Josh Rajan

1/24/17
Intern/ Mentor 5&6
Annotated Source List
Allison, S., Poole, K., Treece, G., Gee, A., Tonkin, C., Rennie, W., . . . Brooke-Wavell, K.
(2015). The influence of high-impact exercise on cortical and trabecular bone mineral
content and 3D distribution across the proximal femur in older men: A randomized
controlled unilateral intervention. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research, 30(9), 17091716. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.2499
This source is a journal article about a study that examines the relationship
between intense exercise and bone growth in the femoral bone area in middle-aged
men. The results of the study show that after the 12 months of exercise, individuals
who exercised saw increases of up to 5-6% in the bone mass content of multiple
femoral areas as compared to the control group. The study followed men, ages 60-85,
for 12 months as they regularly participated in high- intensive exercise and measured
the bone mass density of their femoral areas through CT imaging. There were some
men who did not participate in the exercise, acting as the control group.
This source is effective in providing evidence from a study that supports the
growth of bone from exercise, as well as provides information about how exercise is
efficient in strengthening bones. The study provided by the journal provides accurate
information regarding the ability of exercise to build bone mineral content, as such a
study can be utilized in a meta analysis to better interpret the results and relationship.
The article also details information that shows how intensive exercise, that is high in
frequency and gets harder as a person adapts, builds bone growth, thus providing a
better understanding about exercise and bone growth. The article, created in 2015, is
up to date and accurate in current medical knowledge.
Baek, G. H. (2010). Are we prepared for geriatric orthopedics? Clinics in Orthopedic Surgery,
2(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.4055/cios.2010.2.3.129
The source discusses the trend of an increase in Geriatric Orthopedic patients and
the measures that Orthopedic surgeons must take in order to care for and treat such
patients. In the article, a Geriatric patient is described as someone with weaker bones
and a smaller muscle mass as compared to ordinary patients, thus requiring more
careful attention while being cared for.. In the current decade, elderly people have seen
an increase in age and wellbeing due to improved medical technology, yet still may
require careful and a great deal of patience from orthopedic surgeons due to being
Geriatric. orthopedic surgeons must respond to this increase of Geriatric patients with
improved techniques and care, such as not using bed rest as a means of rehabilitation
for patients or consulting other specialist doctors in the treatment of a patient. This
source is effective in discussing, without bias, the effect that musculoskeletal disorders
can have on the elderly to an audience of middle aged adults and orthopedic surgeons.
The increase in Geriatric patients provides a warning to future generations to promote
good health in order to prevent the development of musculoskeletal disorders. Yet
also, the article provides the techniques and explanations about how orthopedic
surgeons deal with musculoskeletal disorders in patients. The articles lacks in the
absence of in depth information about the certain musculoskeletal diseases that pose a
threat for the elderly and create Geriatric patients.

Bass, S., Pearce, G., Bradney, M., Henricks, E., Delmas, P. D., Harding, A., & Seemar, E. (1998).
Exercise before puberty may confer residual benefits in bone density in adulthood:
Studies in active prepubertal and retired female gymnasts. J Bone Miner Res Journal of
Bone and Mineral Research, 13(3). http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.1998.13.3.500
The journal article is a study done to investigate the differences in bone density
between 45 active, prepubescent gymnasts, 36 retired gymnasts, and 50 common
people. The results of the study show that the prepubescent gymnasts and retired
gymnasts had much higher BMD growth rate than the common control subjects
because of the increased amount of activity in their youth. The journal article uses
such data and data from other studies to prove the hypothesis that the prepubescent
years of a persons life are the most opportune years for a person to exercise because
such years allow a person to build the most bone density.
The journal article provides data and evidence to support the assumption that
exercise in a persons early life can build bone density and health. The statistics and
charts of data provided by the source are able to be used as evidence to support the
notion that exercise as a child can be helpful to people in their old age. Also, the
journal article provides a great amount of background information and information
from other studies about bone density and how it changes throughout a persons life,
as well as information to improve the health of bones in a persons life. The journal
article is reliable because it provides data straight from observation from the gymnasts
as well as not having any biased information towards a specific side, as stated in the
bias summary.
Brien, M. O. (2010, March 24). Osteoporosis in athletes. Retrieved December 1, 2016, from Irish
Osteoporosis Society website:
http://www.irishosteoporosis.ie/index.php/expert_views/osteoporosis_in_athletes/
This source is a website article from the Irish Osteoporosis Society that talks
about how bone density of athletes is affected throughout their lives. The source goes
into detail about the ways in which athletes can develop high bone mineral density
(BMD), thus increasing their bone health. The studies follow athletes throughout their
athletic careers and multiple decades after their retirements. However, the article does
also warn against practices for athletes that may lower BMD levels. The activities and
sports that promote bone growth are those that are weight-based and are non contact
while those that are contact and non-weight can weaken bones.
The source is effective in providing information about what types of exercise are
the best to build bone mass and other practices that can encourage this trend. The
source provides all its information with an abundance of information and statistics
from previous studies. The article provides background information of the science of
how bones grow from exercise, as such information supports how exercise encourages
bone growth. The recommendations provided by the article to improve bone health for
athletes is helpful in showing the techniques that improve bone health. The article is
up to date, as it was published in 2010, and provides accurate information due to its
non-biased commentary. This article is reliable due to its publishing by the Irish
Orthopedic Society that researches various Orthopedic methods and the bone health of
various athletes and individuals.
The burden of musculoskeletal diseases in the united states. (2013). Retrieved October 27, 2016,
from The Bone and Joint Iniative website: http://www.boneandjointburden.org/facts-brief

