PCD ASSWPL Format

MANUEL L.
QUEZON UNIVERSITY
1015 R.Hidalgo St. Quiapo, Manila, Philippines
School of Civil Engineering

Pre-Stressed Concrete Design
Plate No: 2
Submitted by:
Escober, Kaycee G.
Submitted to:
Engr. Rakiin A. Sacar Jr.
Date: January 18, 2017
MANUEL L. QUEZON UNIVERSITY


Plate No: 2
Submitted by:
Gonzales, James Norman
Submitted to:
Date: January 18, 2017
TERMS USED IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

1. Anchorage
A rigid component, commonly constructed of cast iron, located at the end of a tendon and
which directly transfers a tendon's force to the surrounding concrete.
2. Banana block
A short, curved anchor block sometimes fitted to a mono-strand stressed tendon, and which
transfers the strand forces to the anchor via tapered wedges located within its internal conical
recesses.
3. Barrel
A cylindrical component fitted over a single prestressing strand at an anchorage, and which
transfers the strand force to the anchor via tapered wedges located within its internal conical
recess. A set of barrels can be used with a mono-strand stressed tendon as an alternative to an
anchor block.
4. Bond
The adhesion of concrete or grout to prestressing strands, wires or bars, or to unstressed
reinforcement, either through friction or mechanical interlock.
5. Bond strength
The resistance to separation of hardened concrete or grout from prestressing strands, wires or
bars, or from unstressed reinforcement. Typically measured in the same units as concrete
compressive strength.
6. Bonded length
The length of that part of a prestressing tendon which is, or is to be, bonded to the surrounding
concrete, either directly or via internal grouting of the tendon's ducting.
7. Bripak
A portable frame structure commonly employed on site to support coils of prestressing strand
and to facilitate the safe unloading of continuous lengths of strand into tendons or ducting.
8. Bursting stresses
Localised stresses produced by prestressing forces in the anchorage zone of a prestressed
member, and which tend to promote tensile rupture in the region immediately inboard of the
anchorage.
9. Circular prestressing
An arrangement of prestressing where the tendons form partial or full sections of (usually
horizontal and circular) arcs between end anchorages. Commonly used for the prestressing of
tanks, silos and pipes.
10.
Coupler
A rigid component, commonly constructed from cast iron, which is located at the end of a
tendon and transfers the tendon force from the end of one tendon segment to another.
11.
De-bond
Prevent the bond of a prestressing tendon to the surrounding concrete.
surrounding concrete.
12.
De-stress
To release the prestressing forces within a tendon, usually in a controlled manner.
13.
Deviator
A device or structural element used to permanently deviate a tendon's profile at a location, for
the purposes of producing a reactionary force against the concrete when the tendon is
stressed. Used in pre-tensioned elements, and in external prestressing.
14.
Draped tendon
Tendons which are profiled predominately to a curved profile between support points.
15.
Ducting
Encapsulating tube-like component, usually constructed from galvanised steel or polythene,
which creates a void space within the concrete and surrounds the strands, wires or bar of a
post-tensioned tendon.
16.
Duct joiner
A component used to securely connect separate segments of post tensioning ducting,
commonly used when joining precast concrete segments in a prestressed structure.
17.
Dummy strand
A short length of prestressing strand pre-installed into ducting during concreting to maintain
duct integrity. Occasionally used at some jointing arrangements.
18.
Eccentricity
The distance between the centre of gravity of the concrete cross-section and the centroid of its
prestressing element(s), at any point along the member.
19.
End block
An end section of a prestressed member which houses one or more anchorage assemblies, and
is often locally enlarged to reduce the applied anchorage stresses.
20.
External post-tensioning
Post-tensioning comprising tendons placed externally to the concrete structure, but connected
to it at the end anchorages and profile-deviation points.
21.
Final stress
The final tensioning operation undertaken during post-tensioning, resulting in the design
prestress level being established within the member.
22.
Flat duct
