:',

~"-'

,I

BS 6500 f 1991

.' .. 1s~u&l, ~anuary1991

~: :' ! ; ,!

.Appendix G

II

tot~eat cir6uriif~rilritlai.

,1

. " Although it is also impracticable in vibw of the many

., : veriables involved to provide charts fr Use In the design
r an. d analysis of pad reinforced nozzle ,references to some
work in this field, which has been pu lished in a form
'consistent with the approa'ch in this tandard. have been
'.
.
included [33 to 35J.
'Although a simplified method for estimating transient
thermal stresses at a pressure vesseli~ozzle is included. it
,is not considered practicable to provi(1e design charts for
more general use in estimating therrTial stresses because
"
of the large number of variables involyed (see (22)). The
designer will therefore have to treat e;ach vessel. on an
. : individual basis, and consider the ther,mal stresses which
: ill" .arise. during both transient and steady state operation.
: ;'. according to the duty that the vessel ~as to perform.
Where a comprehensive stress analysis is not justified.
the various components of thermal sttess in'the most
highly stressed regions of the vessel dan be considered
, separately. These are the stresses brdllght about by the
i following:
.

; I

(al the local through thickness temperature gradient;

01

'.' (bl the axisymmetric component the mid-wall

temperature distribution throughou~ the structure;

:i:
"

i,
:,
, '
I

\.......

(c) the non-symmetric component pf the mid-wall

temperature distribution;
!

Details are given in G.2.3 of hoJ,

moments (G.2.3.1) and iongitudinal rhomel'lts (G.2.~.2)ln
order to determine the maximum stmsses at the Oliter .
edge of the actual loaded area (G.2.3~3) and the rotation of
the attachment due to the applipatioh of the'se moments
(G.2.3.4) to a cylindrical shell.
Stresses due to local ioads and moments applied to
spherical shells through attachments !richJding nozzlesf .
are dealt with in G.2.4 to G.2.6.
i
A method is given in G.2.4 for calculating str,esses and
de~lections due to radialloaos (G.2.4.2) and stresses and'

deflections and slopes due, to an exte'rnal momerit' !

(G.2.4.3) when applied to a spherical sHeil. G.2.5 and G.2.6
deal with the method of calcuiatirig stresses arising at a
nozzle/she" junction due to application of pressure,
external load and e~ternal moment to a spherical she".
The method is based on the analysis given iri (25).
Additional information based on [27J is supplied on the
method of calculating shakedown conditions (G.2.6) and a
she"/nozzle junction dUE to any combination of pressure, :
externall,oad and externalinomerit ' .' . i

I:

.,

CrfJ

:h;,!~~~~t'~sed~:et~ ~::jibld'~~~d'mbmetsapPliedto . i

CZ

~ength

:1, .IX

frfJ

.... ,

is the slope of branch due

''': ",.,:

.:.

::";:f<;' :

to':~xterh8irririmeh't;':;,
<:
; :!.,
: I . ':. ~

~the numbers in square brackets use~ thr!ughout this appendix relate to the bibliographic references giveri iri d.s.
:.' .t An abbreviated procedure has been deriv~d i43].
.
.

.,'.'."

,:,

...

rotatioii6t~ fiftingb~'~H~~l~rnal'M~in~~rlln

ib

is the modulus of elasticity (in N/mm2); .' ,

<'.1, ;" .. ~t,j"
. 'j'.; ~l; .'/1 kJlt1:2)' .
is the resuIWrit]lqQ,tJltudin~,i~IJ":I~,1";};.lj4~tW,4;! ,:,. .
is the resultarit'dr~~mf~rei\Har~tt~h~'(Ik'+VftW~21;
is the
radians);'

t ~.S.4 niVA~::' hilc:ir ~oc:i"n ,...rl"\;".orl".o i ....... hL................... :.............. L __ .'=_-'_: __ 1 __

f~r

is the distance from centre of applied load to

mid-length of vessel (in mm); : -',
.

::X~{cyhndricalsj,e"s thrclUgh attact1ments~ including hOzzlest.

.

I
i

is the half length of rectangular loading area in

circumferential direction (in mm);
,
is the axial length of lo'ading aree for a11 external
longitudinal moment (see figur~ G.2(21)) (in mml;
is the circumferential
OI/ollding area
an
external circumferential moment (see figure
G.2(20)) (in mm);
.

Co

\fdij'l:pw:'t1IHMUf WnldHth&Wi~thtios giveWma~H;I(~~pi.:

.
. '"iCc' ,. b"I' r . ..... , , ... tid' ". ,.
.. ,.
..,'. .
'
I

is the half length of rectangular loading area in

longitudinal direction (in mm);

sts from pipe",,()f ..... , . E

on vess I/a. tta,c. ~rn.'. e.'.i'illi).,i',?f:.;t

"j

. I.

is the half length of side of squ?re loading area

(inmm);
.

. J supported from the vessel. or from thr

.'

is the half side of equivalent square loading ar.eil

(inmm);'
.',

;,: G.2.1 General

j
';!' G.2.1.1/ntrod(lction. This clause is concerned with the
... ,', , effect on the she" of a pressllre v'!~~el of local forces anl
, i moments which may corne from supp rts. equipment

.'

:r;

G.2.1.2 Notation. For the purposes of G.2.1 to G.2.4 the

,i
.
following symbols apply.

!,'

I:

i, <3.2 local loads on pressure vess~1 shellst

';(:ili'edeilit with in G.2.2 and. G.2.3.

10

The dataare presented in t'le form of cherts 'n terms of

non-dimensional functions of the variables so that any
convenient system of consistent units may be used.

, The bending and membrane compone.ints of the local

thermal stress. when added to the str~sses at the same
position due to local loads and the str~sses due to internal
! , pressure, should satisfy the criteria of bppendix A.
,I
Attention is also drawn to the recomrrlendationsgiven in
,". :.'.1. appen d'IX C to avOi'd f'atlgue
.
. k'mg. I;,'
crac

: " ,-, ":~ J-... . ,.."

<./;

I"

;:~,l)i~!."' ., .e.ci,ti>d,,'t6. b~anche(L.imi.ts

I:

The application of the data:to the treatmerlt of thrusts due

to thermal forces in pipewqrk whith maybe connected to
branches is discussed in G~2. 7; Its 'application to the' .
design of supports is treat~d in G.3. i:i, :

thickne~s temperature

(d) the variation in through

gradient throughout the structure.

away . .

This appendix, which has been updated in accordance

with the recommendations in [22J*, beals with methods of
calculating stresses due to local attathments on pressure
.
. ,vessels in some common cases. The!determination of
stress intensities from calculated str~sses and stress
, limits is covered in appendices A an~ B.
.

! l' : '. ' .

The methods in G.2.2 cover the determinlltion of strtiases "

at the edge of the loaded areas (G~..z.1), stresses
from the edge of the loaded area (0.2.2.21 and deflections
in a cylindrical shell due to the applicbtlo" of rl\dialload
(G.2.2.31.
. !.
: I ' l I ... , '.' 'i'

Recommendations for methods of calculation of

.
.
1
'
stresses from local loads, therm:al gradients, etc.
,G.1 General

I'

\'1

,"

'. '.~ .

02~O

,\

'~fj!
." -'

I
II

:f:. ~~~5f~;~:a~: 1991

!

.
',': K1, K2 are constants;

:.).: '? L

~s, 'the len.. ~th of cYlin.drical part o~ s~ell (in

-,,-'

IS

La

" IM
Mx

:1

is the external mo. ment applied to branch OJ fitting

(inN'mm);
[
!
is t~e longitudinal or meridional bending m ment
per unit circumference (in N'mm/mm);

1'

.'

is
circumferential membrane force per nit
length (in N/mm);
-,

is the position in shell at which force. mome.nt or

deflec~ion is required;
,

t '

is the wall thickness of shell (in mm);

defines the area over which the load is distributed;

is the ~xterj,alload distributed over the loadIng

area (in N);

x,

is the longitudinal distance of a point in the ~essel

wall from the centre of a loading area (in mm);

---

i'

CD

1/1

.:

~
('I)

,CJ
'0

.,.

co

CJ
CD
CD

"

,I, ,

,;

'

,
L

. i

-:-

':

.!

t)

. i}.

"I,

" i

,I
I

Not applicable

:,

"

--

i.

I,.

t .. -.

I"

: ~ .; i .

~r

1----

~-.-

.. "---

t-----

0281

i_

f---

"

';

"-r--r-t----- -

-..,

'

)1

iI

--1--

t;

"i

.~

---

, 0.10

1/1

I.1

I
,I

}
-./

:,1

0.15

\. I:

Ii I'::

I,

,i,

.!.

"t.

I---T---n---l I I 1 I /'
I I ;I

1\

'

'r-I- L ~I
I

t.f
'~

i ' .

...
M

-0.20 1---I'

--~--r

,i'

'

In addition the CtI)l' ratio should not exceed that give~ In

figure <3.2(0), depending on the vallie of ,It for the vessel
(see section A.3.2 of [30]). This is because in thin shehs
the longitudinnl axis is relatively flexible and free to' i

deform in relation to the transverse axis, causing th~ latter

to carry a disproportionate share of the load. The
.
,
applicability of the methods to thIck shells is also limited in
specific cases by the range of ,It values against which'
,
data is given.

,," , r----

0.25

CD

These restrictions apply only in relation to the method of.

analysis in this appendix. They are not int;ended for " ."
practical cases where experimental Or otrer evidence,may,

is the deflection of cylinder or sphere at positions

i
detailed in G,2.3.4 and G.2.4,3 (in mm);

r'i
(,!),

P9

.t.:;

a'

':,

!'-j'::

For values of ex I, > 0.25, the data sho'Jld be u'sod with

caution (see 2.3 of (22)).
!

is th~ deflection of cylinder at load or at any boint

of sphere (in mm); :

iii'

,is the angle formed by the radius through int A !

,and the radius to the line load (see figure G.~(9)(a)r
,lin radians).
':

rh. i "

is the mean radius of branch (in mm);

t/J 1

to _:

~m);

is .the mean radius of cylinder or sphere (in

is the cylindrical co-ordinate of a point in th~ vessel

, .'
.'
wall (in radians);

G.2.2 Aadial loads on cylindrical shells. The methods in !.

this clause are not considered applicable in cases where :
the length of the cylinder L is less than its radius, t
!
(see [30)). This applies either to an open-ended cylinder or
a closed-ended cylinder where the stiffness Is appre,ciably,
modified from the case considered. For off-centre 1_,:
attachments the distance from the erid of the cylinder
the edge of the attachment should be not less thtm

th~'

t.

if>

is the circumferential bending moment per ~nit

length (in.Nmm/mm);'
is the iongitudinal membrane force per unit
circumference (in N/mm);

<:.!I'I

I,

is the polar co-ordinate of point on,a spherical .. '

-vessel (in radians);
.
" , :, [, i ,'-

m);

the eqUivalent length of shell /In mm);

_'

100
y =

,
-

200
-4

300
"

'.'
.',

~~

.,i

.,-.,!' .

- I!

, r

j,

Ii:

".,~

:"~991 ::i~>::' ;
'1~~~~11;jan~arv l~~j
BS 5500

I;

c'

"

:','

">1'/1:" . ! .;

support the validity of the design falling outside these

restrictions,
]

!,

: 'In cases where the applicability of the Iethod given in

this clause may be in dOUbt further data, may be found in

i ': ,
distance dfrom the centre of the length bf a vessel of, 'r ",' "
length L. the deflections. bending morherts iu\d ,... !,'1 .'. ,',
I

G.2.2.1 Stresses at the edge of the loade~ area, 'The

fnaximum stresses are at the edge of th~ loaded area.
Figure G.2( 1) shows a cylindrical vessel'subjected to a
radial load distributed over a central rectangular area

2Cx x2C!6'

the cylindrical shell wall of the vessel is;assumed to be

; simply s. upported at the ends, which me!rns that the radial
deflections, the bending moments and tre membrane
:
forces in the shell wall are assumed to b'e zero there: Since
: the stresses and deflection due to the lord are local and
I

Le=L - - L

; ;..

Figure G.2(2) shows a cylindrical sheli loaded in this way

and figure G.2(3) gives a graph of LelL against dlL which
can be used to find Le
' i"
l 1.

'

L
I

Cx

r'

Cx

L
2

,'
i
,i

Fl:<s

.~

C~

i !!
[

I'

CII

Cx

;:

';

i"

;
.. 1

i1

rrn1 IHHI I
I
i-Xi

._-_.

,I

ii'

. i ' I"

I
!

membrane forces may be assumed to bl! equal ,to those In j

a vessel oflength Leloaded at its mld-Ie~gth. L~ is called .!,
the equivalent length and ciih be found from:,
i .
4d2

'j'

'

I"~:

I .

G.2.2.1.1 Off-centre loading. If the loade~ areit Is a

[30J.

'!.:' ~.:i

is

die out rapidly away from the loaded ~r~8; thl~

ii'; I
equivalent to assuming that th~ loaded lire~ Is temote I;;.: i
from the e n d s . ,
i ,: i '
, .! j ,

.1---

, r

r ,

\ Figure G.2( 1) Vessel with central radial load

I.

