Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Topics to be covered:
1. Statistics and Data Management
T-test
Parametric
2-Group
Z-test
Comparison
3,4,5-Group
Correlation
Pearson
Association
Chi-Square
Analysis of
Variance (ANOVA)
Mann-Whitney
Non-Parametric
2-Group
Wilcoxon
Comparison
3,4,5-Group
Correlation
Spearman
Association
Chi-Square
Kruskal-Wallis
2015 Ellement
Mann-Whitney
- nonparametric, comparison, unmatched
Example: Problem Set D
A herpetologist studying the effect of a deadly fungal
disease on frogs wanted to find out if the altitude of the
frogs habitat makes a difference in the prevalence of the
disease among resident animals. She delineated two
study sites (A and B) found on different altitudinal areas
(A = 20 masl, B = 350 masl), and set up eight traps in each
of the sites (total of 16 traps). She left the traps in the sites
for a few days, and went back to collect the captured
frogs and count how many tested positive for the fungal
disease in each trap, Upon her return, she found out that
one trap in site B was missing, so the data for this trap was
not counted. Tabulating her results, she arrived at the
following values:
8
2
SITE A
SITE B
12 15 21 25 44 44 60 n= 8
4 5 9 12 17 19
n= 7
Hypotheses:
H0: There is no significant difference between the two samples.
H1: There is a significant difference between the two samples.
1. Rank the data. Data items that have equal values are given the
2
4
5
8
9
12
12
15
17
SITE A
rank
SITE B
rank
8
12
15
21
25
44
44
60
4
6.5
8
11
12
13.5
13.5
15
2
4
5
9
12
17
19
1
2
3
5
6.5
9
10
10
11
12
13.5
13.5
15
19
21
25
44
44
60
1 =8
2 = 7
36.5
(2 +1)
1 = 1 2 + 2
2 = 1 2 1
AREA A
AREA B
AREA C
AREA D
88
78
73
69
87
83
79
75
88
81
75
70
83
78
77
74
82
81
78
83
81
81
80
80
80
82
78
75
80
76
83
76
Hypotheses:
H0: There is no significant difference among the means.
H1: At least one of the means is different from the others.
).
), and the grand mean (
1. Find the size ( ), mean (
A
( )
78
31.36
78
1.96
79
0.16
77
2.56
88
19.36
78
1.96
73
31.36
69
40.96
87
11.56
83
12.96
79
0.16
75
0.16
88
19.36
81
2.56
75
12.96
70
29.16
83
0.36
78
1.96
77
2.56
74
1.96
82
2.56
81
2.56
78
0.36
83
57.76
81
6.76
81
2.56
80
1.96
80
21.16
80
12.96
82
6.76
78
0.36
75
0.16
80
89
10
12.96
11.56
76
75
10
0.36
83
84
10
19.36
76
76
10
146.4
79.4
56.4
78.6
98.4
75.4
154.4
83.6
79.25
29.16
( )
11.56
29.16
Treatments
Errors
0.16
2.87
= ( )2
=
= +
where
= 1
=
= +
2015 Ellement
( )
Total
( )
= +
=
89
76
84
75
Kruskal-Wallis
- nonparametric, comparison, 3,4,5-group
78
78
79
77
AREA A
AREA B
AREA C
AREA D
88
78
73
69
87
83
79
75
88
81
75
70
83
78
77
74
82
81
78
83
81
81
80
80
80
82
78
75
80
76
83
76
89
76
84
75
Hypotheses:
H0: There is no significant difference in the distribution of fishes
from four marine reserves.
H1: There is a significant difference in the distribution of fishes
from four marine reserves.
HORN LENGTH
MASS (g)
Hypotheses:
H0: There is no correlation between the 2 groups.
H1: There is either a positive or negative correlation between the
2 groups.