Ducting with an oval or "stadium" cross sectional shape. Such ducting is usually extruded (if
plastic), or constructed from flat metal strip folded and joined with a longitudinal seam.
Commonly used for mono-strand bonded tendons.
23.
Friction loss
The loss of prestressing force in a tendon resulting from all frictional sources. The total friction
loss in a tendon is the sum of duct friction loss and anchor friction loss.
24.
Full prestressing
Prestressing to a stress level such that, under design loads, no tensile stresses exist in the
precompressed tensile zone of the member. Can be compared to partial prestressing.
25.
Grouting
The process of filling post-tensioning ducts with grout after tensioning.
26.
Harped tendon
Tendons which are profiled predominately having lengths of straight tendon between points of
significant angular deviation. Commonly employed in pre-tensioned elements, where the
angular deviations are created by hold-down points in the casting bed.
27.
Hoop tendon
A horizontally-curved tendon forming part or all of a circle, typically installed in verticallyspaced layers up the height of a prestressed tank or silo to resist hoop tensions generated by
the stored contents.
28.
Initial stress
The first tensioning operation undertaken during post-tensioning, typically applied as soon as
the concrete at the anchorage locations has attained sufficient strength to resist the resulting
anchorage zone stresses.
29.
Jack ram
The active hydraulic cylinder of a stressing jack, being the cylinder which extends from the
body of the jack as the tendon strain increases.
30.
Lift-off load
The force required to be applied to an already-tensioned anchor block to lift it free of its
associated anchor or bearing plate. This value represents the magnitude of prestressing force
within the tendon at that point in time.
31.
Load balancing
A prestressed concrete design method in which the prestressing forces exerted upon the
member act to balance a given proportion of the service loads that the member will be
subjected to.
32.
Longitudinal prestressing
Prestressing forces acting along the longitudinal axis of the member.
33.
Measured extension
The measured tendon elongation produced by tensioning operations on that tendon.
34.
Minimum prestress level
The (generally long-term) minimum level of residual prestressing stress within a member
following tensioning and the actions of all time-dependent losses.
35.
Mono-strand
A prestressing system utilising tendons with single strands, or tendons able to be tensioned
using a mono-strand jack.
36.
Offset
The eccentricity within a post-tensioning tendon between the centreline of the duct component
and the centreline of the strand bundle.
37.
P/A level
The level of compressive stress present within an element due to prestressing forces. Derived
from the prestressing force at that location divided by the cross-sectional area.
38.
Partial prestressing
Prestressing to a stress level such that, under design loads, tensile stresses are allowed to
exist in the pre-compressed tensile zone of the member. Can be compared to full prestressing.
39.
Preload
A quantity of initial prestressing force applied to a tendon or structural element, prior to
subsequent operations being undertaken.
40.
Pre-tensioned
A method of prestressing concrete where the tendons are tensioned before the concrete is
placed.[1]:51
41.
Post-tensioned
A method of prestressing concrete where the tendons are tensioned after the concrete has
attained a specified minimum strength or age.
42.
Prestress level
The level of compressive stress created within a prestressed concrete member as a result of
prestressing.
43.
Pre-stressed concrete
The introduction of internal stresses into structural concrete via tensioned tendons, to reduce
potential tensile stresses in the concrete from applied loads.
44.
Profiled tendon
A tendon which has been draped or harped to give it a non-flat profile between end
anchorages.
45.
Pump
A device to provide hydraulic pressure for the operation of stressing jacks. Also a device to
provide a supply of pressurised grout for the grouting of bonded tendons.
46.
Re-stressable
A prestressing tendon which is able to be re-tensioned, often permanently, following having
been tensioned to its full design load.
47.
Sheathing
material encasing prestressing steel in unbonded tendons to prevent it bonding to the