I
i

! ,

L./~

,
:,

r\

!.

"

.. '

: I:

Ii,
, i,',
!

r-'-r-----Ll..LU..j.1JL.U1~--+--;._

_ I _ -_

_...:._

I~

I'

I!'
'i

,.

:1:

I ,.
j

1"

L-+----___-4__~"__~______~

":.'"

.,

I
Ii
I

.'i! .,

i,.i':;

L/t

./.

I L/2

I
Figure G.2(2) Vessel with radial load oot of centre
i

~I

,0282

"
,'.
;

Ii
""",

r'

,!

;\ '

"!,

~~k:,'1

, ::' \::I,I!:"

"".

BS 550"0:' l' 991

~~l:;lssue 1~J~nUary 1991

l~~~"

.!:!..

') , !
.~.

',:

'

'

L
'I

t.orr~~~~T1l1rrrrTllrrrlrTTilrrrrtil.-rrTTTi"

I,
I,: dO. 251-+-+++-++-+-H-HH-H-H-++-H-+;-+-f+-1H-I--t-+-t-++++-H-t-if-t-l
~~~~+-l~~~~~-'d

[
,

'

.Z

.f

Figure G,2(3) Graph for finding equivaient

.3

.4

I'

i,J'

! '

lengt~ La
!

I:

i
and Cx are known, The moments and membrane forc~s
are found by interpolation from the graphscif figures: '

G.2,2.1.2 Determination of stresses, The resultant

longitudinal stress in the shell is given by:

x ~
f.
x- ; 't!,:,

..:N

6M~

G.2(5), G,2(6), G,2171. G.2(8).

t2

The resultant circumferential stress is given by:

C I C ! '

N x and N~ are positive for tensile membrane stressbs,

'
I
and M~ are positive when they cause compressIon at
I the outer surface of the shell.
I

'Mx

"

"I

\'

' I , ! ':

'.~

"

.' :.
,

A membrane force is considered as positive if it cauSes

tension in the vessel wall.
'

,j,
2Cm
= --

1
j

i
For a radi~1 or 8 circular area of radius r0' C~ and Cx ~hould,
axial length of loaded area

2C x

circumferential length of loaded area

X'

A moment is considered as positive if it t:au~e~

compression at the outside of the vessel.'

These quantities depend on the ratios:

8v.ual pr equivalent length

and'
,

'I

i:

,i '
The circumferential moment M~ is foundlfrom figure '! "
G.2(5). The longitudinal moment Mx Is found from figlire I
G.2(6). The circumferential membrane force N~ is fdund ':"
from figure G.2(7). The longitudinal membrane force N x is"
found from figure G ,2(8).
"
if>

f=~'+6Mjl

~ I--,! " t2

axi,allength of load

:':

Each of the four graph~ in each set is for ~ giverival~e of' r "
the ratio 2CxlL and has curves for fout values O,f the' ratio

2Cx

G.2.2.1.3 Effect of internal and external pressure. A i

conservative result is obtained for total stre'sses if tlie' ,
stresses due to the pressure are simply add'ed to those
due to local radial loads calculated in this dause.

This method cannot be used for vessels under external

be taken as O,85r0"
pressure because the deflection due to the radial load
j't For an oblique nozzle or elliptical area C~ and Cx shduld be
always increases the out-of-roundness of tbe shell. For ,
taken as 0.42 x the major and minor axis of the
the same reason it should not be applied to cylindrical'
Intersection of the shell or area as appropriate,
shell subject to an axial compressive load as well as'a
',; Non-dimensional functions of each can be express din
radial load. In these cases the deflection due to the radial,
" terms of the non-dimensional group:
'
load should be found as in G.2.2.3 and the effect thereof
assessed
in relation to shape requirements ~pecified i~.3.6'
:-!: ' 64!.. x
, for such vessels. Appendix M is intended for use with" '
,
t
I
deflections due to shape Imperfections and may not: !-'~
, The numerical factor 64 is a scale factor without
alwa'ys be conservative with estimated deflections due to
'" , theoretical significance and the value of the expresJion
local loads.
) \
:~ can be found by calculation or from figure G,2( 4) w~en r, t

j'

(Cr)J2

i'

~:\:

<

:;",:'1"

.. ,", .

.: } .:
..

"

; II,

,',

",

. ~ i ,:'

!
I

'i,l

:.. !':

"I

0283

;'.

I
I
I

"

sob

Values of
400 300

100

orr ~

.1'1
200

'j-

100

Ii"

~!

""

;l

Ii-'

....

I'

20
I

VV v

i',

"

t"
~

'I,

,
!
,

','

.~~

i-'"

"

~,'/

.,

50

... "' ....

1000

r -;~1;~ -t~;;~:

.,

~4 ~ (~Xr

j/~

as 5506 : 199r,:i~'{(iI'
issue HJimu8ry,1991

,
i'
i

,!

,1.0

i'

.4

.r

'.j

.1

.2

.3

!,

!i( ;!

, :!i i

ex

Figure G,2(4) Chart for finding 64

~ (c.),
t,

: I"

.4

;
!

" !
i:

.5

.6

.7

.S

'I

"

HI, i

'

'j

'I

i
, 1

i,

I,

'-....
I

il

! :

"IJ'

C.
,'t

I;

1
!

'j

r!:

,J::

, !

!,

"

1
I'

ji

i'\

1
I

.'

1\.

'.:'.' ,=!

1'1

I!1
\

,;.:

'Ii

:.' I

;-J "

'-_..

'I

0284

i991' .

~1:,;':: .BS 550~":'

1~,'SSU.1:'J,aryuary 1991
0.4~m-~~~~~Tm~----~---'

'2C
L

0.4

:',

1
..

.:l:).

,I'"

I-- I-

c:--

, ,,

2Cx =

Ie- I-

,i

.L

0.05

,I

;J

",

'\

, I

0.3 l-Ul-Ill---I-- .p,I-UUj~'+-H-H++I--H-+-II-Htl~+H

~

" C

0.'2

0.2

Cx

!:!J.

I'

,,

'\

k,,",

:, r---

I'

'"

0.1

Ii:
'\

~J

14

""
~ ~'

"

i,!

10
.\

:~

;1

lobo

100

"

0.3

,
i

, r-....

"

'I

Cx

.:

~~~~~~W~~c-~tw~ '~- =o.~

o,kI

""'\

L;

1-+~+m-.-j>-I--1-l-l-IJ.l.

FFI:mt--b-~++-HU Cx -t-H-Httl

0.2

"
"

; I

i;

"-

"

o. I

14

"-

:',

. 0.4:1

10

r-..

......
r-..

100

ii'

0.1

'"""
:.,'

2C x

..:t.._

C '-

I!i~
::1'

~-

1000

"

i,

"

100

10

I
:1....

f'--

N-

lOOp

"-

0
0.4

10

i,

f'--

"-

",I
100

;'1

,:1000

I"r

';1'

II
,
,

NOTE.64

i...(C.)
t r
2

.1

is found from figure G.2(4).

0285

Ii

Figure G.2(51 Cylindrical shells with radial load: dircumferential moment per millimetre width (see G.2.21

.': ,;;'.>
!'\~

,I

i;: i

"

':1 .

'i.

I .
I

"

:. ' :, I
--

'J

r:i'

:.!
't

:.

. .:l

, i

..

(.

C_.

;.;

'"

A4x PH4ffi--~~~1~~~H+~~~~~~~~

::

o.2 N-H-HP.-..p...f--Nf1fHf
I"

."-

-.-

, 1"-

10

100

1000

64;ey
..i

0.3 ............--.-r-T"TnTTr--r-r-"T"T"MT"rr-'---,-'---, 0.3 ...,.,.,mr--r-~TITTT--..,.-r-T-i-rTrir-'--"--------,

I,'

I:

! I

i;I'
'\

'

: _2_C_x ,= 0.2

;; ':A4,("'
.",

.W

i'

H-JH-HI-+4H-++HH--+-+-H~~tfj

W R='~....."".4--+-~~~H-+4'-1-14H-I<

EL
C
~PHtHi~~jl~~~I~j 0'2~il~t';;;;:;s:Ef':.ttt~a'i!l~~cam1t=E~aI5s:1

iXi2H+1-1l1I...-l
.....

'.I

!!:

i '0.1

I,

"2EEtI3E=Eill:tE

tttl:EI~~
\Z..

il!

1"1

"
"

0 .11-++f.HFr--::::::+-J-++HIfH,,-,M-M-HHIf-+-t-HtttHl-'--t-H

.....

l"";

10

,4

[", !

100iI

:1000

10

, .. ; .

"-

1"-

o.mIl=jMe,r--..tmm~

!I ; " 0:4

'.:~;

.1.

"

, l'
I'

I,. .

"

.!; .

'-',

M.

:!

t-...
100

i
,J

.;

~,

:1

:'

I'

1000

.,

I,:

f (~Xr

G.~(4)'
" .
I
.
:
i'Figure G.2(6) Cylindrical she"~ wi-ih r~dlalload: longitudinal moment per millimetre width (see G.2,2)
)'JOTE.64

I:

! ~;~

\. ,:
,\-

,:\

\~,

'

,~ r i

'I

:1

.1'

,'::

is found from figure

! \

0286

."' ....

BS 5500 :,1991
Issue January 1991

1,

.x:.

,I

':'\'I
'I
'i\'

1
i'

-0.3

!
-

'!!i.

2Cx . =

'C

'.'1.

.'

-0.3I--tltlll--+__

~.

'

-"-

-0.'2

~~m=+4~~~++rnm

10.01

- I--- -~.

..

:.

=O.O~

2Cx
L

,,' .' j

,:,.

''!i

-- - -

"-

I;

--

"

-- -:

c1J
cK

-"
--0.1

..",

'""

i
i

H-tHIt---j +-f-H+H~--"'\,rl--l'<-I-N1fHISt -+-I-Htffl-O\-+-+-I

m~-~~~~CJ~f-H~H~'~~
~~++~,~".~~ffff~~H
-O.IH-t~~-rrH**__

1'+

!' ,.

, -I-

"-

- - -

o0.4'
.

10

.i i ~

64

I ':, ,

1000 .

100

.~

~(CX)2

i
!

t. r

i'

-0.3

!
i

--

-,

.-

iCx

-...

-.

"-

~ ~,'-1\
~

,, ,

.2C~= 0.4' ,

. L

.:

-'L

'"-0.'2

i
=i.2
,

-r--~

--

>,

!i

--+

CK
.'\
'\
~

,'>c

L.....

.4

.......

0.4

10

100

.;;;:

1000

iI

!
'"
"

NOTE. 64,

'.

, i

(ex)

!...
t r

"

j
2

is found f . .)m figure G.2(4).

I'i',

:,'l
,

,I.

"

'I~

Figure ~.2(71 Cylindricai shells with radialload circumferential membrane force per millimet~e "':',idth (Ser G.2.2~

0287

'ii.

':
"

11,

',h:

I!.

,.;

i
'.-

.t

.. ~ ~:

.,I

,1

- ._--

: ;,
,

i' ;
'I

. It

,"

.
'

:1'

IJ

..... ,

......'

',~~!5~~Oi: t9~~ .\:(~

1_-

i] :,
I:;
L

l!isu~' 1j

,h
;,

"

C/ ;'

I' ,

),

- 0 Z r"'1'Tmr---r..,.-,rm'TTf"'-r-r"l..,."TIT"'-r--r'--------.
0

~- L..- 2Cx
= 0.0
L

-O.IS

,'~I

I, "

,! " 'i,);,)~/

~,Ii

-o.z

I \':
!,

I,'

;; , : ,I

""t"

+PC
,

'"

'

Januaryt 99t

"

Nxt

......

"-

......

-0.1

r j

,
4.

-0.05

t,

,',

1,\

0.4

10

lOp

'"

:.Ii

'\

1000

!.

)2 i

'I,

64 !JCx

t~r

'-'

I
t
I

, ,.;.:.I

I
li
x

',I

~O.l5

2Cx
L

= 0.2

2C)( ::: 0.4

L

t-..

L
I

II.

-0. I

',"'-

Nxt

,w

-0005

1/
1/
./ V
r//

l".

>I

14

I>--

t---

1000

1000

0.4

t,
I
,[

',NOTE.64

f(~x)2 iSfoundfromfigUre~.2(4).
I

I,'

l,

'I

I;}~')

,:

I;

ii,{\i

;, II ~igUre G02(S) Cylindrical shells Wit~ radial load: longitudinal membrane force per millimetre ~idth /S~dtG02.2)
[;

" i
,.

i
i

',"~I

,
i

~\ :

"
~

,!
I

:'

: ~,:
I,
I

"

f.

\!

j::

II:
!.;

;,

",
"

, ,
('--"

;',

! :~.

:,
~

','

':,.

l'
f i

:.t-.'

sJ :i9~'1

8S

~ Issue 1,/ ~a~LJary 1~91

I:'
Ii .~
ii, \

"

, F' r'i;~'

, If

.1' ,~I
" I

:\', I
"

.~

G.2.2.2 Stresses away from the edge of the loadeb area.

