Professional Documents
Culture Documents
VALVES
Rejath Jacob Thomas
Body
Bonnet
Bolting
Seat ring
Plug
Stem
Cage
Packing
Seal ring
Gasket and shim
Trim Materials
Actuator assembly
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VALVE BODY
Main fluid boundary and pressure containing component
It Includes
Provision for securing internal parts
End connections that allows installation in the pipeline
Provision for attaching the bonnet
BODY
BONNET
Also a major pressure containing component and
fluid boundary
Bolted or threaded into valve body
Bonnet locates and guides the valve stem and it
includes a bore for packing (packing box)
Also includes yoke boss or some other means
mounting an actuator
BONNET
TRIM
Trim refers to all internal parts of a valve which
are in flowing contact with the controlled fluid
[also referred to as Wetted parts]
It includes the valve plug, stem, cage, seat ring,
plug sealing rings, gaskets and packing parts
Trim Parts
TRIM COMPONENTS
Plug
ring
Seat rings in globe valves work with the valve plug to
arrest leakage.
Cage
Provides plug guidance and flow characterization
Stem
Connects the plug to the actuator
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Connector
A Clamp in two pieces to connect the actuator stem to
the valve plug stem.
STEM
CONNECTOR
YOKE
Yoke
The connecting structure / part between the Valve
Actuator and the bonnet assembly.
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ACTUATOR
It the part of the valve which generates the motive
power. It is the mechanism which operates the valve
plug, in correspondence to the control signal received
from the controller.
Actuators Types:
Pneumatic
Spring Diaphragm
Piston Cylinder
Electrical
Hydraulic
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VALVE ACCESSORIES
POSITIONER
Pneumatic
Electro-pneumatic
Conventional
SMART HART
Foundation Field bus
POSITION SWITCHES
Inductive
Mechanical Cam Operated
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VALVE TERMINOLOGIES
Capacity : It is the ability of the valve to allow fluid flow through
it under stated condition.
Cv Valve Coefficient : It is the unit of measurement to define
the capacity of a valve. The number of US Gallons of water at 60
degrees F that will pass through a valve with a drop of one pound
per square inch in one minute.
VALVE Kv : Quantity of water in M3/Hr. at temperature
between 5 to 40 degrees C that will flow through the valve at a
specified travel with a pressure drop of 1 Bar.
Kv = 0.856Cv
Rated CV : Value of Cv at full open position.
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TERMINOLOGIES Cont . .
Rangeability:
Rangeability of a Control Valve is defined as the ratio of the
maximum controllable flow to the minimum controllable flow. The
Inherent rangeability of a valve is the ratio of the maximum and
minimum flow under constant pressure differential . Hence it is
expressed as Cv Max divided by Cv min.
Leakage:
Quantity of fluid passing through an assembled valve when the
valve is in the closed position under stated closure forces with
pressure differential and pressure specified. [ref to ANSI B-16
104-1976]
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TERMINOLOGIES Cont . .
Valve Characteristics:
It is a relation between flow through the valve & percentage
rated travel as the latter is varied from 0-100%.
Inherent characteristics:
Flow characteristics when constant pressure drop is maintained
across the valve.
Installed Characteristics:
Flow characteristics when pressure drop across the valve varies
as dictated by flow and related conditions in the system in which
the valve is installed.
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Linear
Rotary
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LINEAR VALVES
ROTARY VALVES
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Globe
Globe
Single Seated
Double Seated
Diaphragm
Angle
Pinch or Clamp
3-Way
Split body
Control Valve
Rotary Motion
Butterfly
Swing Through
Eccentric Plug
Lined
Eccentric
Ball
Segmented
Full
V-Notch
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Application :
For high flow and high pressure services
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ANGLE VALVE
Sizes : 1/2"
to 6"
Application :
Specially for very high pressure drop and also used where the
fluids contain solid particles.
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distortion
u Wide range of interchangeable trim styles and sizes
available
u Adaptability to specialist duties i.e. venturi outlet, low noise
etc.
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Sizes : 1/2"
Application :
For high temperature fluid and particularly for textile industries, to mix or divert fluids
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customers requirement
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DIVERTING SERVICE
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a leak
proof packing in the single seated, double seated and three
way valves.
Application :
Features :
u Bellows are of stainless steel to withstand high
request.