surrounding concrete, to contain the anti-corrosion coating on the steel, and to provide
corrosion protection.[1]:58
48.
Stay cable
A external, double-encapsulated, unbonded tendon of bundled strands or wires, used for the
support of deck structures on cable-stayed bridges.
49.
Strand
High-strength (usually) steel wires wound helically around a centre wire, typically in a 7-wire
arrangement.
50.
Tendon
A complete assembly of a prestressing element, comprising one or more tensioned elements
(bar, strand, wire, etc) used to apply compression to the surrounding concrete, along with any
associated components such as ducting, anchorages, etc required to enclose and anchor these
tensioned elements.
51.
Wedges
Tapered high-strength steel component(s) with internal serrations which are used to grip and
hold prestressing strands during and after tensioning. Two or more wedges are placed around a
strand and compress onto it as they are drawn into conical recesses in the anchorage during
jack retraction.
52.
Wedge set
The movement of the anchorage wedges within the conical seating recesses of the anchor
block or barrel during release of the jacking ram at the completion of tensioning. Such
movement occurs as the strand load(s) is progressively transferred from the jack to the
anchor, and results in a reduction in the prestressing force finally applied to the member.
53.
Wire
steel prestressing wire made from hot-rolled rods that is cold-drawn through dies to increase
its strength.
54.
Wobble
Unintended angular deviations in a tendon's profile, resulting in additional friction losses during
tensioning.
55.
Yield strength
The stress at which a material exhibits a specific limiting deviation from the proportionality of
stress to strain.
56.
Young's modulus
A mechanical property of linear-elastic solid materials which defines the relationship between
stress and strain in the material.
SYMBOLS USED IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

1. a = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, mm
2. A = area of the part of crosssection between flexural tension face and centre of
gravity of gross section, mm2
3. Aps = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone, mm2
4. As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, mm2
5. A's = area of compression reinforcement, mm2
6. b = width of compression face of member, mm
7. d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of nonprestressed tension
reinforcement, mm d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of
compression reinforcement, mm
8. db = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm p
9. d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressed
reinforcement, mm
10.D = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces
11.e = base of Napierian logarithm c
12.f = specified compressive strength of concrete, N/mm2 ci
13.f = compressive strength of concrete at transfer of prestress, N/mm2
14.fd = stress due to unfactored dead load, at extreme fiber of section where tensile
stress is caused by externally applied loads, N/mm2
15.fpe = compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress forces only (after
allowance for all prestress losses) at extreme fiber of section where tensile stress is
caused by externally applied loads, N/mm2
16.fpc = average compressive stress in concrete due to effective prestress force only
(after allowance for all prestress losses), N/mm2
17.fps = stress in prestressed reinforcement at nominal strength, N/mm2
18.fpu = specified tensile strength of prestressing tendons, N/mm2
19.fpy = specified yield strength of prestressing tendons, N/mm2
20.fr = modulus of rupture of concrete, N/mm2
21.fse = effective stress in prestressed reinforcement (after allowance for all prestress
22.fy = specified yield strength of nonprestressed reinforcement, N/mm2
23.h = overall thickness of member, mm
24.h f = overall thickness of flange of flanged section, mm
25.I = moment of inertia of crosssection resisting externally applied factored loads,
mm4
26.k = wobble friction coefficient per meter of prestressing tendon
27.l = length of span of twoway flat plates in direction parallel to that of the
reinforcement being determined, mm
28.l x = length of prestressing tendon element from jacking end to any point x, metre
29.L = live loads, or related internal moments and forces
30.Mcr = moment causing flexural cracking at section due to externally applied loads,
kNm
31.Mmax = maximum factored moment at section due to externally applied loads,
kNm
32.Mu = factored moment at section, kNm
33.Nc = tensile force in concrete due to unfactored dead load plus live load (D + L), kN
34.Pj = prestressing tendon force at jacking end, kN
35.PIP = Inherent or possessed performance index
36.PIR = Inherent or possessed performance index
37.Px = prestressing tendon force at any point x s = spacing of shear or torsion
reinforcement in direction parallel to longitudinal reinforcement, mm
38.Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete, kN
39.Vci = nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results
from combined shear and moment, kN
40.Vcw = nominal shear strength provided by concrete when diagonal cracking results
from excessive principal tensile stress in web, kN
41.Vd = shear force at section due to unfactored dead load, kN
42.V i = factored shear force at section due to externally applied loads occurring
simultaneously with Mmax, kN
43.Vn = nominal shear strength, kN
44.Vp = vertical component of effective prestress force at section, kN
45.Vs = nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement, kN
46.Vu = factored shear force at section,kN x = shorter overall dimension of rectangular
part of crosssection
47. = total angular change of prestressing tendon profile in radians from tendon
jacking end to any point x
48.y = longer overall dimension of rectangular part of crosssection
49.yt = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement, to
extreme fibre in tension
50.p = factor for type of prestressing tendon
= 0.55 for fpy/ fpu not less than 0.80
51. = curvature friction coefficient
52. = strength reduction factor
50 TERMS AND SYMBOLS IN PRESTRESSED