Although the maximum stresses occur at the efe of the
1 load, it IS, nec,e ssary to find those at other positio ? when
the effect of one, load at the position of another i required.

. This happens:

, .

'"

'j

' . (a) whe'n longitudinal or circumferential mom nts are

I,
' resolved as in G.2.3;
"
1
(b) when loads are applied close together, e.g. fa
" bracket is fixed close to a branch.

gen~r?'

loa~

' In
the effect of cine
at the position 0 an'other
can be disregarded when the distance between fhe
centres of the loaded areas Is greater than K, C>
loads
separated circumferentially or K2 Cx for loads se~arated,
axially, whereK, and K2 are found from tap Ie G'4. 2.2 and
Cfl and C~ are for the greater load.

lor

I
I

Tab/eG.2.2.2 Values of K, and K2

- (Cx) 2'

0.4

.: i

I;,
.!

10
;
i

200

"

-L

K,

0.01
0.05
0.2
0.4
:0.01
0.05
0.2
0.4

; 0.Q1
0.05
0.2
0.4

,i
f
~'

, 'I
::

:'

3200

6
3

1.5

8
8

Negligible

I
r

!,

i'

}
, !

.!

'

'

(c) The value of MIlIWat A is, then found by sub~tituting

Cf/>ICx ) for the actual value of jrIC~ in the
same graph.
, I "

i
2

G.2.2.2.1 Variation of stress round the circumferenhe. No

I round
exact arialytical treatment of the variation of stres,s
the circlimference away from the edge of the loaded area
is available. The fOllowing treatment is ari approxitnation
sUfficieiltly accurate for practical purposes. For arl
experimental verification of it see [17J.
~

'---

, The other quantities Mx/lN, NlltlW, alid Nxtl\'Vcan be

found in the same way, This method is used in order to
avoid the use of a separate set of four charts for eacH
value of CIl/Cx considered.
: : ,': ' ;',.'

I,

(~J)
l ;;

G.2(S)~

(~lrICx +Z -

N,
of 'he non-dimensional factor 64;
can be found from figure G.2(4).

line loads are, of course, unusual in p~actice, and;Ioad~

distributed Over an area having all appreciable ' I
circumferential width 2CIl are treated as follows.:

graph of figure G.2(9).

2.5

The diagr~m Showing the load and its geometry~ ~~ figu~e

G.2(9)(a), IS repeated on each chart for convenience. ; I

CIl/CX = 1. Figure G.2(5) gives M;IW= 0.185. e~ltering

figure G.2(9) at MIlIW= 0.185 gives?", 0.55 for 2C /L
x '
= 0.01 as indicated by the dotted liriesin the left-hand

2.5
1.75
Negligible

I'

The intercept on the curve for 2Cx lL gives Ii value of ,

The '!laments and membrane forces atA, M;, M~, Nfl' N~

can be found from the graphs of figures G.2(9), G;.2( 10),:
G.2( 11 i and G.2( 12) in Which the fUnctions MillIN. Mxi~
NlltlWandNxtlWare plotted agains,t t h e , ii, i
non-dimensional group ~lrICx'
i '

~,rICx =Z, e.g. if 64(rlt)(Cx/r)2 = 10, 2C~/L =0.01 :a~d

'fT\
.\.;j,"

Consider a radial line load of length 2C .' applied at tllJ I

x
,
mio-Iength of a thin cylinder as shown i~ figure G.2(9)(a).
The maximum stresses due to this load at points'sway I : '
from:it are on the circumference passing through its'
:
mid-length as A in the figure. The radius through:A mak~s
an angle ~1 with the line of the load.
'
';I',,!

(b) Enter the corresponding graph In figure

G.2( 10), G.2( 11) or G.2( 12) at this value.

All values

T~e il8lu~

, r r

(a) Find the value of the function MIl/I, Mx/w'Nr.'IW

or NxtlW at the edge of the load for the known va ues 9f
CIl/Cx and 2Cx /L from the graphs in figures G.i(S),

G.2(6). G,2(7) and G.2(8).

'
,

K2

2.5
1.5
1.5

:"

2Cx

.11.'

, : rii;'-~'

Diagrams for circumferential bending ~,omenis arid ,

forces are printed up the page to distin~uish themfrom
those for longitudinal moments and fortes which ~re"
printed across the page.
'.
:' 1 "

When the centre of the load is away from the mid length :
of the cylinder, the equivalent length L , found as in i
;;
e
G.2.2.1, should be substituted for L in all cases. '; , :

\.,

;:J~'

)
I:

".

!. ~\

For variation of stress along the cylinder due to radial

"
loading see G.2.2.2.2.
, ",'
Ii:

,i '
I,

", i

'!

,I

i.l.
"

"
. r:,'

"

.~

'1..'.

Ii

.",

.':

.. .-::.:. ':':~::".'i.:~ ...::"';~:--:_.~.

::-", >-:-: .

. ~-:. ":.

r"'
'.

!5 Ii I i

'-,'-:;;-,~ti;t:~~~:,_

.,. ~-"-'-'

.~.- ~---

('

-.------:-;:.-.;....--~-.-

0.5, I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I
Z

II ~

: I I I I I 1'1 I' FI I I

0.4,~ I

0.:5

:':

I I I

I I I

t
Iii

~--$---

(C.)2 _0.4

64 r

iii

Iii

Iii

~1

Circumferential
moment per
unit length at

I 'K Y); I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

A=Mr/J

IS!Q-l\m \-H+H41 till ~.21 \ Ills! 111117.' 111111111 lit I t till

l

._,

--

- -."

--

(a)
.

M
r:;;;;
~

I I

0.1

~o

,,

W
for changes of

2C
-U.l'

.........

o
I II

>51 i '"

k I

II

..

I 'k. I 12C.

'"\1 " ,\, , :a.lIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 64; (~')'

10

0.05

ollllllllll'U$:!?tttHttU IIIIII un i :tt! it ILt1J= U4141

I

~'

,'CJ'='.

0
)5

. <t,

\j~~..:3

4..:

,
,

~.

-N
CD

....-_;--l~'-~,...'

",,,,$I)
c:~.

--

(I).,Ul
::...;.:Ul.

f/J,r

..
""6

- --

.-

.1

10

-o.os

e"

-.... .....

~ ""-"-"'-...:..

................

. ~g

3'

G.2(9, Ci~cumferential be~din9' ~~'ment due to a radial line load vii-ri'ation round circumference (see G.2.2.2.1,

. 0 ..

.
..-!

. These charts epply'ii+.afi<oiconsistent system of units.

It

Cx .

'0

d:

:::t:I

f/J,r

Cx

( )2'
r

, t

;;;::"01

~
-l)-;4I;,-

.I~

~ (~xJ

64

64!...

L
is small for
these values of

IZ

10

-,

The variation of

W
~T

.........

'1

-.-.

.... ....:'." ..

."

~-

&i'
..,

CD
CO"

. . ~-- ~~-j-;. -'..:

~.~ ~:;~~,a

-~ .... :::);~t:Ei-~~~

\'
\'

\,i

','

,i
"

L6ngitudinal
moment per unit
circu~ference at

.t::p
A

A =Mx
(a),

0.2

+ 0.2
Mx

I\

2Cx

l\

0.15

0.0

+0.15

1
\
1
1

0.1

i
I

'

64

7(~xr

Mx

1\

0.05

+ O. I

+0.05

I,

2C

for changes of ' - '_x

,t (e,

Forthese values of 64 -

12

ex

10

I'

iI'

The variation of _M.

1
I

8,

',--"

O.~

i,

'

is small

,
:

o
:

,
,

200

; }f!

_.

jil'

;ex
1

!1

-0:05
.0,

"" :

'!"

NOTE. Thesa char1s apply in 'any consistent system of uriits.

Flg",e

~.~I

Lo"gf'"df".1 mom,"' '<om

""'1"""
I

lo.d ."f.tio" 'o""d ""c"m'",,," I"'. G.2.2;2.11

:!

'

j: :,.

.',:

'I

iI, i

Yo

I
II,

l'
I

'I'

,
! ,

"

i,

I,'

'-./

~~~F...:J'~~{d?tiefJ!:::-:;' ~ii.:::'0 .. ~:::~:C:::::~-_ -.~'.-~~

.... __ . ~:-".~~S:--2~!~:,~.~~::-.:.:._

-._:;::::~~" _ _-:::z-~-.:._

',.,' -:

~~~;";:':.i.'.'::.c..'_~"'~'~.;;~.:.";:L:.:-,~~",=-j:'~'~"7':.':::~' :.>....t::;~:. :~':~:~:'.:;.,;.: .. :'

r' '

,--'

'C'

.
'. . - . "f "N(jt
Th e variation 0 - W

2C

for changes of __
x
L

-0.25,rT;;T'-T;-r'-,,-r'-rT-'T;~----------------'

is small for the

higher values of

~ (~xy

64

0, 2r-.-:-,......-r-,-rrTT""T'1

-0 .IS
N(jt

II I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I D N;J

! t1tti IIH , i i ' ,;-7'-;-;-I--~o.ll++H'H-+! +1 H+++H'+I"~ Hl+++H b,1

).1751

0.151 : I I I ! ! I I I

1
).1251 :

~<!

: 1 ! ! I I ! II

: : : : 1\:

~.:

i:

-0.

; I

I ! ! I : I I I I : I : I'd I I I : I

1! 111111 i II m1tH4'~"II"II
~ !! ,
IIIIII2 !'II !4g.~!
! ! ! I ! I! 11J1tt1
00
,
6
8
10
12

05

-----,-----,,------Circumferential
membrane force
per unit length at
A =N",

9,r

0.101

ex

! IIIIIIIII! I ! III rt! I [I I I I

1..

).0751:::1: 1111 ! I

o.osl

! I 1t 1 I

III

64~, (~~
' I I

I:

,d" i I

I I I I

I I I I I I I I I I 1-

1I I I I 1I N I I I I

I I

0
.

1- 0

).oJ 1,IIII~\~\;:(~)-2 :=i2~~ 1111111111~8i~HH 11111-0.

'.-"-'-"--

JU"'~~o

.<

,';_

,: __

.--,-

-"

"

~':"";,".,

, ...... ,..."

o
-~

~'8-....

':;:,

~-

_:.:....;...,....;:.~-1.:=.::.:.~,_".A'-

G.2( 11) Circumferential membrane force from radial line load variation round circumference (see G.2.2.2. 1)
,['\~~

_01

..
nese charts
apply in any 'consistent svStem of units.'
,-:
..:..:.~,

.-

- \~i~:-~,~:~ .~-~r~

01 iii iii i III i f'I It! : : :1: : : : Iii II1I I i III! I i I

..

""",'

,',

~~-::-. -~ ~- ,~

,.-.

~:':,/:::

00';1991
!,
1;, January 1991
j

'I',
I,

-0.2

!'

,-

.
3..c.

--

t
.

. :::::

- --

"L

(~'i1

64~~

- -

-0.1 S

\
\i

L
6.01

i ..

,,

!
,

,i,

'"

, '

-0.2
'

= 0.4

'

-0. I

64

~t (&)2
=:;ld:
'r

i
. __ .

I ;I

-0. 151-1:"Id~H-.,..L.....-4+r-T'"'T-r""-"r:-',...,.i""-r-r'.,''"""r'r-I

-- _. ! .. -

H'.d-~+-t-t-t. 2C.

-0.05
i"- 0 . 11-I'~f-+-H~H-++-+-H--H-t-t+-H~+t+1

.,

i:

N'i,t

,Nxt

I'
,\j

'\
"

-0.05r1'~f-+-~-+-H-~~H--H-t-t+-H~t+1

-0.05

0.2

,o.~

91'
C.

+0.05
0

10

12

-I-----t-- --'-f---f-t-'.

';!

,,

'

T,

Longitudinal
membrane force
per unit ci rcumference
atA=N.

"
"

-0.05
;

-0.1 5

Nxt

(a)

i:!

"

--

.:>S
"1-J

'1-.

'1-t"

3200

0.4
I

0.5

1.5

l ' H--H'-l-+-I
--I ',Cx

2.5

3.5

4,

:I

"1

-0.05

::j

64 ~
t

j:
!
..
','j .

)2 = :

L.,~

0.2

+0.05
0

'e

64 ~
t

I
I
1

,,

-0. I

2Cx

,:

'

2Cx
L

(~xr = 200

,-)
,

,',

.01

j'

, I

i: " i

.i

'l-..

,!

.0

. j'

iI'

"

. ~ +0.05 ,
0

;~:

11;

ex

V
' I

,i

'"

,;

i '

'r! "

" . ," " I '

d..

I " ,

!:
!

i' :

\~1' .Figure G:~(1'2' Longitudinal membrane force fro!m radiai line load variation round circumference (see G.2.2:i.1,' i
:1,;'

,~OTE. Th~se ~h.8rts apply in any consistent system of units.

:ic'

02'913

':
i'

I:'
I'

:1,'

,i

'r

'j'

I,

,:',: i
, I'

:'

i~

"

i., i ::i ~;l~!t.~;.