The website details about the burdens associated with musculoskeletal diseases,
such as through the aspects of finance and quality of life. The website includes
different sections of each musculoskeletal diseases and how the U.S. and its citizens
are affected by each one. For example, the website discusses how 25% of Americans
are reported to have back pain throughout their lives, as hospital costs and American
GDP are in turn affected by this musculoskeletal disease. The article provides such
information along with graphs and diagrams of statistics that enhance and organize the
information presented.
The source is effective in providing evidence to support a rationale to prevent the
influx of musculoskeletal diseases. The various articles provided by the websites
provided statistics that support the notion to avoid musculoskeletal diseases to prevent
financial burden and increase the quality of life in the future for each individual. The
website manages to uses its graphs and diagrams to show how destructive
musculoskeletal diseases can be not only to the finances of a country, but also to a
generation of peoples health. The articles of the website manages to provide all such
information in a non-biased fashion to an audience of individuals new to the topic.
Carmona, R. H. (2004). Bone health and osteoporosis: A report of the surgeon general.
Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK45502/
This chapter discusses how many types of musculoskeletal diseases can affect a
person as well as society in many different ways. Such disorders, even though unlikely
to cause death, can inflict a person with the inability of their libs to return to normal
function or even the loss of function. Such inability can cause emotional trauma, such
as depression and anxiety, and can cost an affected person a great amount of money
just to receive treatment and therapy. In respect to society, musculoskeletal diseases
can pose as an expensive threat, costing hefty amounts of taxpayers money, and can
cause multiple hospital and doctor visits in a year in the USA.
The source is effective in detailing the harms and effects of musculoskeletal
diseases. With multiple statistics from other reports and studies, the chapter provides
reasons to avoid musculoskeletal disorders to an adult audience , thus providing
evidence to back up the purpose of exercising during a persons youth. The article also
provides information on the musculoskeletal diseases and how each can affect the
human body at the hips, arms, spine,and legs. The chapter comes from the U.S. from
the Surgeon General, thus providing a reliable report with a great variety of data from
around the U.S., without providing any bias on the topic.
Chan, K. M., Anderson, M., & Luau, E. M.C. (2003). Exercise interventions: Defusing the
worlds osteoporosis time bomb. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 81(11).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0042-96862003001100010
This source is a journal article that discusses and advises medical institutions and
governments around the world to promote exercise among citizens in order to avoid an
increase of osteoporosis in elderly civilians. The article defines osteoporosis and its
current prevalence in todays society. The article talks about the different demographic
groups that are affected by osteoporosis and the various burdens caused by the disease,
such as heavy costs and lower quality of life. The article then discusses how exercise
can prevent osteoporosis by stimulating bone growth and maintaining such gains in
BMD. The article states how prevalence of osteoporosis has been growing since 1990,
and continues to exponentially grow till 2050.

This source is effective in providing reasons to promote exercise in order to avoid

musculoskeletal diseases in a persons elderly years, as well as providing supported
statistics of musculoskeletal diseases effect in modern society. The source is from the
World Health Center, thus showing reliability and up to date information as it was
created in 2003. The source also provides various statistics and information regarding
the future of bone health in the modern world, as it shows the positive effects of
exercise in promoting BMD. The statistics about the growth of the rate of osteoporosis
provides reasons that young children and teens should exercise in order to prevent
having such disorder in their elderly years.
Coyte, P. C., Asche, C. V., Croxford, R., & Chan, B. (1998). The economic cost of
musculoskeletal disorders. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 11(5), 315-325.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/art.1790110503
This source is a study done that researches how much money is spent to treat
musculoskeletal diseases in Canada in 1994. The study looks at direct treatment costs,
such as drug costs, hospital fees, and other research based costs, as well as indirect
treatment costs such as physical therapy and at home care, to comprise how much the
diseases have affected Canadas economy. The results of the study show that at least
25.5 billion dollars were spent treating musculoskeletal diseases in Canada. This cost
composed of almost 3.4% of Canadas GDP in 1994.
This source is effective in providing a study which demonstrated the financial
burden of musculoskeletal disease. The study in the article can be used for meta
analysis of the topic of finance and the musculoskeletal diseases. Also, the article
provides background information about the costs of musculoskeletal diseases, going
into detail about what each part of the cost is comprised of. All this information is
provided in a non- biased fashion. The article could be improved by updating its
finding, as it was created in 1994 and medical costs have changed greatly since then.
Demonitero, O., Vidal, C., & Duque, G. (2012). Aging and bone loss: New insights for the
clinician. Therapeutic Advances in Musculoskeletal Disease, 4(2), 61-76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1759720X11430858
This source is a journal article that examines how bone mass is lost as an
individual ages and the ways in which such processes can be reversed. The article
states how as an individual ages, the balance between the processes of bone formation
and bone resorption starts to simulate more towards bone resorption, causing bones to
lose structure and with that, decrease in mass. Other causes of deteriorating bone
health in aging individuals are losses of calcium and vitamin D and the inefficiency of
sex steroid to stimulate bone growth. The article then goes to state how exercise is
effective in preventing such losses in bone mass because it simulates activity in the
osteoclasts, which in turn stimulate bone formation and creates greater bone mass,
through a variety of studies based on the subject.
This source is effective in providing evidence and information to explain the
trends in how exercise simulates bone growth in individuals. The articles information
about the science behind the losses in bone mass as a person ages is useful for
explaining the problems that aging can cause for individuals in terms of their bones.
The article also supports how exercise is effective in preventing bone mass losses, thus
providing support that exercise is essential to a persons life in order for people to
avoid musculoskeletal diseases and fractures when theyre older. This article is from