CONCRETE
1. 11.ACTION: Mechanical force or environmental effect to which the structure (or
structural component) is subjected.
2. AERODYNAMIC SHAPE FACTOR: Factor to account for the effect of geometry of
structure on the surface pressure due to wind.
3. ANALYSIS (ASSESSMENT): Acceptable methods of evaluating the performance
indices or verifying the compliance of specific criteria.
4. ANCHORAGE: In posttensioning, a mechanical device used to anchor the tendon to
the concrete; in pretensioning, a device used to anchor the tendon until the
concrete has reached a predetermined strength, and the prestressing force has
been transferred to the concrete; for reinforcing bars, a length of reinforcement, or
a mechanical anchor or hook, or combination thereof at the end of a bar needed to
transfer the force carried by the bar into the concrete.
5. ANCHORAGE BLISTER: A buildup area on the web, flange, or flangeweb junction for
the incorporation of tendon anchorage fittings.
6. ANCHORAGE ZONE: The portion of the structure in which the prestressing force is
transferred from the anchorage device on to the local zone of the concrete, and
then distributed more widely in the general zone of the structure.
7. AT JACKING: At the time of tensioning the prestressing tendons. AT LOADING: The
maturity of the concrete when loads are applied. Such loads include prestressing
forces and permanent loads but generally not live loads.
8. AT TRANSFER: Immediately after the transfer of prestressing force to the concrete.
AUTOGENEOUS SHRINKAGE: Volume decrease due to loss of water in the hydration
process causing negative pore pressure in concrete.
9. BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION: The physical or chemical degradation of concrete due
to the effect of organic matters such as bacteria, lichens, fungi, moss, etc.
10.BLEEDING: Segregation between water and the other ingredients in concrete
causing water to rise up to the surface of the freshly placed concrete.
11.BONDED MEMBER: A prestressed concrete member in which tendons are bonded to
the concrete either directly or through grouting.
12.BONDED POSTTENSIONING: Posttensioned construction in which the annular space
around the tendons is grouted after stressing, thereby bonding the tendon to the
concrete section.
13.BONDED TENDON: Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or
through grouting.
14.BURSTING FORCE: Tensile forces in the concrete in the vicinity of the transfer or
anchorage of prestressing forces.
15.CARBONATION: Action caused by chemical reaction between calcium hydroxide in
concrete and carbon dioxide in the environment, resulting in a denser surface for
the carbonated concrete and reduction of alkalinity in the carbonated portion.
16.CASTINPLACE CONCRETE: Concrete placed in its final position in the structure

while still in a plastic state.
17.CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH: Unless otherwise stated in this code, the characteristic

