Professional Documents
Culture Documents
BOOK ONE
b.
If the new law totally repeals the existing law so that the act which was
penalized under the old law is no longer punishable, the crime is
obliterated.
Human free
will
2. Purpose
of penalty
3. Exemplified in
Retribution
The RPC in
general
POSITIVIST
The sum of
social and
economic
phenomena to
which the actor
is exposed
Prevention or
correction
The provisions
on impossible
crimes and
habitual
delinquency
ENGLISH RULE
GENERAL RULE:
Crimes are not triable
in the courts of the
country,
EXCEPTION:
their
commission
affects the peace and
security of the territory
or the safety of the
state is endangered.
GENERAL RULE:
Crimes are triable in
the country,
WARSHIP
ART. 3. FELONIES
GENERAL ELEMENTS OF FELONIES:
1.
2.
3.
There must be an act or omission i.e., external acts, internal acts are
beyond the sphere of penal laws.
The act or omission must be punishable by the RPC;
The act is performed or the omission incurred by means of dolo or
culpa.
EXCEPTION:
they merely affect
things within the vessel
or they refer to the
internal management
thereof.
NOTE: The English rule is more assertive while the French rule is more
restrained.
3.
2.
3.
1. As to
moral trait
of
the
offender
2. As to
use
of
good faith
as
a
defense
3. As to
degree of
accomplish
ment of the
crime
4.
As to
mitigating
and
aggravating
circumstances
5. As to
degree of
participati
on
6. As to
what laws
are
violated
aggravating
circumstances
are taken into
account
in
imposing
the
penalty
When there is
more than one
offender,
the
degree
of
participation of
each
in
the
commission of
the
crime
s
taken
into
account.
1. Violation of
the R.P.C.
(General
rule)
aggravating
circumstances are
not taken into
account
Degree
of
participation is not
taken
into
account. All who
perpetrated
the
act are punished
to
the
same
extent.
1. Violation
of
Special Laws
(General rule)
INTENT
1. purpose to use
particular means to
effect such result
2. element of the
crime,
except
in
malum prohibitum
3.
essential
in
intentional felonies
MOTIVE
1. moving power which
impels one to act
2. NOT an element of
the crime
3. essential only when
the identity of the
perpetrator is in doubt
ART. 6. CONSUMMATED,
FRUSTRATED AND
ATTEMPTED FELONIES
STAGES OF OFFENSES
1.
2.
FRUSTRATED FELONY
ELEMENTS:
(CODE: APNI)
1. The offender performs all the acts of execution
2. All the acts performed would produce the felony as a consequence
3. But the felony is not produced
4. By reason of causes independent of the will of the perpetrator
3.
ATTEMPTED FELONY
ELEMENTS:
(CODE: CANO)
1. The offender commences the commission of the felony directly by
overt acts
2. He does not perform all the acts of execution which should produce
the felony
3. The offenders act be not stopped by his own spontaneous
desistance;
4. The non-performance of all acts of execution was due to cause or
accident other than his own spontaneous desistance.
Accessories are not liable, even if they are committed against persons or
property.
REQUISITES:
1. Unlawful aggression (condition sine qua non);
2. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it; and
3. Lack of sufficient provocation on the part of the person defending himself
When conspiracy is only a basis for incurring criminal liability, there must
be an overt act before the co-conspirators become criminally liable. In
which case, the rule is that: the act of one is the act of all.
2. DEFENSE OF RELATIVES
REQUISITES:
1. Unlawful Aggression;
2. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it;
and
3. In case the provocation was given by the person attacked, the one
making the defense had no part therein.
RELATIVES THAT CAN BE DEFENDED:
(CODE: SAD B4R)
1. Spouse
2. Ascendants
3. Descendants
4. Legitimate, natural or adopted brothers and sisters, or relatives by affinity
in the same degrees.
5. Relatives by consanguinity within the fourth civil degree
3. DEFENSE OF STRANGER
REQUISITES:
1. Unlawful Aggression;
2. Reasonable necessity of the means employed to prevent or repel it; and
3. The person defending be not induced by revenge, resentment or other evil
motive.
4. AVOIDANCE OF GREATER EVIL OR INJURY
REQUISITES:
1. That the evil sought to be avoided actually exists;
2. That the injury feared be greater than that done to avoid it; and
3. There be no other practical and less harmful means of preventing it.
4. Since there is no
crime,
nor
a
criminal, there is
also no liability,
criminal nor civil.
(CODE: CALL)
EXEMPTING
CIRCUMSTANCE
1. It affects the actor
not the act.
2. The act
complained of is
actually wrongful,
but the actor is
not liable.