2012, as this shows that the article is up to date with modern medical knowledge and
information, as well as provides no bias towards the subject, which shows greater
accuracy with information.
Deyle, G., Henderson, N., Matekel, R., Ryder, M., Garber, M., & Allison, S. (2000).
Effectiveness of manual physical therapy and exercise in osteoarthritis of the knee: A
randomized, controlled trial. Ann Intern Med, 132(3), 173-181.
http://dx.doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-132-3-200002010-00002
This journal article is a study that tests if physical therapy can work better than
other medication in improving the motion of the hip, ankle, and spine in elderly
patients. The study followed 83 elderly patients, who all had knee osteoarthritis, as
one group went to practice physical therapy and the other went to practice an
ultrasound therapy. The results of the investigation found that those who practiced
physical therapy felt less pain and stiffness in the knee, thus bettering the symptoms of
the osteoarthritis. Even though an improvement is seen, the article states how too
much exercise can result in an increase in pain with the knees, as seen in the study.
The source is effective in proving the effectiveness of physical therapy in
response to musculoskeletal disorders in the elderly. The article shows how physical
therapy, although not fully healing, relieves the effects of musculoskeletal disorders
and allows elderly patients to get back to their lives. The article manages to back up
such information with a variety of statistical data and graphs/tables from a performed
study. The additional details about the exercises in physical therapy also provides
insightful information about the topic of relieving musculoskeletal disease through
exercise. The article manages to provide all the information and data in a non-biased
way, as well as presenting information that is somewhat recent, as it is from the
2000s.
Fejer, R., & Ruhe, A. (2012). What is the prevalence of musculoskeletal problems in the elderly
population in developed countries? A systematic critical literature review. Chiropractic &
Manual Therapies, 20(31). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/2045-709X-20-31
This journal article discusses a study done regarding frequency of musculoskeletal
diseases in elderly people of our current generation. The study was done by using the
Pubmed database search for articles regarding the studies of the rate of
musculoskeletal diseases in people over the age of 60 between the years of 2001-2011.
The results of the study showed that out of all the elderly people reported, 29%
suffered from back pain, 17% suffered from osteoporosis or osteoarthritis, 8% from
rheumatoid arthritis, and 30% suffered from an other pain. Also, the results from the
studies show that more women suffer from musculoskeletal disorders rather than men,
and are more inclined to report their pain to a doctor.
This source provides recent statistics and research regarding the most common
musculoskeletal diseases affecting the elderly. The information is effective in
providing evidence in the rate at which musculoskeletal diseases affect the elderly and
trends that are seen with musculoskeletal disorders and the elderly. However, the
article somewhat lacks in providing a clear, specific range of certain musculoskeletal
diseases in the elderly, as it provides a broad range of the disorders instead. The article
demonstrated no bias at all, as it was for educating the general public about the
frequency of musculoskeletal disorders, yet was ineffective by stating how that the
results might have varied greatly due to the pain definitions of different elderly person,

