Muslim 15(21.4%).

4.2 Socio demographic characteristics of respondents

Table 4.2.1 n=70
DISTIBUTION IN AGE
AGE
15-19
20-24
25-29
30
ABOVE
TOTAL

FREQUENC
Y
7
24
35
4
70

%
10
34.3
50
5.7
100

Among the respondent interviewed, most respondents were at the age of 25-29(50%) followed by 20-24
at (34.3%) 15-19 years was the third 7(10%) followed by 30years and above respectively 4(5.7%).

35

Figure 4.2.2 Gender distribution of respondents. n=70

TOTAL
FREQ

FEMALE

%
MALE
0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Among respondents, female were more than males at 64.3% and 35.7 for males

36

figure 4.2.3 Religion distribution of respondents. n=70

KEY

Axis Title

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

FREQ

OTHERS

TOTAL

Among the respondents Christians were the majority followed by the Muslim at 78.6% and 21.4%

37

Figure 4.2.4 Regular church attendances. N=70

KEY
YES

15
70

NO
TOTALS
55

Among the respondents those who did not attend church frequently were recorded to be more than those
who go to church frequently, they registered at 78.5% followed by 21.4% respectively.

38

table 4.2.5 Distribution of year of study among respondents

year

freq
1
2
3

total

%
35
20
15
70

50
28.6
21.4
100

Among the respondents, first year students were the most represented followed by second year and third
were students respectively. First year respondents were 50% followed by second year students at 28.6%
then third year students at 21.4%.

39

table 4.2.6 Parents alive or dead. n=70

status
both alive
both dead
total

freq %
55
78.6
15
21.4
70
100

Respondents whose parents were both alive were 78.6% followed by parents whose both parents are dead
at 21.4%.

40

figure 4.2.7 Fathers marital status

KEY
100
50
FREQUENCY

freq
%

MARITAL STATUS

The respondents fathers marital status was either married single or divorced, married fathers were
recorded high at 78.1% followed by single then divorced at 15.6% then 6.25% respectively.

41

figure 4.2.8 Mothers marital status

KEY
100
80
60
40
FREQUENCY
20
0

freq
%

MARITAL STATUS

Among the respondents mothers marital status, they were classified into married single divorced and
widow. Married mothers were recorded at 52.6% followed by single at 26.3% then divorced at13.1% then
widow at 7.8%.

42

table 4.2.9 Mothers occupation

status

freq

employed

10

33.33333

s-employed

10

33.33333

unemployed

10

33.33333

others

totals

30

100

The respondents mothers occupation was classified into three categories, the employed, self employed
and unemployed. They all recorded same rate as per the occupation. All of them recorded at 33.3%.

43

figure 4.2.10 Fathers occupation

KEY
100
50
0

freq

FREQUENCY

OCCUPATION

The fathers occupation was recorded and they included employed, self employed and unemployed. The
self employed fathers was leading at 50% followed by both employed and un employed which both
recorded at 10%. All the total respondents were 40.

44

4.3 Part B:Source of knowledge on sexuality

figure 4.3.0 Preferred source

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

The highly preferred source of sexual information was from friends at 28.9% followed by internet at
21.7% then movies and brothers/ sisters at 14.5% then books/magazine at 7.24% and church at4.3%
teachers were recorded at 3.6% and others at 2%.

45

figure 4.3.1 Reason for preferred source

TOTALS
OTHERS
EXPERIENCED
RELATIONSHIP
AGEMATE
%

FRIENDS
OPENESS
PROFFESSION
PRIVACY
0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Among the respondents there were 8 reasons for the respondents to choose the source of knowledge,
privacy, openness and friends were seen to be the most reason for respondents. They were all recorded at
50%, followed by profession age mate and relationship a t 10 % and experience at 5% followed by other
reasons at 5%.

46

4.4 Part c: factors influencing multiple sexual partners.

figure 4.4.0 Respondents drug use

KEY
YES

33

NO
67

The number of respondents who used drugs was more than the non users at 67% followed by non users at
47%.