strength of material refers to the value of the strength below which none of the test
results should fall below by more than 15% or 3.5 MPa for 35 MPa concrete, and
10% or 3.5 MPa for 35 Mpa concrete, whichever is larger. CHEMICAL ADMIXTUREs:
Admixtures which are usually used in small quantities typically in the form of liquid
and can be added to the concrete both at the time of mixing and before placing to
improve various concrete properties such as workability, air content and durability,
etc.
18.CLOSELY SPACED ANCHORAGES: Anchorage devices are defined as closely spaced if
their centre to centre spacing does not exceed 1.5 times the width of the anchorage
devices in the direction considered. CLOSURE: A placement of castinplace concrete
used to connect two or more previously cast portions of a structure.
19.COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION: Concrete components or concrete and steel
components interconnected to respond to force effects as a unit.
20.COMPRESSIONCONTROLLED SECTION: A crosssection in which the net tensile
strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal resistance is less than or equal to the
compressioncontrolled strain limit.
21.COMPRESSIONCONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT: The net tensile strain in the extreme
tension steel at balanced strain conditions.
22.CONCRETE COVER: The specified minimum distance between the surface of the
reinforcing bars, strands, post tensioning ducts, anchorages, or other embedded
items, and the surface of the concrete.
23.CONFINEMENT: A condition where the disintegration of the concrete under
compression is prevented by the development of lateral and/or circumferential
forces such as may be provided by appropriate reinforcing steel or composite tubes,
or similar devices.
24.CONFINEMENT ANCHORAGE: Anchorage for a posttensioning tendon that functions
on the basis of containment of the concrete in the anchorage zone by special
reinforcement. CREEP: Time dependent deformation of concrete under permanent
load.
25.CREEP COEFFICIENT: The ratio of creep strain to elastic strain in concrete.
26.CREEP IN CONCRETE: Increase in strain with time in concrete subjected to sustained
stress.
27.CURVATURE FRICTION: Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified
prestressing tend stage at which the compressive stresses on profile.
28.DAMAGE CONTROL: A means to ensure that the limit state requirement is met for
restorability or repairability of a structure.
29.DECOMPRESSION: The stage at which the compressive stresses, induced prestress,
are overcome by the tensile stresses.
30.DEEP COMPONENT: components in which the distance from the point of 0.0 shear to
the face of the support is less than 2d or components in which a load causing more
than onethird of the shear at a support is closer than 2d from the face of the
support.
31.DEFORMABILITY: A term expressing the ability of concrete to deform. DEGREE OF
DETERIORATION: The extent to which the performance of a structure is degraded or
the extent to which the deterioration has progressed from the time of construction,
as a result of its exposure to the environment. DESIGN LIFE: Assumed period for
which the structure is to be used satisfactorily for its intended purpose or function
with anticipated maintenance but without substantial repair being necessary.
32.DETERIRATION FACTOR: The factor affecting the deterioration process.

33. DETERIRATION INDEX: An index selected for estimating and evaluating the extent
of the deterioration process.
34.DETERIORATION PREDICTION: Prediction of the future rate of deterioration of a
structure based on results of inspection and relevant records made during the
design and construction stages.
35.DEVIATION SADDLE: A concrete block buildout in web, flange, or webflange
junction used to control the geometry of or to provide a means for changing
direction of, external tendons.
36.DRYING SHRINKAGE: Volume decrease due to loss of moisture from concrete in the
hardened state which is usually serious in hot and dry environment.
37.DURABILITY DESIGN: Design to ensure that the structure can maintain its required
functions during service life under environmental actions.
38. DURABILITY GRADE: The extent of durability to which the structure shall be
maintained in order to satisfy the required performance during its design life. This
affects the degree and frequency of the remedial actions to be carried out during
that life.
39. DURABILITY LIMIT STATE: The maximum degree of deterioration allowed for the
structure during its design life.
40.DURABILITY PREDICTION: Prediction of the future degree of deterioration of the
structure based on data used in its design.
41.DYNAMIC APPROACH: An approach based on dynamic analysis to assess the overall
forces on a structure liable to have a resonant response to wind action.
42.DYNAMIC RESPONSE FACTOR: Factor to account for the effects of correlation and
resonant response. EARLY AGE STATE: The state of concrete from final setting until
the achievement of the required characteristic strength.
43.EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS : Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses
have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed load.
44.ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS: An assembly of physical, chemical or biological
influences which may cause deterioration to the materials making up the structure,
which in turn may adversely affect its serviceability, restorability and safety.
45.FATIGUE LOADS: Repetitive loads causing fatigue in the material which reduces its
strength, stiffness and deformability.
46.FINAL PRESTRESS : Stress which exists after substantially all losses have occurred.
47.FINAL TENSION : The tension in the steel corresponding to the state of the final
prestress.
48.FORMWORK: Total system of support for freshly placed concrete including the mould
or sheathing, all supporting members, hardware and necessary bracings.
49.FRESH STATE OF CONCRETE: The state of concrete after mixing until the completion
of placing.
50.FUNCTION: The task which a structure is required to perform.
51.GENERAL ZONE: Region adjacent to a posttensioned anchorage within which the
prestressing force spreads out to an essentially linear stress distribution over the
cross section of the component.
52. GROUT: A mixture of cementitious material and water with or without admixtures.
53.HARDENED STATE OF CONCRETE: The state of concrete after achieving the required
strength.
54.IMPORTANCE: rank assigned to a structure according to the likely overall impact
caused by its failure, due to deterioration, to satisfactorily perform its functions as
determined at the time of design.
55.a = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, mm
56.A = area of the part of crosssection between flexural tension face and centre of
57.Aps = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone, mm2
58.As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, mm2