who would report musculoskeletal disorders at different times due to how much pain
they think they feel.
Frost, & Sullivan. (1989, December). Exercise and bone mass; Two reports. Nutrition Research
Newsletter. Retrieved from Gale Science in Context database.
This source is a newsletter that analyzes the reports of how exercise affects bone
mass in individuals. The newsletter states how contrary to popular belief, swimming
can improve bone mass density even though it is not a weight bearing exercise. Men
who swam professionally began to see growth of bone mass in the vertebrate regions
of the spine. The newsletter also states how reports were shown that over exercising
with weight bearing exercise in middle aged adults over 50 led to harmful effects such
as fractures and no growth in bone mass density.
This source is effective in providing alternate claims to popular observations in
how exercise can improve bone mass. The article shows how not only weight bearing
exercises can build bone mass, but also exercises that dont place stress on the bones,
such as swimming. The article also shows how too much exercise can reduce bone
mass and damage bones in middle aged adults, thus showing the need for moderation
in exercises in older individuals to maximize bone growth. The article is from 1989,
thus could use some more updated research from modern studies to support the
information provided. However, the article does provides the first observations about
bone growth from exercise in the Orthopedic field, showing evolution and deviation
from such older ideas in modern studies. The article is from the Nutrition Research
Newsletter, and is supported by various data from medical journals and studies.
Gheno, R., Cepparo, J. M., Rosca, C. E., & Cotten, A. (2012). Musculoskeletal disorders in the
elderly. Journal of Clinical Imaging Science, 2(39). http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/21567514.99151
The journal article discusses the multiple musculoskeletal diseases and disorders
that might inflict elderly people and the various ways of diagnosing such disorders.
The article talks about fractures, the most common musculoskeletal problem affecting
the elderly, through the spine, hip, and pelvis of many elderly people. Fractures are
caused mainly by osteoporosis, or the weakening of the bones. Osteoarthritis is a
musculoskeletal disorder involving the degradation of cartilage and muscle around
bones. Such a disorder is diagnosed through yearly physicals by a general doctor, as
signs of the disorders are the inabilities to move the shoulder, hand, and knee joints.
Microcrystal disorders involve declining amounts of certain minerals in the bones, as
Gout is a common example of such. Infection of bones can result from surgical
procedures or hospitalization due to other musculoskeletal disorders, and can be
detected through a biopsy. Pagets disease is another bone disorder which is the
formation of weak bones from other musculoskeletal disorders.
This sources provides crucial information about the various diseases that plague
the musculoskeletal systems of the elderly. The source was effective in providing
information about the main musculoskeletal disorders while also going in detail about
how such disorders affect the bodies of the elderly. However, the article was not as
effective in providing ways to prevent such illnesses from occurring. There was little
bias detected in the article, as the main intent of the article was to educate the general
population about musculoskeletal disorders.

Guadalupe-Grau, A., Fuentes, T., Guerra, B., & Calbet, J. (2009). Exercise and bone mass in
adults. Sports Medicine, 39(6), 439-468. http://dx.doi.org/10.2165/00007256-20093906000002
This source is a journal article that analyses various studies regarding how
exercise affects bone density of various demographic groups, such as children,
adolescent men, and adolescent women. Based on the correlations between the studies,
the article then reports various findings about how exercise affects bone growth. The
article states how the best activities to promote bone growth are highly intensive or
weight bearing exercises that work out specific regions of the body. Exercises such as
swimming dont promote bone growth due to the decreased gravity in the water,
causing less activity on bones. Also, the articles finds that older men have an easier
time to grow bone mineral density from exercise than women of the same age from the
studies that were analyzed.
This source is effective in providing studies and general information about exercise
and bone growth. he article first provides various studies that examine how exercise
promotes the bone growth of children, male and female adults, and even animals. Such
studies will be useful for meta analyses of data about the different demographic groups
and their response to exercise. Also, the article provides useful information about what
types of exercise are the most effective in promoting bone growth, as well as how the
bones of different age groups and sexes respond to exercise. The article provides such
information that is up to date, as it was created in 2009, and provides no bias based on
the topic.
Jun, I., & Yeh, J. K. (2000). Effect of deconditioning on cortical and cancellous bone growth in
the exercise trained young rats. Journal of Bone and Medical Research, 15(9), 18421849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1359/jbmr.2000.15.9.1842
The journal article discusses a study done to prove the effects of not exercising on
bone mass of a population of rats. The study was done on the rats, whose age was not
reported, after considerably exercising on a treadmill for either 8 or 12 weeks, then
subjected to not exercising for the same amount of weeks. The results that were
reported was that the rats built a considerable amount of bone mass from exercising,
but when not exercising, these bone mass gains were reversed. The article calls for
more studies based on the same topic where the age of the rats are taken into effect, as
such a consideration factors greatly into the long term one mass gains.
The source is effective by providing evidence on how without exercise,
individual can see considerable bone mass losses. The article provides an alternate
study as it provides the effect of not exercising on bone health, instead of how
exercising improves bones health. The article could improve by providing a study
where the animals age is reported as this could provide information on how age is
involved in bone mass gains and losses. The article does provide useful background
information to introduce its study and provides methods and materials, as well as a
non-biased discussion of the results attained.
Keyte, J. (2013, October 23). Musculoskeletal disorders [Video file]. Retrieved from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mB7rYl7nl58
The video that goes in depth about different types of musculoskeletal diseases that
affect the muscles and bones of people to educate middle aged adults about the danger
that they pose. The video talks about how certain musculoskeletal diseases are caused