,j
BS SSOO: 199r:m+/~"
.~.
,,!.
.ji : '. ":. :
:i' 'Issu~ 1/Jantlaiy,1991

j'

'

G.2.2.2.2 Variation of stress along the ylinder. Consider a

radial line load, W, distributed over a I~ngth 2Cx as shown
in figure G.2( 13)(a).
,

c-;;~ ~e

'

, /: Values of M"" M x, N", and N x a; A

found from the
, !"graphs of figures G.2(13), G.2(14), G.i(15) and G.2(16) in
' which the functions Mt/JIW, Mx/W, N ",~/Wand NxtlWare
'I plotted against xlCx for given values 64(rlt) (C xlrj2 and
2Cx/L.
'

or

'

\I
,

The resultant stresses,in th' 'h,II " } ' g;"n by,

!!J.. ' 6

, circumferential stressJ", =

".i

longitudinal stress, fx = Nx

t
t.

, 6MxJ
t2

The values for x/ex less than 1.0, for

hi~h no curves are

plotted, fall within the loaded iengths, bnd the Curves

, ' shouid not be extended into this regiob. The values for
" xlCx 1 correspond to the maximum Stresses found from
figures G.2 (5), G.2(6), G.2(7) and G.2Ia) for C/Cx = O. ;

, The diagram showing the load and its geometry as figure

G.2( 13)(a) has been repeated on eachlchart for
conyenience.,
I,'

I.
, ; :!

diagrams for circumferential bending Imoments and

: forces are printed up the page to distirlguish them from
. those for longitudinal moments and fO.rces which are
printed across the page.

':

Ii

. :.

" : J:

iii

"':ii:l'/i ,:.,

For a loa~ distributed over an"arei12C~I:x 2C_, 'the!\!:,

moments and membrane forces at any value of xlC are
x
reduced in the same ratio as the corresponding values'~t

the edge of ~he loa~ f~und fro~ ~iguref ~,2l51. G.2(6).:/, i"
G.2(7) and G.2(8), I.e. In the ratio.
' ",'
'.
,
r ;', "
I"
value for actual C",ICx
' . ; ! I
"
value forC",ICx=O

.~-

"'

'I

l "

Example. A vessel is 2.5 m diliineter x rri long x 12 mm

thick. A radial load Wis applied to an are8 300 mm sqUare
at the mid-length of the shell. Find the'circumferential '
moment at a position 600 mm from the centre of the
loaded area measured along the axisclf the v~ssel. '

,/

C",=Cx=150mm;r=1250mm;rltbl04;
i'
Cxlr= 0.1 i; 2CxlL 0.05; xl,Cx 4 Ii, : ! '
For a line load, interpolating In figure G.21 13):'
M",IW=0.054atxICx =4
' ;.
!

,!;

From figure G.2(5) at the ends of slinJ load ~hen

C",ICx =0, 64(rlt)(Cxlrj2l= 90, and 2t;x1L ~I
0.05,M",IW=0.153
!
,:
and when C",ICx = 1.0, M~/W= 0.072

I
:
ii,

:. when the load is distribUted oVdr an ~rea

square
,

300 mm

i ': ' !

, 0072'
i
Mt/JIWatx=0.054x-,-=0.025'
0.153
:. the circumferential moment atx=O,025W '

i,

I!

,
,

I'

"

I'

i ,
I

1:
'i

~ : Ii:

I'

f.~.1

i ::i;

;Ii

I ':'

Ii

;,

'-.j

'/

"

:'

~. ~

.:

,j

I'

, ,I.,

l
:.

,, ,
'

0294

j"

i!

'

,I,'

,,

'

!"

"

" i

,'I;

"---":"

.......:.- .. :-:;"-

;;;tD

64't

t-+-

_-"-:.:." .. _ O.

2ex
'L

(C')' _- -

-,--,:-~

-. . 0.4
- -:.-.--

:1_

"<

......

I"l-

o ,1!)

F=

"

0.4

~.~~
'O"'K\

X
H

'i..

()

co
......

Circumferential moment
per unit length at A= Mf)

'i..

~-

co
co

(al

.C

.2

g----

c: co

o. 2
o

C11

.1- ...

M,;
W

(I)

=~L

..-

o. 3

CD

ex

o.
----------M"o

0.2
0.4

,~

.r.:ff-

64!:.. (ex
t
r

1\

~L

. -

--

.....

.'

_. -'

= 200

o. :;

0.25

0.2

x
-ex

.... 1-

2C
0.J5
M,;

0.075,

W
0.1

r-t.
4
64 ~ ~xr = 3200

.Ot

0.05
-0.2
.4

0.05
MrIJ

t--

0.05

l""-

0.025
'"-

.--00

00

c."
._0.5-.__

..

.,"_ _ I.S

--.:.-----~~.~.

NOTE. These charts-applyin-any consistent system o(ullits;--

2.

2.5
.. ;...~~-.

Figure G.2(13) Circumferential bending inoment due to a radial line load ~!.ria~o!" along cynnde~ (sl!.e G~)

..,.

.. ~

..!...-.:~-:-....::.....

----c

".-;-

(.::

-(

'--

o
~:'-'

_.

N
'C,D.:,

C.Jl

.~.

/'

.. _._ . ~...:._~~~~:_i:.~___~~;_.~~-~=.

--~;~.~.~~~.:~~;~~~;=::,~-

..-:'. ~ ------.': ~~~~;-.~.~-~--.~.:'.-.-.. _..

e,.,
~-'

.::

.-,-.:. . /~-k

. .: ___ ~.~:,::'i-.;-~~;t:.~~

iI

'I!

""e

2C
L _.
_ O. 0 1 ....

',' .

~'I!

r.'

1-

I I

.1

.j

I'

..fj

r.]

; ! .

I .~

II .

A-

,-,-.,.....-.-r-r--r-r-,-,,-,--.,-,--r--,

......

,I

. ;,. . -0 4 rs~~ --- --

0.05 p,~''Ir+--I-<I-+-++-I-H-+-I-+-++--!<--~--','''-..i'-i'-..:---'-_ _---"-I ~

i
. ,
O2 ~
r-~liL,\I'\.
-Ic'
f-..J"
;i. 64 _I' (.:-,!.,"
= 0.4
. i

0, 3

i: . 0 175

__ ., . _

-2.

Iss'ue 1, January 1991

fl'i'l:
i i ' ~I'
/i
.'
I': i

J("

.J

as 5500:'1991\\ ,i;

r-,'

-I-

,!

)2 '

i" .

I,

..!..'

-r- . . - -I-'~ - -j-f-++-IH+-IH

I' :
. " , , i,
I
0.2~++~~~~~+++4~~~~~~~~~~~~~

o,15 1-+--++-lIH-I-+-++++~-H
-+-~-+-H-+-li

o.125 1-+---+-+-IIl-+++--I-if-++++-l!

.1

H-~H--IH"'~~+44-++-+-~i

r-~~4"1~~+1~++1-t4,

,.

iI '~

o.10 1-+--++-lHI-1H-++++--I-iH

~"

I':

.)

Mx

ex

64:'
t

W
O. 075 H--+-H-\H-HrH-+-++-+~

;1.

2 ==

10

II
I

I~

:w

o.05 H--r-+-I-H-'-/-\tIM-1H-t-++-lfH-t-I--H-I-t-++t+-t-H
~-H-I-++-lt-'I:-'r-H-t-t 2C 1f-+-lH'--l-++-+-I+H-+-~

II
I

.r

H-+-H-+-I~~~~-++~~~~~~~+-l-~++~

;f-:

I : , 0 02 51+-H-l-1++-+-HH'-~~~~'" bl!-+-+O-L.0-'-5-L-L1-.1-1-~.I-+~+-H-l-

I,",

:C!

-+-+--1-+-1--1

I.

: I"

. 0.2!
o.4 Ii-,i-t--t-='1"'i-I=:A="'I-+4=j,=I::::l

1-++.1-++-1 Cx

, 4

,;

.r:

.. ,\ i.

(:

u
ji

I'

(a)

-+-l---~

Longitudinal moment pel' unii i:

circumference A ." Mx
'
I'
;.

I::

at

I
I

f:

'1

:'J

"'

:.;

0.05

0.025

64 ~ (~xl

j
I:

, . : 0.04
:\:

0.03
Mx

-1\

"W

2Cx

64

~
t

6.02

i,:

1:

Cx

i/o

I'

"t'-

0,2

--

I]::

0.4 I ~
I

31

.- ---

-4

0.005
-

.--

r-::::

:'

.-

r\

I~

0.05

I:

,2Cx
. ~

=0.01;I,
.

~re dose to
"

those for
l
.2Cx i: 0.05

i:

H-+-l-l-I-I-~-+-I""" 0.'2' ~ :,' L' ....;.:,

-~

-- .... ~ 1-1-l-ll~:~If-I--'~H

I- ~ = _. _c - -=~ 1'\
:..
I'" r:. "
I- C
~.~ -I-4-.i.H--I-iI-l"~~-I
OLL__X
-L~JJ-L~~J-~~~~~~

i'
NOTE. These charts apply in any consislent system of units.

..

I-

oo

"-

H-+-~-l-\I"-"--I--+--II- 2Clc

0.01 ++~-I_I\ f'i '"

1---I--+--I-I-A\.Io..[\'~,"\---+--IH~~
H-+-+-.l--W~..lJI.

Mx
W

0]

'Fi9U,. G.2(14)

0.015

(~~r = 200

0.01
1\

! ,
,,

=3200
Values for

, I,

!\.

I-

, i

i ji , 0.01

0.02

2' j
,

..

I' :

' ; : 1 : .i .

Long',ud'n.' momrn, d~. '0' "d'.1 lin. lo.d ..".tlon ,'ong"""nJ.i I ,G~~..2~ , """ .. ,'

I I

i,

0:296

~;.

liIIIIIIIIIII12Cx\

).~ IIII ~1..tJtr~

~ t:t;j !!III i 111111111_

64 rt' (Cr

)2 ~~.4 I

-;;;aJ

-o.en.

.-

I I I I I I I II I I i I I:

.... ::.:...

(.e =
.. -.r. . , . -" . --:
x

.64!.

_..

200"

0"1

-~ - 0
""L.. 0

:E .co;;;

IIIII H

'., 1111I1111I1 t I UIIIII1 rtM4tlilitliiti 1II1III1III1I

'.11! I! II1111I1I1III1 f! fl flllffTI mimE II rmool~

en

aI

II>

- o.osl ! I I I 1\lA I I I I

1 1 I i i I 1 I i i I" 1 1 I

) 2

_._ .... U1

II>
...
co
-<
.co
co

~'Oi
IIIII:~:' I I I I I I I I
01111111\\1111 vllllllllllll1
! ,

11111III1111111111*lllllll IJ mil I L-.-~::lfWJmtJIIiL . . . ."

o

,21 I II I N

I I III I I

7.

-0
~\\

64!:.. ( Cx)
t ~ r

= 10

.11 I I I I I I I I Pi".: I I I I

-0.

NIIJ

+0.

'2

4~

+0

s ... .

4"

~.)'- 3200

2Cxlr;4-l-++"HITJ~
J +4-+"HiT I.J
H

r-

0.2

t:::

-4
x r--r...!..J..

~B-=-x
1.
o

Circumferential membrane force

per unit length at A =N

..
2

(a)

.' __ S

,.. .

~-!":.'=--~

..

ITE. These charts apply in any corisistent system of units.

~ure

)S

l'

(C)2 > 10

0.4,

64 ; (

-H

'f':

=0.05 when 64 -r

1.

r-t

~.

I I II III 12Cxb!ll~~.9*ii~.41111111

01,

10

2C. = 0.01 approximate

.
2Cx
Values of Nt for --x
to those for __
W
L
L

,"

T"\

..,.

G.2( 15) Circumferentiai membrane force due to a radial line loadvariationa1ong cylinder (see G.2.2.Z.2)

r:r,

('

'-

0-~~

CD

-..J

.-

- ..

~.-

...- ....

~,,",-~-.--:=._~.I:

. ..

.,....~~4:\'./::

-~~~;~~i~~i:~I~~

, ,

as 5500': 1991::

Is~u~'l, January 1991 "

~

'.

,i: '

L
-

001

64

~ ( ~Xr = 0.4
.

0.05

i
I,

(a)

longitudinal membrahe force

per unit circumference
at A Nxl
. .
; .' .

I'-..

:'1
'\

-I~
:

"!.i

- -

I!
I

'j

,jl

200
, k.t (Cx)2'=
'r

64,

J'I\ -,' ~,

- 0 .125 1-+f-t-H-T\I-t-++-H-t-1H- -r..,-,.-\r-,ri-,;'-r-r,,-r,r1

~i~

2Cx

I-++++-I\-+IP'I

Cx

H-Hi-l-HI-'\-lrl-H

10 '

-_

_ ,'. _

....,

1-++
"-+-t-t-t-'H-l-t-t-+++++-H
- 0 . 1 H-H-IHHrl'j\-'tl\-M++
+\t\H\t-1~ 0.01

I-+~~-\I

1\

1\ . '"

-t-l-H-+-f-r+-f-i~+-++1~

'"
~~--

~.