47

Figure 4.4.1 Respondents answers on the most used drug

KEY

FREQUENCY

30
20
10
0

FREQUENCY
%

DRUGS

Among the drugs alcohol and tobacco was seen to be the highest consumed drug at29% followed by other
methods (not specifically listed) then by heroin then others.

48

Figure 4.4.2 Involvement in msps

KEY
YES
no

39%
61%

Among the respondents, 61% admitted having multiple sexual partners,39% said they never had multiple
sexual partners.

49

Figure 4.4.3 Use of drug during first intercourse

key
50
45

43

40
35
30

27

25
20
15
10
5
0
YES

no

61% of the respondents recorded using drugs and 39% admitted no use of drugs.

50

4.5 part D: youths culture and beliefs

4.5.1 Reason for regrets

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
REASON

PREG

STI/HIV

USED

DIGNITY

OTHERS

TOTALS

Pregnancy was the leading reason for regrets followed by STI/HIV and last was wasted at 25%,20%,
15%, and 10% respectively.

51

figure4.5.2 Regrets on multiple sexual partner

KEY

31%
50%
20%

61% of the respondents regretted on having multiple sexual partners and 39% did not regret.

52

Figure4.5.3 Knowledge
of sexual trend

KEY

36%

YES
NO
TOTAL

50%

14%

50% of the respondents were aware of the sexual trend in school but 20% of them were not aware.

53

4.5.4 Respondents who were sexually active

43% of the respondents were sexually active then 27% were sexually inactive.

KEY

100
80
60
40
20
0
FREQ
%
YES

NO

TOTALS

54

4.6 Part E:youths attitude

figure 4.6.1 Elderly relationship trend among respondent. n=70
how often
not common at
all
rather common

freq

%
1
29

1
41

quite common

20

29

very common
totals

20
70

29
100

Among the respondent the elderly relationship was quite common and very common at 41% and 29%
respectively. The trend was uncommon to 1% of the respondents.

55

CHAPTER 5
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion ,Recommendation
The aim of this study was to determine factors influencing multiple sexual partners and the use of this
study in reducing the number of multiple sexual partners among the youths students and improving their
reproductive health, the study setting allowed for understanding of the factors leading to multiple
partners, To my knowledge, my paper is one of the few studies that has exclusively examined sexual risk
behaviors and substance use behaviors among University students. Several major observations emerged
from this study.
First, the findings indicate that among the respondents the majority respondents were female and most of
the respondents were at the age group of 25-29 and 20-24. The females represented at 64.3% and the
males were 35.7% among the female respondents,
Among the respondents the most represented religion was Christianity followed by Muslim, the
Christians were represented at 78.6% and Muslim by 21.4 %, those who reported regular attendance in
there worship centers were only 21.4% and irregular church attendance was 78.6%. it was noted that
among the respondents majority were irregular church attendance and all the respondents were 70 in total.
The participants in the study were from first year to third year students, first year students were the
majority followed by second year then third year students, they represented at 50% followed by 28.6%
then 21.4%.
Another finding is that the78.6% parents of the respondents were alive followed by those who were dead
at 21.4%. also among the respondents fathers who were found alive, the married fathers were the
majority at 78.1% followed by those single at 15.6 and divorced at 6.25% , among the mothers who were
alive, the married mothers ware the majority at 52.6% followed by single mothers at 26%, the divorced
mothers were 13.1% followed by 7.9%.
Among the occupation of the parents, the mothers represented were classified into three categories, the
employed, unemployed and self employed. All the mothers were represented at 33.3% . more ever, the
fathers were also represented, the self employed (50%) ones were the majority followed by both the
employed and unemployed at both 25%
56