in people. The video then details how some musculoskeletal diseases function in the
human body; it shows the symptoms and effects of such diseases. Osteoporosis,
Rheumatoid Arthritis, and bone fractures are mainly described in the video; it
discusses the differences and similarities between each disease. Also, the video lists
the tests that orthopedic doctors use to diagnose such diseases, as well as the
treatments and remedies for such disorders.
The source provides an accurate portrayal of musculoskeletal disorders from a
reliable source. Even though it was posted on YouTube, this video was created by
Professor Jeff Keyte from the College of St Mary in a lecture on the topic of
musculoskeletal diseases. The detailed information in the video provides a look into
the science of musculoskeletal diseases, showing how such disorders function and act
within the body. This video also provides great background information about how
musculoskeletal diseases affect multiple parts of the body, thus such information can
be used in a research project. The video delivers all the information in a professional
tone without any bias, to an audience of people will desire to learn about
musculoskeletal diseases, possible medical school students.
Kumar, D. K., Rathan, N., Mohan, S., Begum, M., Prasad, B., & Prasad, E. R. V. (2014 ).
Exercise prescriptions to prevent musculoskeletal disorders in dentists. Journal of
Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8(7). http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/JCDR/2014/7549.4620
This source discusses how modern dentists are at a greater risk of developing
musculoskeletal diseases, while also providing useful solutions to prevent such trends
from occurring. The article talks about how dentists are at a greater chance of
developing a musculoskeletal disease in the current day of age because of the increase
of patients and workload of the dentists, causing strain of certain muscles, decrease in
oxygen flow to muscles, uncomfortable and improper postures, and muscle discomfort
in the dentists. Solutions that are suggested by the source to prevent musculoskeletal
diseases are to stretch and exercise each muscle area to provide a continuous of
oxygen use for each muscle area. The source provides evidence to support the claim
that musculoskeletal diseases will occur in individuals if such people dont take care
of their muscles. Also, the source provides research that shows in order to prevent
such diseases from developing, dentists must actively exercise and stretch to provide
relief and health to muscles in the body. The effectiveness of the source is shown
through how the source describes how muscles are negatively affected by the poor
posture and work habits of dentists and suggests various, helpful solutions to help
prevent such problems. However, the source somewhat lacks by failing to discuss the
main types of musculoskeletal diseases that affect dentists and other workers, as the
source just talks about how generally musculoskeletal diseases will affect dentists with
poor work habits.
Lawerence, R. C., Helmick, C. G., Arn ett, F. C., Deyo, R. A., Felson, D. T., Giannni, E. H., . . .
Wolfe, F. (1998). Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected musculoskeletal
disorders in the united states. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 41(5), 778-799.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199805)41:5<778::AID-ART4>3.0.CO;2-V
The journal article talks about the prevalence of musculoskeletal diseases in the
US by discussing research done on the topic through surveys. The article states that
based on the research, almost 15% of Americans suffered from Arthritis in 1995, as
the article predicts the amount to grow to 18.9% in 2020. The article used surveys

from the, National Arthritis Data Workgroup of the NIH for their research on
Arthritis in the US and to predict the growth of the musculoskeletal diseases in the
future. The article also reports on other musculoskeletal diseases such as Osteoporosis,
as it states how some diseases are harder to record and research due to pain defination
of patients giving a lack of data.
The source provides data about the extent of how musculoskeletal diseases
affected the US back in 1995. Such historical data provided by the source shows how
great a problem musculoskeletal diseases posed for America, as such a problem was
predicted to increase in the upcoming modern decade. The source also provides useful
background data about Arthritis and other musculoskeletal disorders and the ways in
which their reported effect to American society. The source is effected in providing a
non- bias view of musculoskeletal diseases back in 1995, where such information and
surveys were the first to be seen in the topic of research.
Lynch, N. A., Ryan, A. S., Evans, J., Katzel, L. I., & Goldberg, A. P. (2007). Older elite football
players have reduced cardiac and osteoporosis risk factors. Medicine & Science in Sports
& Exercise, 39(7), 1124-1130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1249/01.mss.0b013e3180557466
This source is a journal article about a study that examines how exercise can
reduce the risk of osteoporosis and heart disease in former football players. The study
followed 16 retired football players and non active people of different ages and
monitored their bone mineral density and composition of lipid and glucose in the
body. The study found out that the football players had less fat and more muscle mass
than the normal controls, as well as having a greater BMD than the normal people in
the spine and neck regions. The study concluded by saying how such intense physical
activity in the football players youth promoted their bone mineral density and allowed
the players to avoid osteoporosis for their adulthood by having a high BMD.
The source is effective in providing a study that analyzes the relationship between
exercise and osteoporosis. Even though it gives information about exercise and heart
disease, the article provides background information about how bones naturally
degrade and how the bones of athletes are prone to have higher bone mineral content,
thus tend to be stronger compared to non active people. This is useful to use as
information to describe the benefits of exercise to adults in promoting exercise in their
lives. Also, the study in the article can be utilized in a meta analysis for a greater
insight into the effects that exercise can pose on avoiding osteoporosis. The article is
from 2007, so it is updated and also provides no bias on the topic.
Middlesworth, M. (2011, July 23). The cost of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) [Infographic].
Retrieved from http://ergo-plus.com/cost-of-musculoskeletal-disorders-infographic/
This source is an infographic that shows the effects and costs of musculoskeletal
diseases in the U.S. The infographic talks about how musculoskeletal diseases affect
the U.S. and their prevalence in the American population through its expensive costs.
The source discusses how much such disorders can cost an individual because of the
treatments and care for the disease. Also, the infographic talks about how such
diseases can cripple economies and be presented as a burden for healthcare costs, such
as in the U.S. The source then urges its audience of primarily middle aged individuals
to prevent themselves from receiving musculoskeletal diseases to prevent such
negative effects from occurring through preventing these diseases from occurring.