II
'1

- 0.075 H--H-H--t\-<f-+-H-M-+t-.H-t-I-I-'f-I-t+++-H-t-H
nj\
t<;"~!'s
'
N x t . -,
f'< -O.O~~F "

~ . 05 H-t--t--t-t-'

+\

-~ O. 2~ -

- ,_ ..

"t--I::-t-t--t-t-I-H

- - - - .f-H'++-lIr~-1'

2Cx ~+-HH--j-+l.HH--j-

- 0.025 f-++-t-Hf-++++-lr +++-+

- .15 H-H\tH->.,H.,=,L-+-1--1-++-1-+'+-+'--j-'-j--+',.
LL-'--L.1L<-Ll.l

-0.125

01. 011 H--I-f-r-H-4-1-4-~f

\l
1\

H-f--I-I-f-I\LU..- -.- - - . ~o.6~r\ ~.

.1 -

. _-.-- --- .

Nxt

, . W i \ -', --1\
' I - O. 1 ~-I--HtH-+++'t-++-I'rt-H-4-4-4-4-H- f-11-H

- 0.1

1\
t

- O. 075 H-++++-lH-Hf-I-I-P-l+-I-+-+"'l.,...f--f-t

,1.

i
, .;.;05 H-H1\++-H-lI\r+-:f-I-++++++"k+-H-HH-l

-0.05

I-+++++-+-+-HH\-H-++++++-H-I-I-+-H

I-f-++-+-+-ft-I 0i 4 -I-i-ft.-I-f-H

;Cx

, 0 L.J..-'-'-'-.J.....LLLJ'-1-..L.J.-.Ll.J-L....L...I-+---'-...L..J.-L-.l..-.LJ

o
.~'

are Close to those for

2Cx

0.05
N

10

, 0.Q5
"

_ _:'i:::

-;- L:

.2

-0.025
x

2C~: i= 0.01
L'

2Cx.

'I

Ii'
- 0.025

t r

Values for;

i;

~ --

- 0.075
Nxt

f'-

i'

(Cxy =3200
'

'M L

i
~,

Cx

1\-

i"

o~t
'l

,
.::>.
.

r--

--

.,

'~ i'"

, NOTE. These chart- apply in any consistenl system of units,

'

0298

..

.-'-

,!

Figure G.2(16) longitudinal membrdne force due to a radia'lin~ Imln " .. ri ... ;nn ~In" __ 1:_ .... __ '_:.

-_.

t,

I,,"~

as 5500 : 1991

1';\

:;: ;,I!

iilssue 1: 4al)iJary 1991 ,

"\
:. ~ I' !

G.2.2.3 iJen~ctions of cylindrical shells dUe to radia loads,!

The deflections of a cylindrical sllell due a local oad are
: requiredJor:'
;

:i \
r"

to

, ',!y

la) finding the movement of a vessel shell due t the

thrust of, a pipe connected to it;

"!',

th~

Ib) findihg
rotation of a branch due to a mo ent
applied by a pipe connected to it. (See G.2.3,) ,

The deflJ~tion of the shell due to a radiall~ad i'S a~~unction

of the non-dimensional parameters rlt. oErlWan Llr
which is given by the full lines in the charts as follows:

!,

'"

figure G.2(17) (a) for values of rlt between 15-and 40;

figure G.2(17)(b)forvalues of rlt between 40 a6d 100;
figure G.2( 18) for values of rlt greater than 100./
'

"
,\ ,

,\i'

For a cent/'alload, L is the actual length of the vessel.

,I

F,O~

',",",':
a IOa,d :ou't of centre, L'is th, e equivalent length
; ,aslnG.2.2.1.
,
, '

'

4eI found

For a point load,' the value, of oErlWis given by theJtuliline

" from the appropriate horizontal Llr line in the top
, '. "ripht-hand extension of each diagram as in the ex mple ,
Vi,
iig~re ~.~(17).
.':\'

!,

"':

':

'I

, ii
.;

,'i':! ,. ~':

j:

I: :
~.!

, ,

'

,. f

---'-,

The deflection due to a load distributed oSer a rectangular

area 2Cx x 2C{Il is approximately the same a~ that
an; ,
equivalent square of side 2C 1 where C 1 is obtained as 'J
follows:!:
\~; "

for

, C1 =:..JC",Cx When Cx

> C'"

", (G.1)

'/,!
'.",1'

i' (G.~)

':, '

"

C 1 = (C",)O,93 x (Cx)O.Q7 When C'" >Cic

(or from figure G.2( 19))'
','

'.

"I,

/'

"

Equation (G.1) applies to a rectangular a(ea in whith the ,

~ong axis is parallel to the axis of the cylinder. '!;! " j

'i

Equation (G.2) applies toa rectangular area in whl6h'thJ

long axis is circumferential.
' i:

,,

, j.
I.
,i. I

I
1

I,

i!'

I, I

'.

j'

[ :

I'i,

The d~f1ection due to a load distributed o~er a circ~/ar. " :

area of radius r0 is approximately the same as tHai' for Ii !
square of side 1. 7ro'
"
I
Ii:' ,

,
"

,: "I.

For a load distributed over a square of sidf12C, the'i/alu'e of

oErlWis given by a line joining the'iriters~bticins altha Lit,
and Clr lines in the top right-hand and bottom left;hand i
extensions of each diagram as shown by thedotte'd lilie I,
and example on figure G.2( 18).
i". ;' i , ' I~: Ii

,
[ ,[I

i ,[

!
I

"j

'

,,

,.
,:1 I":;':.,,
i:

" 'I

,
,

, i

. r

"

. "i

::,
, !

"I!
l
L!

: I

"
:/: 'j

'

, " t'Vt:.,
t:o
'
~:

'l'

-,

:....~.,.

..:...:...:..: ,~","~~ ..:.~~~. ': ~--

-:c:

~ '7000~~'~~""~"i"~~O::'>~~~8~~$~~~t~t~~~
6000

.~..

5000

r'

r'"
I..

,~.~~.,~.."",;, ':'i.)0:.~~;,'":~~~:-;:

:,",-

4~

..70000

~--

.. '

1 "\

50000)

JI

40000')

1\ \

'\

I~

\\

1-'

:!i

3~

I~\

30000I

10

Er

t5

~:llllr 1,lIIIlfflll

---~~~i Ullin 111I1111I1111

600

/. /,

f \
~

W
. .. ' .... _.. _ ._ ......... -. --10-000

8000
'7'000

iL

5000

:L

,VlY

400

4000)

:500

'I., - - 1 3 0 0 0,

ISO

It
I

i:;+<-r~~~zo

!!

--5:~=

I I

II I

30

: I

40

..

'"
n1

3Ll
!i

-H

.g"
~

I.

"

I . SOO

,,1"000

U.L ... t.J I'"

50

40

60

80

7C

r
t

_ . (b)F:or:....~ between 40 and 100

. t

.'.

_--

.'

~i

. -Hi

(fu
ir

-I

I
L

.1

90

100

rlt= 70, Clr=O= point load.

Enter L/r= 10 at right-hand side of
:.Ghart~ mov~horizontallytO'CI1"= 0 ~.~
or point load, proceed down sloping
line to meet vertical line forrlr= 70, --[: ~
,then mOIle. horizontally am:l. read .. ,,,, --c. ~.' 01"',
6EriW=1"? 000.
_-..<~:
~_o

~uar~.~~:~.2~~i.fi:+;ll~;.~:'

.. -

IC:CI'

!II-- ...-__ ._.

-,:::S, -...

Ccc-

~.

G2(17) Max'ini.in!F.<Jdf'aJideflection of a cylindrical shell subjected to a radial load Wuniformly distributed

_.

-.!.
a.

'-

. Values Of&-ar~~~~~y;~e deflectiotiof the whOle s~tas abeam.

.0 Ci..:}.

:5

I.

,r

. For values ofrltgr~atef::tl.:!i!'i:1 00 see figure G.2( 18).

:f;-------.
",:,-.:

..

, ,

_.:.....:;--- ........

.:/\:;';;::i.;:'z~;

.,

_.

r
For
less than 40
t.

.'.

'

--+-----l2 s;:x:s-I
4

.IS

'....d
!A'

/'

....

.,.

9000

k.

u~

Er

6000 ' / '

,:

; / It

. Y

)1 "'ul'"
.100'

/ ul ...

15000)

/7'\

/,'

500(//

6
5

1"20000I

a -r

._-

40
30
20
IS

60000

.~-.:~.~_:.~

."..
'._ .. _ - ' :

:'-~~---"

. ".;p"

..

.-.. -.~.~~~~~~:.~::.~~~~~~.--=:~?~~:.; .-~ .'. --_ .

co

-< ...

:'_:'~~:';':':" .'.0:
<0,....:,...,,"-'-...........

.~ . -:=~.~~:~:-'~~~

.. ... ~ . . ..>. :oii~-';,S'~ .i:i..; .;=,~~~~'}~

n:'

. '~f

>"

r~

':+.

i'

BS 5500: 1991

Issue 1, :JanJaty 1991

.

Ii:

,I'

i;

700000

Ii.

600000

400000

..J

LLL
200000
.

150000

'/'

is

:/

100 000
90000

'\
\

i7"

"

.-

,."

:/ :/v
:/

.- .- ~

50000

'/'

:/ 1/ /

40

l
')'

;!
i

[" :.

10 /----4r----'t----i

8 f-t--\----i

!
L

(a)

(; 1-t---\-1;
5 f--+----''l'l
"f---'t-~~

0
100

II

.I

r- !-

.;'

L
201+-'r-----(
IS
2000 0:/

..J
t-

,
I'

.'

LI, rr--r----,3000OLL
L
'/'

rS.f

4(,000

I!

<->1

. 'r

30H-+-----(

1/ V:/ :/

v/ /v

II

II

<->1 ....

LL

60000

:>t

v /'
LL

:/
:/

80000
'/'

6
5

7000 0
'/'

/\

.- /

LLI/

Io

'/'

'/'

Er

--"

~l

.-

,."

~
\

1"-

20

'"

:!fo

-'l

a
t-

300000

40

_\
\

500000

\\

.i

: ,800000

Ii

,1000000
900000

110

120 130 140 ISO

II

<->1 .... <->1 ....

LI

IBO

200 220 240 2GO 280 300

tI

...o

!
,I

.:

Example. Fin d JErlWfor Ur~ 5,

Clr='I.,rlt= 180. Enter Uri:. 5 at both

sides of chart, move horizontally to
CIr= '~. Join intersection points. Enter
rIt at 180, move vertically to . .
interSection line: then mova i ,
horizontall'{ and read JErIWi=. 65 000.

,"

NO, t: 1. For values of ,It less than 100see figure G.2(17).

NOTE 2. Values of 0 are exclusive of the deflection of th~ whole shell as a beam.
Figure G.2(18) Maximum radial deflection of a

.,I .' uniformly distributed over a square 2C x 2C

~Ylindrical shell subjected to a radial load W

.

, '!:

":1

:!

i'
I

'i

_.i

I'

i
'1
"

'.

0301

,
;

,I

,.
,I

, r

I"

,',

i
I

I
;

-.-.; i
i

1",

~ ,I

,i r.:I~ I
as 5509 !i99fl~li(i'!, ! : ~!~;l

'i

': i ri,~> 'If:

fL

J;

!;

!:

i,

Is~ue

1.0
!

O.B

t~

",

1,'JaNUarv ,1991

I:

0.6

"

0.5

"

,~

0.25

0.2

............-

f-"

,i

I'
"

-,

0.06

, :i '
.~

.;
I:

i
i
0.3

0.4

,0.6

O.B

,i

1.0

:i i
,

, I

6.0

5.0

S
Cx

I,

4.0

2.5

2.0

i /,

1 -.

~i:

17

3.0

1.5

,
:

'
'

!
!

2.0

3.0!

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

"

C:

! ,',
,; ii'..

, (b) When C9 is greater than Cx

,'I

x'
I

,.

I 'i..,'

" Figure G.2(19) Graphs for finding the square 2C 1 x 2C 1 equivalent to a rectangular loading ar~a 2C 2C~
x,

!',

I"

: ii,
,

i!

I:, '

;.

"

~.
"

,I

I,

,i

!,. ,";
; j'"",!.

",:

: I

:I
;I

B.O

;
,

:!

10.0

'r

"

,i

!
i
,(a) When C9 is less than Cx

--- 'I
1;:

i
115

0.08 0.1

-,

I
I

"'I

,I

,0.15

";',11

"

, ,

1I::':1

:1',

Vi

0.1
0.04

./

V . . /'"

/"

./

I,

Ii

,J!i! , ' . ' '~li

,:i;, f

: ' ii'

Ir

"

, 1

~-.

: . r;1
I:

;j

I;,

':j'

,,'

BS 5500 : 1991
,Issue ~,:J~lr1u~ry 1991

!'I: ' :'

"

or'

G.2.3 External moments applied to cylindrical shells.