Findings on knowledge pertaining to sexuality, the respondents had various reasons for preference and the
preferred method, the preferred sources of knowledge included privacy which was most preferred reason
for source of knowledge, friends 28.9% and internet at 30% TV/movies 21.7 % sisters/brothers 14.4
%, other preferred method were recorded last at 2%. Another finding is that respondents chose various
reasons for source of knowledge, along the labeled reasons, the privacy was the leading reason and other
reasons were recorded at 5%.
67% of the respondents reported drug use and 33% of the respondents admitted not using drugs, also
alcohol and tobacco was the most used drugs among the respondents at both 29% followed by cannabis
at 21%, other drugs which are not mentioned were last with 11%.
The respondents who reported drug use at first sexual act was 61% and those who never used drug during
first sexual act were 39%. Also it was noted that there was significant relationship between multiple
sexual partners and drug use.

The respondents also reported regrets associated with multiple sexual partnership and drug use among the
regrets were STI/HIV pregnancy, dignity and others. Pregnancy was the leading reason of regrets for
females and STI/HIV for male counterparts. Pregnancy was recorded at 20% and other methods not
specifically named also were at 20%, STI/HIV dignity and usage were followed at 10% all of them.
Another finding is that 71% of the respondents were aware of the sexual trend in school and 28.6 were
not aware, 61% also reported being sexual active and 39% was sexually inactive.
Night club attendance also had a significant relationship with multiple sexual partners, those who were
regular night club attendant were 57.14% and those who were not attending regularly were 30%.
Among the respondents who engage in elderly relationships, 61% admitted engaging in elderly
relationship and 39 reported not engaging in multiple sexual relationships, also 41% recorded the trend as
being common while 1% recorded not common at all.

57

5.1 Conclusions
The study sets to establish the factors influencing multiple sexual partnership among college
students indicated that.

Drug use.
Poor background
Peer pressure
Financial status
Alcohol use
Knowledge on sexuality
Knowledge on sexual trend
Youths culture and fashion
Parents marital status at time of birth
Were the main factors that influenced the youths students to indulge in multiple sexual
partnership.

58

5.2 Recommendations
The study recommends the following: A broad education campaign is required in to educate students on
the factors influencing multiple sexual partnerships and the effects on the society. Education should
consist of a diversity of policies, depending on the cultural factors in specific environments. Moreover,
morals have to be restored through religious teachings and public forums. It is also necessary to avail
condoms in all places, and the issue of drug use needs to be observed carefully. The government should
look into area-specific intervention strategies for effective goal achievement, and should limit drinking
hours as a way to control or totally removing excessive drinking in colleges. Moreover, the government
should impose laws that control or prevent traditional dances from taking place at night. The government
should ensure local implementation of policies against cultural factors that facilitate discrimination, rape,
and sexual exploitation. The government should orient religious leaders about HIV/AIDS facts to ensure
they teach their followers correctly. Women and girls should be trained to be strong enough to say no to
unsafe sex.

59

APPENDIX I
TIME SCHEDULE
YEAR

2013

ACTIVITY

OCT

2014
NO

DEC JAN

FEB

V
Problem
identification
Research topic
Literature
review
Proposal
writing
Proposal
submission
Data collection
Data

analysis

and presentation
Submission

of

the Dissertation

60

MAR APR

MAY

JUN

JULY

APPENDIX II
The budget
ITEMS

QUANTITY

TOTAL COST(Ksh)

Pencil

5 @20

100

Biro pens

7@ 20

140

Rubber
Stapling pins

2@20
2pckt@100

40
200

TOTAL

1380

proposal work
Computer

13000

Flash

4 GB

1500

Modem

1000

Internet service

2500

Typing and photocopy

1000

Questionnaires

50 copies

500

Total

19500

APPENDIX III
61

Questionnaires
Thank you for agreeing to take part in this study. I shall do everything possible to make sure that
nobody can trace your answers to you. Please, do not write your name anywhere on this
questionnaire. I shall also not use it for anything else except this study. Please be as truthful as
you possibly can in the answers that you give to the below.