The source is effective in providing reasons to avoid musculoskeletal diseases

through stating the costs of such disorders. The statistics and charts presented by the
source show how expensive and harmful musculoskeletal diseases can be to an
individual and to a country. The source also presents such information in a clear and
concise manner, which makes it easier for their audience of average, middle aged
Americans to understand. Such information is able to demonstrate the importance of
staying away from musculoskeletal diseases, as well as the importance of exercise in
order to prevent such diseases. This infographic comes from Ergonomics Plus, a
company that specializes in researching how the economy is affected by medical
conditions and the healthcare industry.
Modlesky, C. M., & Lewis, R. D. (2002). Does exercise during growth have a long-term effect
on bone health? Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews, 30(4), 171-176. Retrieved from
http://www1.udel.edu/bioms/Seminar%20Articles/2010-11%20Presentations/ModleskyESSR-2002.pdf
The journal article discusses the claim that bone health is increased when a person
exercise by evaluating multiple studies done on the topic. The article provides an
introduction that demonstrates how growth in the bones is attained and the biological
science behind such a phenomenon. The article proves that studies have shown that
bone health is increased when an individual exercises. However in terms of
longitudinal bone health, the article explains how studies have shown that even though
bone density is increased immediately by intensive exercise, as such gains are shown
to be lost as the individual ages without exercise. The article calls for better studies
that test for the simulating factor that promotes bone growth from exercise and how
bone maturity and age in childhood affect how bone mass gains are persevered in a
persons life.
This source is very resourceful as it truly discusses the overall findings from a
multitude of studies and evidence. Such information shows overall trends in research,
while providing places to emphasis in researching the topic, such as with prepubescent
exercise and bone growth. The article provides a great deal of scientific background
information, which is useful for explaining the trend seen in the multiple studies of
bones and exercise. From reading the article, there is a greater understanding of the
topic and clear definitions of some of the topics most confusing terms.
Murtezani, A., Nevzati, A., Ibraimi, Z., Sllamniku, S., Meka, V. S., & Abazi, N. (2014). The
effect of land versus aquatic exercise program on bone mineral density and physical
function in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: A randomized controlled trial.
Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja, 16(3), 319-325.
http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/15093492.1112533
This journal article measures the effectiveness between land and aquatic exercise
for Osteoporosis patients in increasing bone mass from a conducted study. The study
followed the two different groups of postmenopausal women for 10 months, as BMD
of the lumbar spine and physical endurance were measured. The study resulted with
finding little difference between the land and aquatic exercise groups, as both
progressively increased the bone mass of the women and were beneficial to the
individuals
The source is effective in providing a study that analyzes different types of
exercise in response to bone growth. The study provided by the source is able to be