Externalinoments can be applied to the Shell of vessal
by a load on Ii bracket or by the reaction at a bra ket i'
support. i'"
,
For design purposes external moments are cons dared as
described in G.2.3.1 to G.2.3.4.

The resti'ts are not considered applicable in basJs where

the length of the cylinder. L. is less than its radiu~ r (see
" 130J). For off-centre attachments the distance frrm the ,
end of the cylinder to the edge of the aUachmen should'
be not less than rl2.;,
'
I,

~he

(1'

'In additio,n.
ratios CO,/2r (G.2.3.1) and CfJlr .2.3.2; ,
should hot exceed those given in figure G.2(0). d pending
\" '"Ion the value of rlt forthe vessels.
,

,I

For corresponding values of Cxlr and C zl2r > O. 5 the

: data should be used with caution (see 122J)., "

',J

' These restrictions apply only in relation to the m thod of

analysis in this appendix. They are not intended f r
:
'N'Ictical cases where experimental or other'evid~nce may
IPOrt the validity of the design falling outside these
J: , restrictions.
",

,,::'

j'

, : ; ;"

! I: i':

:',f

loaded area for a circumferential mornent. These can be

neglected if the value of K2 from table <3;2.2.2.' i' :
i,
corresponding to the value of, 2CxlL for it 10ngituClinai ' '
moment. or that of K 1 corresponding to .the value of 2C'i/l
for a circumferential moment. is less tha'n 5.0. Otherwise
they are found as fOllOWS.",'
r,

"

(a) For a longitudinal moment

t.

Ii

,"

",

(1) Take xlCx = 5.0 and obtain value's for a r~dialline

load from figures G.2( 13). G.2( 14). G.2( 15) ~nd , ;
G.2( 16). It may be necessarY to use: different vl!lues of
Le (see G.2.2.1) for the two resolved loads if;themoment is distributed over an area which is
small
compared with its distance from th~ nearer im.d 0,' the
vessel.
;;
, ",!:

not

1i

(2) Correct these values for a total c'ircumfer'~ntial "

width equal to 2C", as in the example in G.2,2.2.2.:
!

::

,'

i! '

I'.'

t!
, !

'

In.cases 'where the applicability of the method gi en in

this clause may be in doubt further data may be . und in
(.
"
"
30)."

:1

G.2.3.1 Circumferential moments. A circumferen~ial

moment applied to a rectangular area Co x iCx (sfe figure
:
"
G.2(20)) Is resolved into two opposed loads:

T.5M.
W' = - actmg

1I ,I,CO

on 'rectang Ies 0 f Sl'd2',

es ' CJ

'i

f- = ~o. which a~e separated by a d,istance of

;'

,I

i: :
where

2' C'"
x
,~

!~,

~:;

:".:,

:'''.

'2Co , i f
:
-,- bi3tween centres. For a round branch Co= 1.7ro =2C '
x
'3 i "
1
G.2.3.2 Longitudinal moments. Similarly. a longitljdinal
moment. applied to an area 2CfJ x Cz (see figure q.2(21 II is
resolved into two opposed loads:
I
'

'w = t:5M.
- acting
Cz

. .

I'

on rectang es of sides 2,CJ x 2Cx'

'
,
: .
I

z
where Cx = C which are separated by a distance of

2Cz '

'

Figure G.2(20) Circumferential moment

c~

'

,i

:
3,~~ween centres. Fora round branchCz ::: 1.7ro =2CJ.

, I:

:,

G.2.3.3 MaJjmum stresses. The maximum stresses due to

, the moment 'occur at the outer edges of the actual loaded
area. The circumferential and longitudinal moments and '
membrane forces are given by:
i

MJ

Ii

'. r
I

; ;,1

y.

=M\tl-Mo2

Mx :::, Mxl -:- Mx2

NJ = N~l'::'N2
N x == Nxl :-Nx2

0303

The qua, ntities with subscript 1 ,are, equal to thOS1fo r a

load Wdistributed over an area of 2C x 2Cx and re found
from figures G.2(5). G.2(6). G.2(7) and G.2(8).
Quantities with subscript 2 are equal to those du to a
similar load at a distance x= 5Cx from the centre f the'
loaded area for a longitudinal moment or at an angle of '
.... _ r:

C_ __ ~

. L ___

J",. ..

..

,.

'

2C z /3.-----l" ., I.
SC

)(

I~
!

. I

:,r!, :.~ :-.J .I: ';:!'F:Ef\ I Ht~Il

,.'r

I'
I;

L,

I '
I

Ib) For a circumferential moment

i'

(1) Find the values at the edge of tH~e load~ng area 2C

i
' x 2C x from figUres
.. G.215~, G.2(6), ~ 2. ~7) a.pd G.2IB).
,i. ; (2) Enter the correspondIng graph I fIgure G.2(9). .
. . G.21 10), G.21 11) or G.21 12) at this alue. The
' "
, .!
intercept on the curve for 2Cx /L giv~s a value of
.,

I'

1.J!....
=Z.
ex

' "Ii

'r!

I.

MX3

3dj f
.
f' I
, = -C- or a cIrcum erentla moment r

: '" I

o
d

ii=

.
,

Cz

. I

1.5M

d W

te eqUlva ent oa s

1.5M

= - - or - i - - acting on an
Co
Cz
area of 2C x 2Cx as defined in figure G2(20) or G2(21); ii,'
is found from figures G.21 17) and G.2( l:B).
!

'Example. A vessel is 2.5 m diameter x ~ m long x 12 mm

thlck;E=1.B6x10 5 N/mm 2 .

Find the maximum stress due to a longitudinal moment of

6
'1.13 x 10 N'mm applied to a branch 350 mm diameter at
tlie mid-length, and the slope of the bra'nch.

i
I

Ct/> = -! =0.B5x 175 "" 150 mm

2

0.16

G,2/6) .

G.2(7)

-0.17

G.2(8)

W= l.5M= 1.5x1 ..'3x10 =5650N

Cz
2x 150

For this area:

Cx

'I

E.t = ~ = 3; Cx = ~ = 0.04

2Cx

i"

:! 1",;';7=

1250

2 x 50

-~::0.824

,I

':1

M
. .'
:.c.:.E = + 0.065 x 0.353 = 0.023
W

,'.

:j

NQ2t =+0.025xO.B61 =0.0215

W
,Mx2 =+0.012xO.475=0.005

, I

:I
;1,

'.

,,:

!.- (Cx)2 '" il0.

t

The direct effect of each load Wis founq by interpolating

for Cti/Cx = 3.0 in the charts of figures G
.. 2(5), G.2(6) and
G.2Ia) for 2CxlL = 0.025 which gives: i
I,:
J

I,. :.Mt/>I/W= 0.09; M.,/W= 0.076; N1 tlW= _ 0.155;

:'1
I.

Nx1 tIW=-0.14..

i,

Nd = _ 0.OB5 x 0.B24:: - 0.070

M = W

(~M'/J2) '= 5650 10.09.,~ 0.0.2 3)

W
W
'i,

= 5650 x 0.067 = 379 N'mm/mm

Mx= W

(MXl
W

~ MX2_)
~565010~076-'-" 0.0057)
w;

"~

W (Nlt
t

= 5650 x 0.0703 = 396 N'mr;'/mm ;

if.

,.

~ Np2t_)

;\

W)

=470x(-0.1765)=-83N/mm,

Ii

."

j:

. '1

. , From figure G.2(4), 64

0.470
;

", -O.t)

= 5650 I - 0.155 - 0.0215)

12

=0.025
4000

I I'

(,0..155 =0.861
":'0.18
,
!

.Wacts on an area 2C x 2Cx, where C x = Cz = 50 mm

6

! ,'. '. -'' - . ::

}?16

-O.lB

1'/.

I", 0076

'!E!.

,,!
... ,,:

_ 0 353

:~~0.255 -

Hence

. where d 1 is the deflection produced by :one of

:, i,.\
:'1

'

value 'O!.",1C." 0

~:i .0.09

G:2(5)

The effect of one load at the outer edge'of the other is

found by interpolating for 64 Irlt)
= 10, x/Cx = 5.0
.. and'2Cx /L = 0.025 in the charts of figur~s G.21 13),
:i. G.2f 141. G.21 151 and G.21 161 for a rarfiallinA Inarf anri

ICx/r)~

! [ '

[.,
I"

!
~

.
I

?~ 4: 0.07)

N x = W (NxJ!... _ NX2t) 1.: _5650 I -:

t
W
,W
; lo?
'I
!.l

=470x -;- 0.07=- 33 N/mm

Maximum circumferentiai and longitudinal stresses can then be determined in accordance with G.2.2.1:.2. These
will appear as both comptessive and tensile stresses
depending on which edge ofthe loaded area 's 'being
considered..
" j.".'
Circumferential stress =

!!.. 6M~
t,

t2 '

..

:,\.~.

'O.;'l;'/'

:;t'

/ COrrection fliCto;",
, value fOr C,IC... 3 ..

0.255

Nx3 t .
W

~ for a longitudinal moment, I

, h'

Values for
C.,IC.=O

Cx

G.2.3.4 Rotation due to external moments. It is sometimp.s

... required to find the rotation of a brancH or bracket due toa
, moment applied to it. This is given app/oximately by
:

Quantity

~ + Z from the same grap,h.

.'i

J ,. '"

\ i ;

Nx3t/W = - 0.OB5. '.

i: ; ,'.

.. r\'~

::~

fron~ f~gUreS G:2( 13) to G.lf i 61"U

I,

, f,!r;~{

M93/W=O.065;Mx3/W=O.'012;N_~tIW=+O.025; i !~'

4C

Cx
1

The values interpolated

d~noted by subscript 3, are:;

i3) The values for quantities with S4bscript 2 are then

given by the ordinate for .~
-.

Issue~ 1(-;/JanU8,y
i~~1
I!. j .,' .:.' .

.!.

I ;

: I:

~, BS 5~b6 !.1991rlj~i~,((

,.

0304

.j I!

---

BS S!)OO 1991
Issue'l,'Januarv 1991

.. , I:' : .

. Suggested' working form

','

, i

Load case:

.;
I

,I

.' i ;

1 :

Clause G.2.3 Circumferential moment on cyli I dricsl shell

I:
'x

Sign convention: N)(' N are tensile when ~ve.

i'"
M)('M cause comp~~sslOn In tne outer surface when +ve
.' .
with Me+ve in the direction sh wn; and' are tensile when +ve
Shell mean radius
r= : 'I':

.,

Shell thickness

Shell length

t=

L=

Nozzle mean radius

C(J= 1.7ro=
(.~ =0. 85ro=

,j

Offset from centre

lined=

Monient

Me=o

:I,

For nozile or
circular pod

ro =

For rectangular pad

\.

1.5M~ =
C

_...,

Co=circumferentialle?gth =
Cx = y. (axial length) = !
W=

-=

. i
J r

o. (see ,NOTE 11
[

i--=

r2

Co

Cx =

\=- =

r
i'

~=

2C
- -x=

Cx

I.

From table G.2.2.2, K1 =

i If K1 < 5.0, assume M"'2' MX2' N"'2 and NX2 = 0

From figure G.2(5)

WithE! as above
Cx

From figure G.2(6)

'0

From figure G.2( 10)

!PI'

N",lt
W

From figure G.2(9)

z=

From figure G.2(7)

,Mx1
'--=
W

M9Il
W

!Pi'

Cx

_PJ!...

Cx

"

'

O'

I'

:~ 1..

i'

!plr.!.;
---,
Cx

!. ..
;

,.
!

With'

~' =(4C,+z)
, Cx

"

From figure G.2(91

Me 2 =
W

~= W(~!L~)

Mx _ W(MXl
- - -MX2)
t2 t2 w W
1=

t2

: From figure G.2( 10)

Mx2
--=
W

,t2
:

From figure G:2(12)

Cx

4C!,> +z=

Frbm figure Gl2(8)

Nxlt
--= !

From figure G.2( 11)

=
Cx

From figure G.2( 11)

From figure G.2( 12) I,

Nx2t _.

Nrpt =
W

_,W:'

...

Nx~W (Nxlt
Nx2t)
!!..i.. = W Crpl t _ Nql2t) ----t2 W
W
t
t2 W W
t
=
. =
,
~

r--~----------r---------------~--------------------------~---~--------.

Longitudinal stress

atD

'x=

Nx

(inside) ,6M.
(outside) ; t2

,.,..J

..

(inside)
(outside)

~----~~~~~--~======~~=======-~======~~~~~~~I(S99NC

--t-

Circumferential stress

f",='!!L (inside) 6Me

E

F
(inside) I
atD !
t
(outside)
t2
(outside)'
L-~~_____L-_~~~~~__~====~~====~_=-=-==~~~~~_~I
From figure

ForCx

;>\ Co

G.2(19)(a)

From figure G.2(17)

orfigure G.2( i 8)

I"

=i

Cl

-=
C(J

(J

E=
i VI
ForC",'> ex;'

'J1

From figure

G.2(19)(b)

CI
Cx

3J

' .. :

Co

.,'

_ 1 :: _ _ _'_,
j. ';,

From figure G.2( 17)

orfigure G.2(18)

30 1
'
(J= --,-=--~
=

. Cn

'

.0305

as 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991
Suggest;~d working form

load case:

CI~use G.~.3 Longitudinal moment on cylindrical shell

Sign conv~ntion: Nx,N~ aie tensile when +ve .