1. IMBECILITY OR INSANITY
Insanity or imbecility exists when there is a complete deprivation of
intelligence freedom of the will.
2 TESTS OF INSANITY:
Test of COGNITION complete deprivation of intelligence in committing
the crime.
The phrase under nine years should be construed nine years or less.
May be offset by
aggravating
circumstance
subsections 1 to
10 of Article 13,
RPC.
Cannot
offset
be
Arts. 68, 69
and 64 of the
RPC.
The threat should not be offensive and positively strong. Otherwise, the
threat to inflict real injury is an unlawful aggression, which may give rise
to self- defense.
1.
It is made directly 1.
only to the person
committing the
felony.
VINDICATION
The grave offense
may be
committed also
against the
offenders
relatives
mentioned by law.
2.
3.
2.
It is necessary that 3.
the provocation or
threat immediately
preceded the act.
The offended
party must have
done a grave
offense to the
offender or his
relatives
mentioned by law.
The vindication of
the grave offense
may be
proximate, which
admits of an
INTERVAL of
time.
BASIS:
They are based on the greater perversity of the offender manifested in the
commission of the felony, as shown by (1) the motivating power itself, (2) the
place of commission, (3) the means and ways employed, (4) the time, or (5)
the personal circumstances of the offender, or of the offended party.
FOUR KINDS OF AGGRAVATING CIRCUMSTANCES:
1. GENERIC those that can generally apply to all crimes
USUALLY: dwelling; nighttime; recidivism
ENUMERATED:
(1) Advantage taken of public position
(2) Contempt or insult to public authorities
(3) Commission in the dwelling of the offended party
(4) Abuse of confidence; or obvious ungratefulness
(5) Places of commission
(6) Nighttime; uninhabited place; or band
(7) Recidivism
(8) Reiteracion
(9) Craft, fraud, or disguise
(10)Unlawful entry
(11)By breaking wall, etc.
(12)Aid of a minor (under 15 years)
2. SPECIFIC-- those that apply only to particular crimes.
USUALLY: ignominy in crimes against chastity; or cruelty and treachery
in crimes against persons
ENUMERATED:
(1) disregard of rank, age, or sex of offended party
(2) superior strength; or means to weaken the defense
(3) treachery
(4) ignominy
(5) cruelty
(6) use of unlicensed firearm in murder or homicide (Section 1, RA
8294)
3. QUALIFYING those that change the nature of the crime.
EXAMPLES: Alevosia (treachery), or evident premeditation qualifies the
killing of a person to murder
4. INHERENT those that must, of necessity,
accompany the
commission of the crime. These will not aggravate the crime.
EXAMPLE: Evident premeditation is inherent in robbery, theft, estafa,
adultery, or concubinage
(CODE: NO)
GENERIC
AGGRAVATING
CIRCUMSTANCE
QUALIFYING
AGGRAVATING
CIRCUMSTANCE
1.
1. Its effect is to
increase the
penalty, which
should be imposed
upon the accused
without exceeding
the limit prescribed
by law. It does not
change the crime
2.
It cannot be offset
by an ordinary
mitigating
circumstance.
2.
It may be
compensated by a
mitigating
circumstance.
c.
DEFINITION:
A Public Authority, sometimes also called a person in authority, is a
public officer who is directly vested with jurisdiction, that is, a public officer
who has the power to govern and execute the laws.
PARAGRAPH 3: DISREGARD OF RANK, AGE, OR SEX OF OFFENDED
PARTY; OR COMMISSION IN THE DWELLING OF THE OFFENDED
PARTY
sex of the offended party. This refers to the female sex, not to the
male sex.
PAR. 5: PLACE
WHERE PUBLIC
AUTHORITIES
ARE ENGAGED IN
THE DISCHARGE
OF THEIR DUTIES
1. The public
authorities are
performing their
duties outside of
their office.
2. The public
authority should
not be the
offended party.
1. The public
authorities, who
are in the
performance of
their duties, must
be in their office.
2. The public
authority may be
the offended party.
NOTE: There is a decided case to the effect that the offender must have the
intention to commit a crime when he entered the place; i.e. she must have
murder in her heart (People v. Jaurigue, 76 Phil 174). Any of the said places
is not therefore, aggravating, if the crime was casually committed therein.
PARAGRAPH 6: NIGHTTIME; UNINHABITED PLACE; OR BAND
NIGHTTIME, UNINHABITED PLACE OR BAND IS AGGRAVATING
1. When it facilitated the commission of the crime; or
2. When it was especially sought for by the offender to insure the
commission of the crime or for the purpose of impunity; or
3. When the offender took advantage thereof for the purpose of impunity.
DEFINITIONS:
1. For the purpose of impunity - means to prevent his (accuseds)
being recognized, or to secure himself against detection and punishment.