used in an meta-analysis to show trends in how individuals respond to different

exercises in terms of bone growth. The source also provides more information about
how exercise builds bone mass and how this changes with the different exercise types
as it shows that any weight bearing exercise is beneficial, thus providing more specific
details to why exercise is important for dealing with musculoskeletal diseases. This
source is from 2014 and is from a Orthopedic Research center in Poland , thus
providing the most up to date, reliable , and unbiased information that takes into effect
the modern, new problems of society.
Norwood, V. K. (2012, May 1). Exercise and osteoporosis [Video file]. Retrieved from
http://www.webmd.com/osteoporosis/video/exercise-osteoporosis
This source is an informative video starring Dr. Ethel Siris from the Osteoporosis
Center of the Columbia University Medical Center as she discusses the benefits that
exercise can provide in avoiding Osteoporosis. Dr. Siris is being interviewed in the
video and in her interview, she states how exercise during a childs adolescence can
provide expedient bone growth in their age, while exercise for middle aged adults can
provide maintenance of a larger, stronger bone mass as well as better coordination for
an individual. Dr. Siris later goes in depth about how the best exercises to enforce
gains in bone mass include those that bear weight on the bones and those that promote
stress on the bones to promote flexibility such as gymnastics. Dr. Siris later warns that
individuals with histories of multiple bone fractures or have already developed
Osteoporosis should not focus on intense, weight bearing activities, rather relaxed,
long term workouts focused on bones, such as walking to avoid fractures and such.
This source is effective in providing an expert opinion about exercise and
musculoskeletal diseases. The interview with Dr. Siris from the Columbia University
Medical Center provides an expert opinion about the prevention of musculoskeletal
disorders such as Osteoporosis through exercise. Also, the video provides expert
opinions about the most effective types of exercise in order to limit bone fractures,
while maximizing bone growth and health. The video was published in 2012, thus
providing updated information regarding our modern society, while also being able to
provide no bias about the topic, thus providing the most accurate information.
Qin, L., Choy, W., Leung, K., Au, S., Hung, W., Chan, K., & Dambacher, M. (2005). Beneficial
effects of regular tai chi exercise on musculoskeletal system. Journal of Bone and
Mineral Metabolism, 23(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00774-004-0559-2
This source is a journal article of a study done to discover how Tai Chi affects a
persons bone health. The study examined 99 women 10 years away from their
menopause stage, as it measured the bone mineral density (BMD) of their spine and
arms, as 48 of them regularly practiced Tai Chi, a Chinese martial exercise. The study
found that the individuals who practiced Tai Chi saw a growth in BMD at each of the
examined bone sites, as a difference in BMD was seen in the sites between the active
and inactive individuals. The study also found that the Tai Chi exercise was able to
reduce the likelihood of fractures for the active individuals, as well as improve the
postmenopausal symptoms of the women by improving the balance of individuals.
The source is effective in providing evidence that supports how exercise is
beneficial to bone health. The journal article provides various statistics and raw data
from the study to shows how doing an exercise like Tai Chi regularly can allow a
person to increase their BMD, as well as prevent fractures and other musculoskeletal

disorders from occurring. Also, the article shows how an individual can use a daily,
active lifestyle practice, such as Tai Chi, to improve its bone health instead of only just
exercising at a gym. Such an article was written by Chinese professionals in the
Orthopedic field from Hong Kong, thus showing the accuracy of the information about
Orthopedics and Tai Chi in the article.
Rana, A., Iorio, R., & Healy, W. (2011). Hospital economics of primary THA decreasing
reimbursement and increasing cost, 1990 to 2008. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related
Research, 469(2), 355-361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11999-010-1526-y
The journal article is a study that examines the relationship of the expenses of a
hospital and the influx of hip osteoporosis surgeries in the U.S. in the 1990s and
2000s. The study followed multiple patients of the surgery from 1990 to 2008, as it
examined their hospital costs and other expenses resulting from the surgeries. The
study discovered that because of the multiple surgeries performed on patients with
healthcare, hospitals on total lost revenue due to the fees from Medicare and other
healthcare companies paying for surgeries, as costs for advanced technology for the
surgery also contributed to hospital revenue losses.The article then suggests that
government should release reimbursements for hospitals to manage such costs and
receive profits from them.
The source is effective in listing a rationale to prevent influx of musculoskeletal
diseases in the future. This reason being is to lessen the financial burden of hospitals
to pay for and care for the diseased victims surgeries and other expenses. Even
though the article goes in depth about the health care aspects of medicine and
hospitals, the source is also able to provide statistics and figures about the costs of
treating musculoskeletal diseases to victims and also to societies as a whole. The
source delivers such detailed, unbiased information to an audience of hospital
administrators and regular adults in order to reason to such an audience about avoiding
musculoskeletal diseases in the future.
Rathbun, A. M., Shardell, M., Orwig, D., Hebel, J. R., Hicks, G., Beck, T., . . . Magaziner, J.
(2016). Differences in the trajectory of bone mineral density change measured at the total
hip and femoral neck between men and women following hip fracture. Archives of
Osteoporosis, 11(9). http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11657-016-0263-6
This journal article talks about a study done to discover the negative relationship
between gender and bone mass declines in response to hip fractures in 260,000 adults
after one year. The study followed each individual and recorded their bone mass each
month. The article states how women tend to suffer greater bone mass losses while
aging because of the presence of the menopausal stage in a womans life, allowing for
weaker bones and a greater chance to develop osteoporosis. Men have a relatively
slower process of bone degradation in their aging. However, the study surprisingly
showed that men had a greater loss in bone mass compared to women in response to a
hip fracture, due to better clinical care and supervision of the women.
The source is effective in exploring the effect that gender plays in bone health.
The introduction and background information of the study support the fact that women
have lower bone masses as their lives progress compared to the bone masses of men.
However, the results of the study show that men have a greater chance of having a
lower bone mass throughout their lives than women due to the greater chance of
receiving fractures in their lives. Such findings support how crucial it is to prevent