M x' M cause compression in the outer surface when +ve
with ML+ve hi the direction shown; fx and f are tensile when +ve

i,

r-.------.------~--._----~--------_r----------------r_--.------------_r----------------~

Shell mean radius

Sheil thickness

f=.:

t=

Shell length
Offset from centre
Moment
line d=
ML =
L=
~~----------~--------------4-------------~---------------L--------------~
For nozzle or
Nozzle mean radius
C=O.85ro =
circular p'ad
Cz = 1.7fo=
fo=
~'---------------+----------------~---------------I

['

w== 1.5M L ==
C

X
:

\,

C= Y, (circumferential length) =
Cz = aXial length =

For rectangular pad

4d 2

= C6z :~=

L;,=L - - - =
L

A (see NOTE 1.

w
-- ==

P-

Cx
r

AXIS OF

vESSEL

r-~---r-----~--+-~-------------+----------------I

Cx

64~ (~x)

La

,!;l"

2 ==

____._____________,

'--"-'it'------'--=~======~=======~
From tab!e.G.2.2.2, K2 ==
If K2 < 5.0, assume M 02 ' M X2 ' Np2 and NX2 = 0

----rc----~----~~-+----~----~~--~~~--~~~~_.~--~--~~~--~

C
,
With':' as above,

From figure G,2(5)

From figure G.2(6)

Ml ==

Mxl =

From figure G.2(7)

From figure G.2(8)

Nolt =
. Nxlt =
r-~'___C_x~ _______'-+ __ ~_________~__-+~VV~________~__+-~vv~________~__+-~W~~__~~~__~

'

W\th Co =- 0

,
,

.
:.~

From figure G.2(6)

Mxo =

'VV

Correction factor (C)--

! C:;;

From figure G.2(5)

Mpo =

,
,

,
W:ith~= 5

From figure G.2(7)

. Nxot

Nol =
N ro

Nxl
Nxo

FromfigureG,2(15)

FromfigureG.2(16)

Mo

Mxl
Mxo

FromfigureG.2(13)

FromfigureG.2(14)

From figure G.2(8)

/l!.0J.~ =

VV

M,p3 =
Mx3 =
N,,3 t =
Nx3 t =
;--.-~
C :____.___--t----=vv~_ _ _ _ _ __I_--'-W-'----__---+__..:..:vv'----------+__..:..:W'---------~

/'

~2=Mp3 xC

VV

_M_x_2=_M_x_3 xC
VV
W

Np2t
W

= Np3t

xC

N.zt=Nd xC
VV
W

("/Xlt

Nx _ W
- - - - - - -NX2t)
-t

=
Nx
fx= ---

e NOT!: 2,)

I Circumfe63nti",; ;;tress
( at.<l,

"'-

--,-

t:

From figure
G.2(19)(a}

I F~rC. > C'"

(outside)

N~

f _

1
---

From figure
G.2(19}(b}

1
---

Cx

____ _______

~.

E =

(inside)
(outside)

6Mx

P6Mrp

P-

C1 C,
-- =

.-

,
=

W
(inside)

(outside)
(inside)

(outside)

III =

From figure G.2( 17)

or figure G.2( 18}

C",

(inside)

P-

Le

['

C1
C1

--

0306

VV

=
=

From figure G.2( 17}

or figure G.2( 18}

Le
r

_ _ _ _- ._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _- L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

6,Er =

NOTE 1. Position A corresponds to quadrants Q 1 and Q 4 in figure G.2(21 b).

61Er

VV_ _ _=_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

J-~

o=

L -_ _

30,
Cz

= _____
.

~~

______

b;:i bbOO : 1991

Issue 1, Janu:ary 1991

i
i

LongitUdinal stress;= 2N'

'6M
+ _-"-

t -

t2

.= - 2.75 16.5 (Wpositive)

:. Maximum IOh9itudi;lal stress': :1: 19,25 N/mm 2

assigned a letter. These numbers should be entered into

G/27b in accordance with the convention shown.

NOTE 1. The signs bf FR. Fe. M L, Mc and Mr are positive when
they act in the direction shown in the figure G.2(21 bl.

Slope due to moment. For this area C/'Cx := 3, and from NOTE 2. N. and N~ are positive for tensile membrane stresses
and M. ond M~ are positive when they cause compressive
figure G.2(i9)(b)
half
. the J
. sidE! orthe equivalent square C 1 stresses on the outer surface of the shell. Stresses f. and f~ are
:::2.8Cx 140 rilm.
i
.
:
positive when tensile, and negative when compressive. This is in
accordance with G.2.2.1.2.
'In figure G.2( 17)(b):

C , lr=O."2;
Llr =3.2;

NOTE 3. The letters A to 0 apply to the stresses resulting from a

radial load FR' When FIt is positive, A and Crepresent positive
'HJlftb".s 11'1 flUilel'"1'l1 01 01'1 tl'le InSI<Ol8 al'ld I!! and" repre5e.1I
negative numbers in quadrant 01 on the inside.

rlt
100; :
.
whemce oErlW= 17

doo

i, .

:.01 =1.1x 19 x 5650 =0.414

105 X 1:250

1.86 x

NOTE 4. Absolute values of shear stress are used in the table.

This is because the actual shear stress pattern is complex and
because the formulae for shear stress due to shear force are
approximate.

,,":.

and from G.2.3A, the slope i= 1301

Cz

NOTE 5. At the nozzle o.d. where a compensation pad is fitted. or

at the edge of a load on an attachment or support, distribute N~.
M~, N. and M. as in G.1.3.5. For a nozzle with a pad, an additional
hoop moment is to be added to M as in G.2.7.

3x 0.414
300

=0.004 14 radians

.
'Ct"

.3.5 Summation of ~naximum stresses due to local loads

e c)llindr/cal shell

Gene~al.

G.2.3.5.1 .
Altl\ough th'e Ilxact location of the
stresses calculated in G.2.3.1 to G.2.3.4 is hot known the
stresses may be considered to lie Wilhin the 180 sectors
shovvn below. The sign of t:,e stress in one sector is
known to be reversed iJ;l the opposite sector.

.F71
Str~ss or one; sign

'.

i'

::'~":
.
.Iii'.,
.
.'
. ii'
-;:-.

:'. oj

. ~itress of opposite sign

' : : Ii
nM t'~ I
:, II',L

: . '. j

Figure G.2(21 b) MaXimum stresses at a nozzle or

attachment on a cyiindrical shell
G.2.3.5.2 Stress formulae. Pressure stress formulae,
(a) At nozzle o.d.

;"

"

,,
~

1
',.;
:r!'.'

fp= (2.25/1.1 )(eTr 1T)(pDI2T ) = _ x _ = _.

r

:, f".!

,1

NOTE 1. The formula applies in both the longitudinal and

circumferential directions.

,i:

.. : :-'

1,1

Stress of opposite sign

Longitudinai mom ..1nt
i

(b) In the shell plus pad at the edge of a loaded area.

(1) Circumferentially.

.Stress of one sign

Circumferential moment

~igur'9 G2.(Z1 a~ Secto.'r s'~resses

: By dividing 'the lOaded area into quadrants and summing

the maximum s~resses in each quadrant, a mal(imUm
; combined stress is obtain ea. The method fur this is shown
in ills worksheet on page G/27b. the stresses due to
pressure are combined with those due to the local loads.
The combined stresses i!/ld s~ress intensities are
assessed
against; the allowable vfllues specified in "'.. 3.3.
I

: The st,ess components should be inserted into the table

to

. according the correct conventi'on. To define this

; convention, ec:ch S',iess I;aicu!ated in the Itvorkiheets
'G/26 and G127 '. including its algebraic sign, has been

f p=pDI2Tr = - '
(2) Longitudinally.
f p=pDI4Tr

=-'

(c) In the shell at the edge of pad, attachment or'

support
(1) Circumferentially.
pD
f p =2T =-'-.
a

(2) Longitudinally.
pD
fp= 4T' =_.
a
where

Ta actual shell plate thickness

Tp= pad thickness
.
Tr=Ta+Tp

0307

BS 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

:i

, Suggested working form

,
i

,.

'!

Clause G.2.3.5 Sunimllilon of

i: ,

maximum ntresses cjue to .Iocalloads

.. ,'

':
I

r--

,
:

f---

'2

:3

5
6

7
8

~Q

Ie
11
!
;

12
13

14
'15

16
i7
18
1S
20
21

22

,
;

Circumferential stresses.

Noule o.d./pad o.d./

loaded area dimensions

Radial load FR

Shell thicknessl
shell + pad thickness

Shear force Fe

a cylindrical shell

on

Load case:

Shear force h

Shelli.d .

Torsic>n nioment Mr

Design pressure

Circumferential moment Me

Design stress' (f)

Longitudinal moment Ml

Yield stress

Q1

Quadrant

: ,Sunace

Membrane compo.nent (N It) due to:

Radiat'load
.
Circumferential momen't:
Longitudinal moment
Sub-tdtal due to local loads
; Pressure (fp from G.2.3.5.2).
Sub-total (f~m)

'
!

, 8ending componeht (6M 1(2) due to:

Radial load
I
:
Circumferential moment
: Longitudinal moment
: Sub-total Ub)
'Total circumferential stress !f )
: Longitudinal stresses
; Membrane component (Nxlt) due to:
Radial load
" Circumferen~al moment
'. '_cngitudinal moment
Sub-tolal due to local loads
:Pressu~a (fp frorT1 G.2.3.5.2)
,
;
,Sub-total (fxm )
i

Bendin~ component (6Mx/12) due to,

,Radial load
;
':Circumferential moment
Longitu'dinal moment
Sub-total (/Xb )
Totallohgitudinal stress (fx)

Inside

A
E
I

Outside

A
E
I

Q3

Q2
Inside

E
-I

Outside

Inside,

A
E
-I

-E

-E

-I

-I

Q4

Outside

inslde

Outside

-E

-E

-8

,8

-8

-8

-F

-F

-F

-F

-8
F

-J

-J

-J

-G

-G

-K

-G
-K

-G
K

G
K

C
G

-K

C
G
-K

-0

-0

-0

-H
-L

-H

-H
-L

D
-H

-D
H

-l

-L

~ ,...-

~:.

"C.:'. ;
-.-

:Shear stresses (from G.2.3.5.3) due to:

Torsion'moment
lCircumfwentlal shear force
tongitudinalshesr I()rce
Total shear stress ( r )

23
24

25
26

,--:..:. -"

Check of total stress intensity (membrane +

bendingl to .4.3.3.1 and A.3.3.2

27
28
29
...

..
)\

(1 =[fll'> +fx + V(frp -lx)2 + 4T2 J/2

{2 =[f +fx - y(frp -fx)2 + 4r2]/2
(2 -fi
Maximum total stre!;s intensity= maximum absolute value in rows 27. 28 and 29_",
,or at edge of a compensation pad, attachment or support = 21=
Allowab'ie stress at nozzle,,2.25f=
.J

Check of bUCkling stress to A.3.3.3

Row 4 +;row 10 if rOw 4 is compressive
Row 1 5,+ row 21 if row 15 is compressive

30
31
,

..

lVlaximu'm comprassl~e streSS in rows 30 and 31

1~lIowab'le stress ~ -0.9 x yield Stress =

"

32
33

34

At edge of compensation pad, attachment or

support,:check of !n(!mbrane stress intensity
10 A.3.3.1
r1m= [f m+fxm+'vfij..Il,-fxm)2 +4,[2 ]/2
f2m = If. m +f'm
m -fxm)2 +4r 2 ]/2

_'V'fq\

f2m -

('m'

t: .. ~aximum membran~ stress intensity = maximum absolute value in rows 32, 33 and 34 =

;.:

i Allowablo stisss=.12f=

Deiete as appr~priate
j.; "

0308

Nozzle o.d./~
loaded area
aimeAsieAS'

Load case: D 5.- N -1 at nozzle o.d.

219mm

I.

Circumferential stri.sses

:il;l!l:'., : . :i,;

~6rnbrane,compor ent (tV. It)

:i:!:

;ls'
:1

',!

I !~

'~ 9'
".
'10
1"
~

.!

.'~

!,'

,.' ;:1::':

,.

'11':,

Radial load:
circJinferehtial moment
Lbngitudinal moment
Sub-total dGeio local loads
Ptill:i.ii ... ff. fFiilm ol:a,a.II.~I.