59.A's = area of compression reinforcement, mm2
60.b = width of compression face of member, mm
61.d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of nonprestressed tension
62.db = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm p
63.d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressed
reinforcement, mm
mm4
kNm
kNm

100.
Vu = factored shear force at section,kN x = shorter overall dimension of
rectangular part of crosssection
101.
= total angular change of prestressing tendon profile in radians from
tendon jacking end to any point x
102.
y = longer overall dimension of rectangular part of crosssection
103.
yt = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement,
to extreme fibre in tension
104.
p = factor for type of prestressing tendon
105.
= curvature friction coefficient
106.
= strength reduction factor
MANUEL L. QUEZON UNIVERSITY

Plate No:2
Submitted by:
Bautista, Johah
Submitted to:
Date:
January 18, 2017
50 TERMS AND SYMBOLS IN PRESTRESSED

CONCRETE
1. 11.ACTION: Mechanical force or environmental effect to which the structure (or
structural component) is subjected.
2. AERODYNAMIC SHAPE FACTOR: Factor to account for the effect of geometry of
structure on the surface pressure due to wind.
3. ANALYSIS (ASSESSMENT): Acceptable methods of evaluating the performance
indices or verifying the compliance of specific criteria.
4. ANCHORAGE: In posttensioning, a mechanical device used to anchor the tendon to
the concrete; in pretensioning, a device used to anchor the tendon until the
concrete has reached a predetermined strength, and the prestressing force has
been transferred to the concrete; for reinforcing bars, a length of reinforcement, or
a mechanical anchor or hook, or combination thereof at the end of a bar needed to
transfer the force carried by the bar into the concrete.
5. ANCHORAGE BLISTER: A buildup area on the web, flange, or flangeweb junction for
the incorporation of tendon anchorage fittings.
6. ANCHORAGE ZONE: The portion of the structure in which the prestressing force is
transferred from the anchorage device on to the local zone of the concrete, and
then distributed more widely in the general zone of the structure.
7. AT JACKING: At the time of tensioning the prestressing tendons. AT LOADING: The
maturity of the concrete when loads are applied. Such loads include prestressing
forces and permanent loads but generally not live loads.
8. AT TRANSFER: Immediately after the transfer of prestressing force to the concrete.
AUTOGENEOUS SHRINKAGE: Volume decrease due to loss of water in the hydration
process causing negative pore pressure in concrete.
9. BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION: The physical or chemical degradation of concrete due
to the effect of organic matters such as bacteria, lichens, fungi, moss, etc.
10.BLEEDING: Segregation between water and the other ingredients in concrete
causing water to rise up to the surface of the freshly placed concrete.
11.BONDED MEMBER: A prestressed concrete member in which tendons are bonded to
the concrete either directly or through grouting.
12.BONDED POSTTENSIONING: Posttensioned construction in which the annular space
around the tendons is grouted after stressing, thereby bonding the tendon to the
concrete section.
13.BONDED TENDON: Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or

