NPTEL web course

on
Complex Analysis

A. Swaminathan
I.I.T. Roorkee, India
and
V.K. Katiyar
I.I.T. Roorkee, India

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Complex Analysis

Module: 1: Introduction
Lecture: 3: Inequalities and complex exponents

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Complex Number system

Triangle inequality

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Geometry of complex numbers

Property of a triangle
In any triangle, sum of lengths of any two sides is more than that of the
third side. We see an analogous result in the complex plane.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Geometry of complex numbers

Triangle inequality
Let z1 and z2 be any two complex numbers. Then
|z1 + z2 |2 = (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )
= (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )
= z1 z1 + z1 z2 + z2 z1 + z2 z2
= |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2
2

= |z1 | + |z2 | + 2Rez1 z2

|z1 | + |z2 | + 2|z1 z2 |

( z = z)

( z + z = 2Re z)
( Rez |z|)

= |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | ( |z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |)

= |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | ( |z| = |z| = r )
= (|z1 | + |z2 |)2 .
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Geometry of complex numbers

Triangle inequality
This implies
|z1 + z2 |2 (|z1 | + |z2 |)2 .
Taking positive square roots both sides gives
|z1 + z2 | |z1 | + |z2 |.
This is called the triangle inequality.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Geometry of complex numbers

Triangle inequality

y
|

|z
1

z2

i
P
 PPP |z2 |
PP
1z1




 |z1 |
PP
z2i

PP

PP
-

Figure : Triangle inequality

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Geometry of complex numbers

Consequences of Triangle inequality
For any finite number of Complex numbers z1 , z2 , . . . , zn C,
|z1 + z2 + . . . + zn | |z1 | + |z2 | + . . . + |zn |.
Clearly, |z1 | = |z1 z2 + z2 | |z1 z2 | + |z2 |.
This implies |z1 | |z2 | |z1 z2 |, or more strongly


|z1 | |z2 | |z1 z2 |.
Similarly we can prove the inequality, |z1 z2 | |z1 | + |z2 | and
also we can show that |z1 + z2 | = |z1 | + |z2 | if and only if they have
the same argument.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Complex Number system

Complex exponents

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Geometry Complex Numbers

Polar form
Definition
With the above definitions of |z| and arg z, we can define
z = x + iy = r cos + ir sin = r (cos + i sin ) = rei .
This form z = rei is called Polar form of z.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Geometry Complex Numbers

Polar form
Definition
With the above definitions of |z| and arg z, we can define
z = x + iy = r cos + ir sin = r (cos + i sin ) = rei .
This form z = rei is called Polar form of z.
Here cos + i sin = ei is given by the well-known Eulers
formula.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

10 / 20

Polar form
Product of two complex numbers
Let z1 and z2 be two complex numbers. Then we are interested in
finding z1 z2 and z1 /z2 , whenever z2 6= 0. Let the polar form of z1 and
z2 be
z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1 ) = r1 ei1
z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2 ) = r2 ei2 .
Then
z1 z2 = r1 ei1 r2 ei2 = r1 r2 ei(1 + 2 )

and

ei1

z1
r1
r1
=
= ei(1 2 ) .
i
2
z2
r2
r2 e

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Polar form
Product of two complex numbers
r1 r2
r2
r1
1 2

1 + 2

Figure : Product of two complex numbers

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Complex Analysis

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Polar form

Properties of |z| and arg z

|z1 z2 | = |z1 ||z2 |.
 
 z1  |z1 |
 =
 z  |z | .
2
2
arg(z1 z2 ) = arg(z1 ) + arg(z2 ).
 
z1
arg
= arg z1 arg z2 .
z2
arg(z1 z2 ) = arg(z1 ) arg(z2 ).
|z1 | = |z2 | if and only if z1 = z2 ei for some R.
arg z1 = arg z2 if and only if z1 = cz2 , for some non-zero real
constant c.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Polar form

Example

Question.Find the polar form of 3 i.

Answer. 3 i = x + iy implies x = 3 and y = 1. Hence
q

|z| = x 2 + y 2 = 3 + 1 = 2 and

arg z = tan1 (1/ 3) =

+ 2k .
6
This implies z = rei = 2e(i/6) .

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

14 / 20

Polar form

Example

Question. Find the polar form of

(1 i)/(1 + i 3).
Answer.
For z1 = 1 i, |z1 | = 2, arg z1 = /4 and hence
.
z1 = 2ei/4
For z2 = 1 +i 3, |z2 | = 2, arg z2 = /6 and hence z2 = 2ei/6 .
2ei/4
1
z1
= ei5/12 .
Thus
=
i/6
z2
2e
2

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Complex Number system

De Moivres formula

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Complex Analysis

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Complex Exponents
De Moivres formula
(cos + i sin )n = (ei )n = ein = cos n + i sin n.

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Complex Analysis

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Complex Exponents
De Moivres formula
(cos + i sin )n = (ei )n = ein = cos n + i sin n.

nth root of unity

This means
z n 1 = 0 = z = (1)1/n = (ei2k )1/n
= (cos 2k + i sin 2k )1/n , k = 0. 1, 2, . . .
2k
2k
+ i sin
, k Z.
= cos
n
n

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

17 / 20

Complex Exponents
De Moivres formula
(cos + i sin )n = (ei )n = ein = cos n + i sin n.

nth root of unity

This means
z n 1 = 0 = z = (1)1/n = (ei2k )1/n
= (cos 2k + i sin 2k )1/n , k = 0. 1, 2, . . .
2k
2k
+ i sin
, k Z.
= cos
n
n

Note
All these roots are on the boundary of the unit circle |z| = 1, with a
distance 2/n apart.
A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Complex Exponents

nth root of any Complex number

let z = rei
= w

= r 1/n ei/n

+ i sin )
n
n

1/n
= r (cos( + 2k ) + i sin( + 2k ), k Z
n
n

= r 1/n (cos

where < and k=0 gives the principal value.

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Complex Exponents

Example

13
Question. Find allthe values
of
(
2
+
i
2) .

Answer. For z = 2 + i 2, |z| = 2 and arg z = /4. Hence z = 2ei/4 .

Thus

13

( 2 + i 2)13 = 2ei/4
= 213 e(i13/4) .

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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Complex Exponents

Example

1/3
Question. Find all the values
of
(1
+
i
3) .

Answer. For z = 1 + i 3, |z| = 2 and arg z = 2/3. Hence

z = 2ei(2/3) = 2ei(2/3+2k ) . Thus

(1 + i 3)1/3 = 21/3 ei2(1/3+k ) ,

k = 0, 1, 2.
Hence we have the values as 21/3 e(i2/4) , 21/3 e(i8/4) and
21/3 e(i14/4) .

A.Swaminathan and V.K.Katiyar (NPTEL)

Complex Analysis

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