2. Nighttime - is the period of darkness beginning at the end of dusk and
ending at dawn. Nighttime by and of itself is not necessarily aggravating.
TESTS: (1) the commission of the crime must begin and be
accomplished in the nighttime; or (2) the offense must be actually be
committed in the darkness of the night.
3. An uninhabited place - is one where there are no houses at all, a
place at a considerable distance from town, or where the houses are
scattered at a great distance from each other. [TEST OF UNINHABITED
PLACE] But whether or not the crime is attended by this aggravating
circumstance should be determined not by the distance of the nearest
house from the scene of the crime, but whether or not in the place of the
commission of the offense there was a reasonable possibility of the
victim receiving some help.
[TEST OF WHETHER OR NOT
AGGRAVATING]
4. BAND - Whenever more than three armed malefactors shall have
acted together in the commission of an offense, it shall be deemed to
have been committed by a band.
5. Acted together - means direct part in the execution of the act
constituting the crime. Hence, if one of the four armed men is a principal
by inducement only, they do not form a band, because a principal by
inducement connotes that he has no direct participation in the
perpetration thereof.
PARAGRAPH 7: ON OCCASION OF CALAMITY OR MISFORTUNE
THE REASON for the existence of this circumstance is found in the
debased form of criminality met in one who, in the midst of a great calamity,
instead of lending aid to the afflicted, adds to their great suffering by taking
advantage of their misfortune to despoil them.
PARAGRAPH 8: AID OF ARMED MEN, ETC.
REQUISITES:
1. That armed men or persons took part in the commission of the crime,
directly or indirectly.
2. That the accused availed himself of their aid or relied upon them when
the crime was committed.
Exceptions:
1. This aggravating circumstance shall not be considered when both the
attacking party and the party attacked were equally armed.
2. This aggravating circumstance is not present when the accused as well
as those who cooperated with him in the commission of the crime acted
under the same plan and for the same purpose.
PARAGRAPH 9: RECIDIVIST
REQUISITES: (CODE: TriPS CONVICTED)
1.
That the offender is on trial for an offense;
2. That he was previously convicted by final judgment of another crime;
3. That both the first and the second offenses are embraced in the same
title of the Code;
4. That the offender is convicted of the new offense.
REITERACION
1. It is necessary that
the offender shall
have served out
his sentence for
the first offense
2. The previous and
subsequent
offenses must
NOT be embraced
in the same title of
the Code
FORMS OF REPETITION
1. Recidivism (Par. 9, Art. 14)
2. Reiteracion or habituality (Par. 10, Art. 14)
3. Multi-recidivism or habitual delinquency (Art. 62, Par. 5)
4. Quasi-Recidivism (Art. 160)
PARAGRAPH 11: PRICE, REWARD, OR PROMISE
The evidence must show that one of the accused used money or other
valuable consideration for the purpose of inducing another to perform the
deed.
PAR. 12
Under par. 12, the
crime is committed by
means of any of such
acts involving great
waste and ruin.
PAR. 7
Under par.7, the crime
is committed on the
occasion of a calamity
or misfortune.
ESSENCE:
THERE IS CRUELTY when the culprit enjoys and delights in making
his victim suffer slowly and gradually, causing him unnecessary physical pain
in the consummation of the criminal act.
REQUISITES:
1. That the injury caused be deliberately increased by causing other wrong;
2. That the other wrong be unnecessary for the execution of the purpose of
the offender.
IGNOMINY VS. CRUELTY
Ignominy (par. 17) involves moral suffering, while cruelty (par. 21) refers to
physical suffering.
NOTE:
The Supreme Court considered ignominy in the crime of rape
(People vs. Torrefiel [45 O.G.8803], US vs. Iglesia [21 Phil 155], People vs.
Carmina [193 SCRA 429])
TWO DIFFERENT
PARAGRAPH.
CIRCUMSTANCES
ARE
GROUPED
IN
THIS
3. Inducement
involves any
crime.
Protection)
1. Makes criminal an act done before the passage of the law, and which
was innocent when done, and punishes such an act;
2. Aggravates a crime, or makes it greater than it was, when committed;
3. Changes the punishment and inflicts a greater punishment than the law
annexed to the crime when committed;
4. Alters the legal rules of evidence, and authorizes conviction upon less or
different testimony that the law required at the time of the commission of
the offense;
5. Assuming to regulate civil rights and remedies only, in effect imposes
penalty or deprivation of a right for something which when done was
lawful; and
6. Deprives a person accused of a crime of some lawful protection to which
he has become entitled, such as the protection of a former conviction or
acquittal, or a proclamation of amnesty
A presidential pardon affects only the principal penalty and not the
accessory penalties, unless the same are expressly remitted in the
pardon.