fracturing of bones in order to prevent greater bone mass losses in any individual,
especially in males, through exercise and clinical care. Also, the article provides
diagrams and charts to support its findings, thus showing the reliability of the
information as well as the non- biased manner of the article.
Tang, D. (2016, December 16). [Personal interview by the author].
This source is an interview that the researcher conducted at the Potomac Valley
Orthopedic Associates with Dr. Daniel Tang. Dr. Daniel Tang specializes in
Orthopedic care as he treats musculoskeletal diseases of the neck, spine, arms, and leg
regions. The questions asked to Dr. Tang involved areas of his expertise in the bone
growth and injuries of younger patients as well as elderly ones. Dr. Tang also provided
his observations about the most common musculoskeletal diseases he witnesses in his
line of work as well as the types and characteristics of bone injuries of his athletic
patients and his less active patients.
This source is effective in providing a professional opinion and knowledge about
the research topic from a professional in the field. The interview provided a great
amount of information about musculoskeletal diseases from a professional Orthopedic
doctor with experience in the field. This information provides accuracy and reliability
to the claim that exercise can prevent musculoskeletal diseases in elderly individuals.
Also, the interview provided information that clarified the differences between athletic
and non athletic individuals in terms of bone injuries and bone growth. This
information is effective in showing support that exercise can prevent musculoskeletal
diseases since it shows how athletic individuals have greater bone mass and less
injuries than the non athletic individuals.
Todd, J., & Robinson, R. (2003). Osteoporosis and exercise. Postgraduate Medical Journal,
79(932), 320-323. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pmj.79.932.320
The journal article discusses the effectiveness of exercise in promoting bone
health and preventing Osteoporosis in a persons life by providing research from other
studies done on the topic. The article uses data and statistics to show how people who
exercise throughout their childhood and athletes tend to have greater bone densities
than people who dont regularly exercise. The article also states how high activity and
intensive exercises like running or lifting weights, provide the greatest increase of
bone mass compared to low intensive exercises The multiple studies that the article
uses show an increase in bone mass in the hip and lumbar spine areas from activities
and exercise.
This source provides a great deal of evidence and data to show how exercise
prevents musculoskeletal diseases. The data in the article demonstrates how exercise is
able to build bone density faster than those without exercise, as the data also supports
such an increase in bone mass at multiple sites in the body. The article also supports
how such exercise reduces the risk for musculoskeletal diseases, such as Osteoporosis,
while providing evidence from studies to support this. The articles demonstrates no
bias, as it many shares its assumptions by supporting them with experimental data to
an audience of middle aged people and other specialists in the topic.

Turner, C. H., & Robling, A. G. (2003). Designing exercise regimens to increase bone strength.
Exercise & Sport Sciences Reviews, 31(1), 45-50. Retrieved from
http://journals.lww.com/acsmessr/Fulltext/2003/01000/Designing_Exercise_Regimens_to_Increase_Bone.9.aspx
The journal article is an article discussing the various techniques and exercise that
can improve bone health in a persons skeleton, as well as describing the explanations
that cause such bone growth to occur from the exercise. The article uses evidence from
multiple studies and data sets to show that humans can improve bone health and
extend bone growth through use of intense exercise with periods of rest in between
sets during their youth. Such exercise builds bone density in small amounts by
creating areas of pressure on the bone, which drives gradients to break down and build
back bone. Such small amounts of bone growth are able to benefit humans and
animals with stronger and more flexible bones.
The journal article provides a great deal of detail and information about how exercise
leads to bone growth and development. Such detail can be useful in supporting how
exercise can strengthen bones and can prevent musculoskeletal diseases or disorders,
as it allows a detailed explanation of how bone can be strengthen from exercise. The
source is reliable as it provides non- biased data from other conducted studies and
experiments. Also, the article provides scientifically-based, accurate information of
bone development and growth to support its conclusions about bone health.
The worlds favourite sport boosts bone development. (2016, may 19). Retrieved December 1,
2016, from International Osteoporosis Foundation website:
https://www.iofbonehealth.org/news/worlds-favourite-sport-boosts-bone-development-0
This source is a website article that talks about how the game of soccer can
promote bone growth in a persons life. Adult soccer players who have played soccer
throughout their lives have a reported higher bone mineral density than adults who
dont play a considerable amount of soccer. The article reports how young soccer
players, those in prepubescent ages of as early as 12, have higher BMDs than nonplayer, and are reported to have accelerated growth with continued soccer practice
throughout their lives. Women and men have seen similar growth in BMD by playing
soccer throughout their lives in the reported studies
This source is effective in providing support into which types of exercise provide
the ability to increase a persons bone mass. The article provides information and data
from other recorded studies that show that soccer can be a form of exercise that can
increase a persons BMD, thus improving a persons bone health. This information is
able to show that non-contact sports such as soccer can increase a persons BMD. The
article also shows an unexpected outcome in that a non-weight activity as soccer can
provide growth in bone mass, as most studies and articles state how weight-based
activities are the most common source of bone mass growth. The article is up to date
and accurate as it was created by a foundation that specializes in the musculoskeletal
disease of Osteoporosis in 2016, as well as having no biased information.