through grouting.
14.BURSTING FORCE: Tensile forces in the concrete in the vicinity of the transfer or
anchorage of prestressing forces.
15.CARBONATION: Action caused by chemical reaction between calcium hydroxide in
concrete and carbon dioxide in the environment, resulting in a denser surface for
the carbonated concrete and reduction of alkalinity in the carbonated portion.
16.CASTINPLACE CONCRETE: Concrete placed in its final position in the structure
while still in a plastic state.
17.CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH: Unless otherwise stated in this code, the characteristic

strength of material refers to the value of the strength below which none of the test
results should fall below by more than 15% or 3.5 MPa for 35 MPa concrete, and
10% or 3.5 MPa for 35 Mpa concrete, whichever is larger. CHEMICAL ADMIXTUREs:
Admixtures which are usually used in small quantities typically in the form of liquid
and can be added to the concrete both at the time of mixing and before placing to
improve various concrete properties such as workability, air content and durability,
etc.
18.CLOSELY SPACED ANCHORAGES: Anchorage devices are defined as closely spaced if
their centre to centre spacing does not exceed 1.5 times the width of the anchorage
devices in the direction considered. CLOSURE: A placement of castinplace concrete
used to connect two or more previously cast portions of a structure.
19.COMPOSITE CONSTRUCTION: Concrete components or concrete and steel
components interconnected to respond to force effects as a unit.
20.COMPRESSIONCONTROLLED SECTION: A crosssection in which the net tensile
strain in the extreme tension steel at nominal resistance is less than or equal to the
compressioncontrolled strain limit.
21.COMPRESSIONCONTROLLED STRAIN LIMIT: The net tensile strain in the extreme
tension steel at balanced strain conditions.
22.CONCRETE COVER: The specified minimum distance between the surface of the
reinforcing bars, strands, post tensioning ducts, anchorages, or other embedded
items, and the surface of the concrete.
23.CONFINEMENT: A condition where the disintegration of the concrete under
compression is prevented by the development of lateral and/or circumferential
forces such as may be provided by appropriate reinforcing steel or composite tubes,
or similar devices.
24.CONFINEMENT ANCHORAGE: Anchorage for a posttensioning tendon that functions
on the basis of containment of the concrete in the anchorage zone by special
reinforcement. CREEP: Time dependent deformation of concrete under permanent
load.
25.CREEP COEFFICIENT: The ratio of creep strain to elastic strain in concrete.
26.CREEP IN CONCRETE: Increase in strain with time in concrete subjected to sustained
stress.
27.CURVATURE FRICTION: Friction resulting from bends or curves in the specified
prestressing tend stage at which the compressive stresses on profile.
28.DAMAGE CONTROL: A means to ensure that the limit state requirement is met for
restorability or repairability of a structure.
29.DECOMPRESSION: The stage at which the compressive stresses, induced prestress,
are overcome by the tensile stresses.
30.DEEP COMPONENT: components in which the distance from the point of 0.0 shear to
the face of the support is less than 2d or components in which a load causing more
than onethird of the shear at a support is closer than 2d from the face of the
support.
31.DEFORMABILITY: A term expressing the ability of concrete to deform. DEGREE OF
DETERIORATION: The extent to which the performance of a structure is degraded or
the extent to which the deterioration has progressed from the time of construction,
as a result of its exposure to the environment. DESIGN LIFE: Assumed period for
which the structure is to be used satisfactorily for its intended purpose or function
with anticipated maintenance but without substantial repair being necessary.
32.DETERIRATION FACTOR: The factor affecting the deterioration process.
33. DETERIRATION INDEX: An index selected for estimating and evaluating the extent
of the deterioration process.
34.DETERIORATION PREDICTION: Prediction of the future rate of deterioration of a
structure based on results of inspection and relevant records made during the
design and construction stages.
35.DEVIATION SADDLE: A concrete block buildout in web, flange, or webflange
junction used to control the geometry of or to provide a means for changing
direction of, external tendons.
36.DRYING SHRINKAGE: Volume decrease due to loss of moisture from concrete in the
hardened state which is usually serious in hot and dry environment.
37.DURABILITY DESIGN: Design to ensure that the structure can maintain its required
functions during service life under environmental actions.
38. DURABILITY GRADE: The extent of durability to which the structure shall be
maintained in order to satisfy the required performance during its design life. This
affects the degree and frequency of the remedial actions to be carried out during
that life.
39. DURABILITY LIMIT STATE: The maximum degree of deterioration allowed for the
structure during its design life.
40.DURABILITY PREDICTION: Prediction of the future degree of deterioration of the
structure based on data used in its design.
41.DYNAMIC APPROACH: An approach based on dynamic analysis to assess the overall
forces on a structure liable to have a resonant response to wind action.
42.DYNAMIC RESPONSE FACTOR: Factor to account for the effects of correlation and
resonant response. EARLY AGE STATE: The state of concrete from final setting until
the achievement of the required characteristic strength.
43.EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS : Stress remaining in prestressing tendons after all losses
have occurred, excluding effects of dead load and superimposed load.
44.ENVIRONMENTAL ACTIONS: An assembly of physical, chemical or biological
influences which may cause deterioration to the materials making up the structure,
which in turn may adversely affect its serviceability, restorability and safety.
45.FATIGUE LOADS: Repetitive loads causing fatigue in the material which reduces its
strength, stiffness and deformability.
46.FINAL PRESTRESS : Stress which exists after substantially all losses have occurred.
47.FINAL TENSION : The tension in the steel corresponding to the state of the final
prestress.
48.FORMWORK: Total system of support for freshly placed concrete including the mould
or sheathing, all supporting members, hardware and necessary bracings.
49.FRESH STATE OF CONCRETE: The state of concrete after mixing until the completion
of placing.
50.FUNCTION: The task which a structure is required to perform.
51.GENERAL ZONE: Region adjacent to a posttensioned anchorage within which the
prestressing force spreads out to an essentially linear stress distribution over the
cross section of the component.
52. GROUT: A mixture of cementitious material and water with or without admixtures.
53.HARDENED STATE OF CONCRETE: The state of concrete after achieving the required
strength.
54.IMPORTANCE: rank assigned to a structure according to the likely overall impact
caused by its failure, due to deterioration, to satisfactorily perform its functions as
determined at the time of design.
55.a = depth of equivalent rectangular stress block, mm
56.A = area of the part of crosssection between flexural tension face and centre of
57.Aps = area of prestressed reinforcement in tension zone, mm2
58.As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, mm2
59.A's = area of compression reinforcement, mm2
60.b = width of compression face of member, mm
61.d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of nonprestressed tension
62.db = nominal diameter of bar, wire, or prestressing strand, mm p
63.d = distance from extreme compression fiber to centroid of prestressed
reinforcement, mm
mm4
kNm
kNm