PART A : SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS

1. Current Date: (dd/mm/yr) Day ________Month _______________Year_________
2. Serial Number: _______________
3. Age in Years__________________
4. Gender: 1. Male

2. Female

5. Religion: 1) Christian 2) Muslim 3) Other (specify) _______

6. Are you a regular attendant and active member of your place of worship /youth group?
Yes

No

7. Year of Course: ________ 2) course

3) Boarding Student___________ Day

Student_________
8. Are your parents alive or dead: (Put Y for Yes N for No))
Mother: Alive ________ Dead________ Father: Alive ________ Dead_________
9. If parent(s) is/are dead:
a) State your age at time of mothers death _____ b) State your age at time of fathers
Death ________
10. If parent(s) is/are alive:
a) State mothers marital status (Tick where appropriate)
1) Married

2)Widow

3) Single parent

4) Single/Divorced

b) State fathers marital status (Tick where appropriate)

1) Married

2) Widows

3) Single parent

4) Single/Divorced

11. My mothers occupation:

a) Employed

b) Self employed

c) Unemployed

d) Other (Specify

12. My fathers occupation:

a) Employed

b) Self employed c) Unemployed

d) Other (Specify

13. My guardians occupation (if you are not living with your parents currently):
a)Employed

b) Self employed

c) Unemployed
62

d) Other (Specify

PART B: SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS

1. Where did you first learn about sex? (Tick where appropriate)
From: a) Parents

b) Brother/ sister c) Books/magazines d) Television programs/ movies

e) Internet f) Friends (at home or school?) g) Teachers/school group h) Church/ religious

group (specify)

I) other (specify)

2. I) Who/where is your preferred source of information on sexuality and other sex related
issues?
a) Parents b) Brother/sister c) Books/magazine d) TV/Movies/school group
Friends (at home or school)

e) Internet

g) Teachers/school group h) Church/religious group

f)
I) others

(specify) ____________
ii) Why would you prefer them as your source of sexual information? _______________
________________________

PART C: FACTORS INFLUENCING MULTIPLE SEXUAL

PARTNERSHIP
1. Have you ever used any drugs Yes=1, No=2
b) If yes, specify the type (s)
1) Alcohol 2) Tobacco 3) Cannabis (Bhang)
4) Khat (miraa) 5) Heroin 6) Cocaine 7) Others (Specify)___
2. a) Have you ever been involved in a multiple sexual intercourse? Yes=1 No=2
h) Had you taken any drugs or alcohol during your first sexual intercourse? 1= Yes 2=No
I) If yes, what types?
a) Alcohol b) Tobacco c) Cannabis d) Khat (miraa) e) Heroin f) Cocaine g) Other
h) Did you have any regrets after your first sexual intercourse? 1=Yes 2= No
I) If yes, why? ______________________________________________________________

PART D: YOUTHS CULTURE AND BELEIFS(tick where appropriate)

1.Do you know some of the sexual trends in your institution?

YES/NO

2.Are you sexually active? Yes/No (Please, circle your answer).

3.Do you think people of your age in this institution are sexually active? Yes/No (Please, circle
your answer).
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4. Have you ever had more than one sexual partner? Yes/No (Please, circle your answer).
5. If you have had more than one sexual partner at the same time, state what attracted you to each
of your sexual partners.
a. Partner One

b. Partner Two

c. Partner Three
6 a.Have you ever attended night club? Yes no
b.If yes, how often?
PART E: YOUTHS ATTITUDE
1. Have you or some of your colleagues ever had any sexual partnership with a much older
person/person already in an independent occupation? Yes/No (Please, circle your answer).
2. If yes, how common is it for you and people of your age to be in sexual relationships with
partners who are much older/already in independent occupations?
a. Not common at all

b. Rather common

c. Quite common

d. Very common

3. If yes to 1 above, please give the reasons why people like you enter sexual partnerships with
much older people.
a.
b.

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APPENDIX IV:MAP OF KENYA

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