1. Compute for the xy, x2, and y2. Calculate their summation.
horn length (cm) mass (g)
xy
x2
y2
1. Rank the data. Data items that have equal values are given the
6.6
86
567.6
43.56
7396
6.9
92
634.8
47.61
8464
7.3
71
518.3
53.29
5041
8.2
74
606.8
67.24
5476
8.3
185
1535.5
68.89
34225
11
185
2035
121
34225
rank
rank
rank
rank
12
201
2412
144
40401
78
17
78
17
79
20.5
77
12.5
12
283
3396
144
80089
88
38.5
78
17
73
69
9.4
255
2397
88.36
65025
87
37
83
33.5
79
20.5
75
6.5
10.2
222
2264.4
104.04
49284
88
38.5
81
27.5
75
6.5
70
83
33.5
78
17
77
12.5
74
82
30.5
81
27.5
78
17
83
33.5
81
27.5
81
27.5
80
23.5
80
23.5
80
23.5
82
30.5
78
17
75
6.5
80
89
TOTAL
23.5
76
76
TOTAL
10
83
84
TOTAL
33.5
76
75
TOTAL
10
40
309.5
10
217.5
36
190
12
2
=
(
) 3( + 1)
( + 1)
=1
= 1
where
= Kruskal-Wallis value
= number of total scores
= sample size
= ranked total per sample
= number of scores per sample
12
309.52 217.52 1902 1062
= {(
)(
+
+
+
)}
40(40 + 1)
10
10
10
10
3( + 1)
= .
= 4 1
= 3
2015 Ellement
91.9
1654
16367.4
881.99
329626
6.5
106
[ 2 ( )2 ][ 2 ( )2 ]
10(16367.4) (91.9)(1654)
Chi-Square
- non/parametric, association
Example: Problem Set I
A reforested area consists of three tree species A, B, and
C, and four species of endemic bird species 1, 2, 3, and 4.
The timber concession that owns the area is preparing to
cut down trees for use as wood pulp for paper
manufacturing. As part of the deal with the WWF, the
timber concession can only cut down one species of tree.
To help them decide what species of tree to cut, the
company hired an ornithologist who did a survey of each
tree species, and what bird species was found utilizing
each tree species. The results of the survey are listed as:
BIRD 1
BIRD 2
BIRD 3
BIRD 4
12
14
35
7
6
12
5
22
7
17
9
11
TREE A
TREE B
TREE C
Hypotheses:
H0: The number of bird inhabitants does not depend on the
species of the trees.
H1: The number of bird inhabitants depend on the species of the
trees.
1. Get the total of the rows and columns.
TREE A
TREE B
TREE C
TOTAL
BIRD 1
BIRD 2
BIRD 3
BIRD 4
TOTAL
12
14
35
61
7
6
12
25
5
22
7
34
17
9
11
37
41
51
92
157
birds. To get the expected value, divide the grand total with the
number of cells.
+ + +
157
12
= 13.08 ~13
3. Using the formula below, get the value of 2 and .
=
TREE A
TREE B
TREE C
TOTAL
BIRD 1
BIRD 2
BIRD 3
BIRD 4
TOTAL
12
14
35
61
7
6
12
25
5
22
7
34
17
9
11
37
41
51
92
157
( )2
2 = [
]
1
A
B
C
12
14
35
( )2
0.0769
0.0769
37.230
7
6
12
( )2
2.7692
3.7692
0.0769
5
22
7
( )2
4.9230
6.2307
2.7692
2 =60.6923
= ( 1)( 1)
= (3 1)(4 1)
= 6
4. Reject H0 if the computed X2 value > critical X2 value.
=6; level of confidence = 0.05
critical X2 value = 12.592
computed X2 value =60.6923
60.6923>.592
Reject H0.
2015 Ellement
17
9
11
( )2
1.2307
1.2307
0.3076
Direction
Distance
Depth
Elevation
Speed
Temperature
b. Transect Line
c. Point-Quarter
2015 Ellement
Abundance/Species Richness ()
=
where
= abundance of species
= number of individuals of species
Rank-Abundance
Whittaker plot/Rank-Abundance Curve
on Species Evenness
e.g.
Density
=
where
Relative Density
Diversity&Dominance
Simpsons Index
2
= ( )
where
= Simpsons index
= number of individuals of species
= total number of individuals of all species
The greater the value of D, the lower the diversity
The greater the Simpsons Index of Diversity, the greater the
diversity
A D value of 1 represents complete dominance meaning only
one species is present in the community.
Shannon-Weiners Index
= ( )(ln )
=
where
2015 Ellement
*Relative Dominance
**Rank Dominance
Frequency
#
#
Relative Frequency