100.
Vu = factored shear force at section,kN x = shorter overall dimension of
rectangular part of crosssection
101.
= total angular change of prestressing tendon profile in radians from
tendon jacking end to any point x
102.
y = longer overall dimension of rectangular part of crosssection
103.
yt = distance from centroidal axis of gross section, neglecting reinforcement,
to extreme fibre in tension
104.
p = factor for type of prestressing tendon
105.
= curvature friction coefficient
106.
= strength reduction factor

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MANUEL L.

School of Civil Engineering

MANUEL L. QUEZON UNIVERSITY

School of Civil Engineering

TERMS USED IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

material encasing prestressing steel in unbonded tendons to prevent it bonding to the

SYMBOLS USED IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE

50 TERMS AND SYMBOLS IN PRESTRESSED

16.CASTINPLACE CONCRETE: Concrete placed in its final position in the structure

17.CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH: Unless otherwise stated in this code, the characteristic

32.DETERIRATION FACTOR: The factor affecting the deterioration process.

58.As = area of nonprestressed tension reinforcement, mm2

98.Vp = vertical component of effective prestress force at section, kN

MANUEL L. QUEZON UNIVERSITY

Pre-Stressed Concrete Design

50 TERMS AND SYMBOLS IN PRESTRESSED

13.BONDED TENDON: Prestressing tendon that is bonded to concrete either directly or

17.CHARACTERISTIC STRENGTH: Unless otherwise stated in this code, the characteristic

92.Vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete, kN

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