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BUTTERFLY VALVE
Sizes : 2"
to 36"
Application :
Steel, Sugar and textile industries and specially for fluid
containing slurry particle. Used for on-off as well as
control applications.
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BUTTERFLY VALVE
Features :
u Water style connection Concentric design as
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BALL VALVE
Sizes : 1/2" to 8" (15 - 200 mm)
Application :
Used in paper, Pulp and textile industries
Features :
Tight shut off Minimum obstruction for the flowing
media
u
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DIAPHRAGM VALVE
Sizes : 1/2" to 14"
Application :
For water treatment plant, caustic soda plant, chemical
plants, fertilizers, specially for corrosive fluid.
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Features :
u
DIAPHRAGM VALVE
u Better sealing and longer diaphragm life with the help of weir
design
u Stronger bonnet design to take care of higher thrust and
fabric
u Fail safe assembly on auto valves totally protects process
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Butt Weld
Socket Weld
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Shutoff class
Importance of control valve shutoff
To maintain proper operation of a process
If a control valve leaks excessively in closed position the
leakage may affect the downstream processes & end
product quality
To avoid potential damage to the valve in certain applications
If a valve in boiler feed water application leaks, the high
velocity streams that leaks across the seat can erode
critical seating surfaces
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Shutoff class
The ability of a control valve to prevent flow from the inlet side
to the outlet side of the valve in the fully closed condition.
ANSI/FCI 70-2 came up with different shutoff classes to
standardize leakage across control valve
To provide a range of shutoff options linear valves have
different type of plug and seat construction
Rotary valves have various seal configuration and materials to
offer a range of shutoff
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Shutoff class
ANSI/FCI Leakage Classes
ANSI/FCI 70-2
Class II
Class III
Class IV
Class V
Maximum Leakage
0.5% valve capacity at full travel
0.1% valve capacity at full travel
0.01% valve capacity at full travel
0.0005ml/min/psid/in. port dia
Port dia.
Class VI
1
1 - 1/2
2
2 - 1/2
3
4
6
8
Bubbles per
mL per Min.
Min.
1
2
3
4
6
11
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0.15
0.30
0.45
0.60
0.90
1.70
4.00
6.75
Air
Service DP or 50 PSID
whichever is lower at 10 to
52deg C
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Flow Characteristic
Flow Characteristics
Quick opening-Shut off & Fast flow
Linear-Liquid level control
Equal percentage-Pressure & Flow control
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Why Characterization?
To compensate the process gain changes so that loop gain
remains independent of load.
To provide uniform control loop stability over the expected range
of operations.
To match the valve gain to the system gain for optimum
performance.
Characteristics methods:
Trim shaping
Positioner characterization
Controller characterization
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Valve Characteristics
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Quick opening
Inherent flow characteristic with high flow at initial % of travel.
High and constant gain at initial half of its travel.
Decreasing gain at travel above 70%
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Equal percentage
Equal increments of change in valve travel produce equal
percentage changes in the existing flow coefficient
Provides low valve gain at low percentage of valve travel, and
high valve gain at higher percentage of valve travel
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Linear Characteristics
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Cage Shapes
Quick opening
Linear
Equal percentage
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Plug Shapes
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Plug Shapes
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Plug Shapes
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Inherent Characteristics
Relationship between flow rate and valve travel, under
constant pressure drop conditions
Inherent valve characteristics can be Quick opening,
Linear, Equal percentage
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Inherent Characteristics
u Flow at constant pressure drop
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Installed Characteristics
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Valve Gain
Ratio of change in flow to change in stem travel
Valve Gain =
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Application guidelines
PROCESS
APPLICATION
GUIDELINES
Pressure
Liquid process
Equal Percent
Equal Percent
Linear
Equal Percent
Temperature
Most
Equal Percent
Flow
Load changes
Equal Percent
Linear
Linear
Equal Percent
Constant dP
Linear
Liquid Level
Back Pressure
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ISA 75.03 - Face to face dimensions for flanges globe-style control valve bodies
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Major vendors
Valve Assembly
Actuators
= EIM
Masoneilan Dresser
= Bettis
Fisher
= Keystone
Flowserve (Valtek)
= Automax
Tyco
= Rotork
Instrumentation Limited
= Limitork
Metso
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Thank You !
Questions?
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