3.
Cannot include
2.
civil liability which
the offender must
pay
Granted only
AFTER
CONVICTION,
and may be
extended to any of
the offenders
Pardon by the
Offended Party
Does NOT
extinguish the
criminal liability of
the offender
Offended party can
waive the civil
liability which the
offender must pay
Pardon should be
given BEFORE
THE INSTITUTION
of criminal
prosecution, and
must extend to
both/all offenders
APPLICATION OF PENALTIES
ART. 46. PENALTY TO BE IMPOSED UPON PRINCIPALS IN
GENERAL
GRADUATION OF PENALTIES:
1. BY DEGREES refers to (1) the stages of execution (consummated,
frustrated, or attempted); and (2) the degree of the criminal participation
of the offender (whether as principal, accomplice, or accessory).
2. BY PERIODS refers to the proper period of the penalty which should be
imposed when aggravating or mitigating circumstances attend the
CODE:
(MURDER CARNAPPING TRIPP QQD PARK)
1. Murder
2. Carnapping
3. Treason
4. Rape
5. Infanticide
6. Plunder
7. Parricide
8. Qualified Piracy
9. Qualified Bribery
10. Violation of Certain provisions of the Dangerous Drugs Act
11. Piracy in general and Mutiny on the High Seas or in the Philippines
Waters
12. Destructive Arson
13. Robbery with Violence Against or Intimidation of Persons
14. Kidnapping and Serious Illegal Detention
more crimes but for which there is only one criminal liability.
Ex: complex crimes under Art. 48
2. Material or real refers to different criminal intents resulting in two or
more crimes for each of which, the accused incurs criminal liability.
Ex: falsification to conceal malversation
TWO KINDS OF COMPLEX CRIMES:
1. COMPOUND CRIME (delito compuesto) a single act constitutes two
or more grave or less grave felonies.
REQUISITES:
1. That only a single act is performed by the offender;
2. That the single act produces: (1) two or more grave felonies, or
(2) one or more grave and one or more less grave felonies, or (3)
two or more less grave felonies.
2. COMPLEX CRIME PROPER (delito complejo) an offense is a
necessary means for committing the other.
REQUISITES:
1. That at least two offenses are committed;
2. That one or some of the offenses must be necessary to commit
the other;
3. That both or all of the offenses must be punished under the
same statute.
NO COMPLEX CRIME IN THE FOLLOWING CASES:
1. In case of a continued crime
2. When one offense is committed to conceal the other.
3. When the other crime is an indispensable part or an element of the other
offense.
4. When the crimes are covered by the rules on absorption
5. When the crimes involved cannot be legally complexed such as when the
penal provision specially provides that the penalty for other felonies shall
be in addition to the penalty imposed by this article.
6. Where one of the offenses is penalized by a special law
CONTINUED CRIME is a single crime, consisting of a series of acts, but all
arising from ONE CRIMINAL RESOLUTION; length of time in the
commission is immaterial.
Real or Material
Plurality
1. There is a series
of acts performed
Continued Crime
1. There is a series
of acts performed
by the offender
2. Each act
performed by the
offender
constitutes a
separate crime,
each act is
generated by a
criminal impulse
by the offender
2. The different acts
constitute only one
crime, all of the
acts performed
arise from one
criminal resolution
COMPLEX CRIME
SSPECIAL COMPLEX
CRIME
1. The combination
of the offenses are
fixed by law, e.g.,
robbery with rape
1. The combination is
generalized, that
is, grave and/or
less grave; one
offense
is
necessary
to
commit the other
2. The penalty for the
crime
is
not
specific but for the
most
serious
offense
in
the
maximum period.
Recidivism
As to the 1.
CRIMES
committed
As to the
2.
PERIOD of
The offender is
2.
found guilty within
1.
CONSUM
MATED
FRUSTRA
TED
ATTEMPTED
0
1
2
1
2
3
2
3
4
It is sufficient that
the accused on
the date of his
trial, shall have
been previously
convicted by final
judgment of
another crime
embraced in the
same title
No period of time
between the
time the
crimes are
committed
As to the
3.
NUMBER of
crimes
committed
As to their
EFFECTS
4.
former conviction
and the last
conviction
The second and
the first offense is
found in the same
title
If not offset by a
mitigating
circumstance,
serves to increase
the penalty only to
the maximum
II.
I.
SIMPLY for special laws, it is anything within the inclusive range of the
prescribed penalty. Courts are given discretion and the circumstances
are not considered.
provided in Art. 196 shall not obliterate his CIVIL LIABILITY for damages
9. A minor who is ALREADY AN ADULT at the time of his conviction is not
entitled to a suspension of sentence
B. APPLICATION
This shall apply to all offenders except those entitled to benefits under PD
603 and similar laws.
1. The purpose of Arts. 189 and 192 of the Child and Youth Welfare Code is
to avoid a situation where JUVENILE OFFENDERS would commingle
with ordinary criminals in prison.
2. If the court finds that the youthful offender committed the crime charged
against him, it shall DETERMINE the imposable penalty and the civil
liability chargeable against him.
3. The court may not pronounce judgment of conviction and SUSPEND all
further proceedings if, upon application of the youthful offender, it finds
that the best interest of the public and that of the offender will be served
thereby.
4. The benefits of Article 192 of PD 603, as amended, providing for
suspension of sentence, shall NOT APPLY TO (1) a youthful offender
who once enjoyed suspension of sentence under its provisions, or (2)
one who is convicted of an offense punishable by death or life
imprisonment.
5. The youthful offender shall be RETURNED to the committing court for
the pronouncement of judgment, when the youthful offender (1) has been
found incorrigible; or (2) has willfully failed to comply with the conditions
of his rehabilitation programs; or (3) when his continued stay in the
training institution would be inadvisable.
6. When the youthful offender has reached the age of TWENTY-ONE while
in commitment, the court shall determine whether
To DISMISS the case, if the youthful offender has behaved properly and
has shown his capability to be a useful member of the community; or
To PRONOUNCE the judgment of conviction, if the conditions mentioned
are not met.
7. In the latter case, the convicted offender may apply for PROBATION. In
any case, the youthful offender shall be credited in the service of his
sentence with the full time spent in actual commitment and detention.
8. The final release of a youthful offender based on good conduct as
ARREST OF PROBATIONER
AND SUBSEQUENT DISPOSITIONS.
1. At any time during probation, the court may issue a warrant for the
ARREST of a probationer for any serious violation of the conditions of
probation.
2. If violation is established, the court may (a) REVOKE his probation, or (b)
continue his probation and MODIFY the conditions thereof. This order is
not appealable.
3. If revoked, the probationer shall SERVE the sentence originally imposed.
K. TERMINATION OF PROBATION
The Court may order the final discharge of the probationer upon finding
that, he has fulfilled the terms and conditions of his probation.
L. EFFECTS OF TERMINATION OF PROBATION
1. Case is deemed terminated.
2. Restoration of all civil rights lost or suspended.
3. Fully discharges liability for any fine imposed.
Note that the probation is NOT coterminous with its period. There must
first be an order issued by the court discharging the probationer.
To
whom
grante
d
1. Includes any
crime and is
exercised
individually by the
President
When
exercised
2. Exercised
when the person is
already convicted
Effects
3.
4. Merely looks
FORWARD and
relieves the
offender from the
consequences of
an offense of which
he has been
convicted; it does
not work for the
restoration of the
rights to hold public
office, or the right
of suffrage, unless
such rights be
expressly restored
by means of
pardon
AMNESTY
1. A blanket
pardon to classes
of persons or
communities who
may be guilty of
political offenses
2. May be
exercised even
before trial or
investigation is had
3.
4. Looks
BACKWARD and
abolishes and puts
into oblivion the
offense itself; it so
overlooks and
obliterates the
offense with which
he is charged that
the person
released by
amnesty stands
before the law
precisely as though
he had committed
no offense
As a
matter
of
evidence
Parole
1. May be given after
the prisoner has
served the
minimum penalty;
is granted by the
Board of Pardons
and Parole under
the provision of
the Indeterminate
Sentence Law
2. For violation of the
terms of the
parole, the convict
CANNOT BE
PROSECUTED
UNDER ART. 159
of the RPC, he
can be re-arrested
and reincarcerated to
serve the
unserved portion
of his original
penalty
ART. 91.
SUMMARY OR RULES:
1. The period of prescription shall commence to run from the day on which
the crime was discovered by the offended party, the authorities, or their
agents.
2. It shall be interrupted by the filing of the complaint or information.
3. It shall commence to run again when such proceedings terminate without
the accused being convicted or acquitted, or are stopped for any reason
not imputable to him.
4. The term or prescription will not run when the offender is absent from the
Philippines.
OF