Sub-total (f,m)"
'.
Bending compone'\t (6M.If) due to;
Radi~i load'
'I
Circumferential moment
Longitudinal moment
Sub-total (f. b )'
r6tl1i clrcurpferentiill stress

1.3
-9.4
-7.8
-15.9
1a<l,1
107.2

1.3
-9.4
-7.8
-15.9
123,1
107.2

1.3
-9.4
7.8
-0.4
1 <liilt1.
122.7

1.3
-9.4
7.8
-0.4
1'13,1
122.7

1.3
9.4
7.8
18.5
123.1
141.6

1.3
9.4
7.8
18.5
123.1
141.6

1.3
9.4
-7.8
3.0
1:13,1
126.1

1.3
9.4
-7.8
3.0
123,1
126.1

-7.2
68.4
35.9
97.1
204.3

7.2
.-68.4
-35.9
-97.1
10.1

-7.2
68.4
-35.9
25.3
148.0

7.2
-68.4
35:9
-25.3
97.4

-7.2
-68.4
-35.9
-111.5
30.1

7.2
68.4
35.9
111.5
253.1

.-7.2
-68.4
35.9
-39.7
86.4

7.2
68.4
-35.9
39.7
165.8

1.3
-9.4
. -2.9
-11.0
123.1
112.1

1.3
-9.4
-2.9
-11.0
123.1
112.1

1.3
-9.4
2.9
-5.2
123.1
117.9

1.3
-9.4
2.9
-5.2
123.1
117.9

1.3
9.4
2.9
13.7
123.1
136.8

1.3
9.4
2.9
13.7
123.1
136.8

1.3
9.4
-2.9
7.8
123.1
130.9

1.3
9.4
-2.9
7.8
123.1
130.9

-5.1
42.5
42.1
79.5
191.6

5.1
-42.5
-42.1
-79.5
32.6

-5.1
42.5
-42.1
-4.7
113.2

5.1
-42.5
42.1
4.7
122.6

-5.1
-42.5
-42.1
-89.7
47.1

5.1
42.5
42.1
89.7
226.5

-5.1
-42.5
42.1
-5.5
125.4

5.1
42.5
-42.1
5.5
136.4

5.1
0.8
0.8
6.8

5.1
0.8
0.8
6.B

5.1
0.8
0.8
6.8

5.1
0.8
0.8
6.8

5.1
0.8
0.8
6.B

5.1
0.8
0.8
6.8

5.1
0.8
0.8
6.8

5.1
0.8
0.8
6.8

207.3
188.6
-lB.7

34.5
B.2
-26.2

149.3
111.9
-37.4

124.3
95.7
-2B.6

49.5
27.7
-21.7

254.8
224.9
-29.9

126.6
85.3
-41.3

167.3
134.9
-32.4

..(-.

iJij:!
'II'

.!
die to:

12
13
14

,15
16
17

Longitudinal stresses

Merrlbrane:component (N"jt) due to:

Radial load:
CircJmferential moment
Longitudinal moment
Sub-to<sl due to lochlloads
Pressure (lp from G.2.3.5.2)
Sub-total (f"m)
Bending componerit (6M,!f) due to:
Radial load:
1
.
Circufnferential moment
Longitudinhl moment
Sub-total (f"b)
Total longitudinal stre~s ({x)
Shear slres~es (frorr G.2.3.5.3) due to:
Torsion moment "
Circumfe'rential shear force
Longiiudinnl shear/orce
Totalshear'stress (.;)

Check of to/a I stress: intensity (membrane

+ bending)to A.3.3.1 and A.3.~.:!
. _,.:
".
I.
f, .. If. + f" + V('. -1.)2 +412\12
'2 "If. +fx.f: V(f. _f.)2 +412)12
'2 -f,; :' ,

Maximum total stress intensi,IY = maximum absolute value in rows 27, 28 and 29 = 254.8 (acceptabie).
= 2.25( = 341.1, g. at sege of a S9FRIleRSalieA Ilae!, altaeAFFleA! eF s~'!l",eFt - 2 ~

Allo~iible stress at nozzle

of buckling stress to
.3.3
F1ow4+ row 10 ifrow4 is compressive
Row15+ row21 if row 15 isco

81.2
6B.8

-113.0
-90.5

24.9
-9.9

090.2

-25.7
-0.5

Maximum compressive stress ill rows 30 and 31 = -113.

Allowable stress = ;-0.9 x yield i;tress =-204.7 (acceptable)
,.1'.

'I','

:~;I ~ :1

:d'i
32
33
34

At edge of compensation pad, ettactunent or

support, check of mhmbrane strl1SS intensity
to .~.3.3.1* .
f,m = [f~m+ fxm + V(;'.m - 'xml'+ 'h2]!2
2
f2m ~If ',m+ fxm - V[f. m - fxm)2,+ 4T J/2
f2m -f1m .
.:
:

} not applicable

0309

BS 5500 : 1991
Issu~ 1, JanUary 1991

,.

Sugg~stad wbrkiti9 form:

..

: exam(>le B

___

Load case: D5 - N-l at pad edge

:--~_+-

_________---,_______

Ne~zle e.d./pad o.d./

loaaea area
+~a~im!,!:e~n~s~ie~n!::!9:.-.-:_ _--+!.4~0~0~m~m!._~

-:-Clause ('3.2.3.5 S;Jnlmation of. .

Radial load FA
4410 N
Shell thickness/
; maximum stressasdua to 10cSIIoads c--S-h-ea-r-f-or-c-e-F,-c-----t---6-6-0-0-N----ij shell I flas thiellABSS'
i 3 mm
, bna cylindrIcal shel!
"49 4 mm
Shear force Fl
6600 N
Shell i.d.
:L
Torsion moment Mr

8900000 N.mm

Designpres5ure

1.1 N/mm2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

2.2

-8.9

-8.9

-8.9

-8.9

8.9

8.9

8.9

B.9

-15.7
-22.4
105.5
83.1

-15.7
-22.4
105.5
83.1

15.7
9.0
105.5
114.5

15.7
9.0
105.5
114.5

15.7
26.8
105.5
132.3

15.7
26.8
105.5
132.,'3

-15.7
-4.6
105.5
100.9

-15.7
-4.6
105.5
100.9

-9.8
76.8
34.5
101.5
184.5

9.8
-76.8
-34.5
-101.5
-18.4

-9.8
76.8
-34.5
32.6
147.0

9.8
-76.8
34.5
-32.6
81.9

-9.8
-76.8
-34.5
-121..1
11.2

9.8
76.8
I 34.5
121.1
253.4

-9.8
-76.8
34.5
-52.2
48.7

9.8
76.8
-34.5
52.2
153.1

3.4
-13.4
-6.5
-16.5
52.8
36.3

3.4
-13.4
-6.5
-16.5
52.8
36.3

3.4
-13.4
6.5
-3.6
52.8
49.2

3.4
-13.4
6.5
-3:6
52.8
49.2

3.4
13.4
6.5
23.2
52.8
76.0

3.4
13.4
6.5
23.2
52.8
76.0

3.4
13.4
-6.5
10.3
52.8
63.1

-4.7
30.8
36.3
62.3
98.6

4.7
-30.8
-36.3
-62.3
-26:1

-4.7
30.8
-36.3
-10.2
39.0

4.7
-30.8
36.3
10.2
59.4

-4.7
-30.8
-36.3
-71.7
4.3

4.7
30.8
36.3
71.7
147.8

-4.7
-30.8
36.3
0.8
63.9

4.7
30.8
-36.3
-0.8
62.3

2.7
0.8
0.8
4.3

2.7
0.8
0.8
4.3

2.7
0.8
0.8
4.3

2.7
0.8
0.8
4.3

2.7
0.8
0.8
4.3

2.7
0.8
0.8
4.3

2.7
0.8
0.8
4.3

2.7
0.8
0.8
4.3

..

Hi

Hi
i

20
21

2~

23
24

I,

26

i' 25.

She;1, stresses (from G.2.3.5.3) due to:

. Ton,ion moment
Circumferential shear force
longiludinai shear force
Tot~1 shear stress (T)

3.4
13.4
-6.5
10.3
52.8
63.1

Chei~k of total stress intensity (membrane

+behding) to ;A,.3.3.1 and A.3.3.2

)1

ytJ.J.

").!:Ii

65.0 153.3
184.8
-16.5 147.2
82.7
13.3 253.6
fl =!f + fx+
-f.}2 + 40 )/2
27
62.1
47.5
98.4
-28.0
38.9
58.6
2.2 147.6
f2 =/f + (x -fx }2 + 4T2 )/2
28
';,: ~ 29,'. f2 -11
-24.2
-17.5 -91.1
-11.6 -108.4
-11.1 -106.0
-86.4
!' i!
: i; t - - - + - - . - - - . - " - - . - - - . - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - - ' - - - - - - - - j
i:
' Maximum totlll/;trells intensity= maximum absolute value in rows 27. 28 and 29 = 253.6 .
.!.
,AlloiNable stmss IIt-1loilzle .. 2.2&(
or at edge of a compensation pad. attachment or support = 2f= 303.2' (acceptable).

'Iv",

, .j--'--t---------'-------------,r-------...,-------,-------r--------i

.: t .;
j, :

!nfG Hil:!:i ~i

)'

30
31,'

!, ,. "11~:;. i.:; :.:

i

32

q: .33.:

;1

I,'

,I',
iI

'!

:' ;,:

79.0
45.8

-123.9
-78.9

w'~il. .' ~~';,:~ :~~:'~"';;';~;:,~~::,::O ~;~!~I,,~::;;:i,)

"1:' ;

',j.

Chel~k of buckling stress to A.3.3.3

Rovl' 4 + row 10 if row 4 is compressive
Row 15 +row 21 if row 15 is compressive

Ii

t.l:

,.

[ : [;.

At edge of cOI~pensation pad. attachment or

support. chec~ of membrane stress intensity
to A'.3.3.1'
:----,-'~..,----:--.
flmt:lfm+fx~+ Y1!Pm-f.m}2+4T2 1/2

f2m'~Ifm+fxm-V(fm-f.m)2+4T2J/2
,,34: ~:flm _ _ ..

-56.8
-13.8

47.6

6.6

0310
83.5
35.9
-47.6

83.5
35.9
-47.6

114.8
48.9
-65.9

114.8
48.9
-65.9

132.6
75.7
-56.9

132.6
75.7
-56.9

Maximum membrane stress intensity= maximum absolute value in rows 32, 33 and 34 =132.6 (acceptable).

101.4
62.6
-38.7

101.4
62.6
-38.7

~owa~esue~_._I_.2_f_=_1_8_1_~_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~
Delete as

appr()priat~

",i 1'From G.2.3.5.2(b} fp ='1 OB.l circumferentially and fp = 53.0 longitudinally, and from G.2.3.5.?/rl
l, '.'1 fp '" 52.810n{liludinailv. Prom r, 7 ? " ') _c ___ -'
.

- 1 "'" " -,-- .. -

'.V"'1"'. -

, -

-":"'.~~.l":r: ..

..... ,. '11~j~ifuary 1991

' H::ntIJru

': : ,

'SHeat!. sireS$'fOfm/1la~.
bue to:
IL
;
i torsi~~:,(Mr)
:'

'~.-

I,

';1:2\~'!illi' :

;,..:-=!~:n,;.rj L

"

A deflection is conSidered POsitive if it is away from the

centre of the sphere.

~.;; ,"uo,l!i:'
.... -nT"i..,~7'-'
: '.
" ! ' ';

",

II

. These forces and moments and the deflection of the shell

due to the load can be found in terms of the
non-dimensional parameters:

i cirhJrii14r~ht';al she'ar forc(J (Fe)

.dl~!l'l'IY'r'
. ::~",,..c
,fMt Ii '.
I,

.,

'1

j..

~.7C'dotf'ilfr-';., '.~ '.

.1.82x

S=_

I
kingitUdimil shear force (F L) :

=:zFJijiILt .

"I,'

Vrt

and

; 1(doT, Ii "

o
u =7.82r
-__

"

1; in general the sh~af force~ may be naglacted but where

the formulae' shown may be Used. Formulae G.2.3.5.3 (b)
G2.3.S.3(c) are from \VHC 107. do Is the outside diameter of
tha nozzle
~nd T1:= r, at the nozzle o.d. and T1 ;" Ta at a pad

.,

Or .,~:
'. : I .i
. on ~pl1erical shells, rigid attachments.

. ;O,d..

..

' this Ciause a~e not considered applicable

" , t h e ratici'foJr is larqer than oi1e~third. '

, deve/~pm~tit. This clause is cohcerned with

. ths stresse~and deflections duetol local radial loads or

shells~

'. 1h8ments on spherical

Because these are local in
ch<lracter ahd die out rapidly with ii1creasing distance
in the po)nt of application, the data can be applied to
'::llOcal loacis bh the spherical parts of presSUre vessel ends
i ail {;veil as t6 complete si)heres. . '
.
.;;,:,;
,I
.
I

'f' Fbr coiwimfence,!the loa'ds are considered as acting on a

:; '.':: pipe of radios ro which is assumed to be a rigid body fixed
:"",;, t6 the
This is thei condition for the majority of
::: practical cakes.:
.
.

sphet~.

Lb~ds ~ppli~d thrbugh squa're fittings of side 2C

can be

x
't~eated app~oxim~tely
;!',rd =C : .!
; as,distributed
.' over a circle of radius
x

", Loads applied thrbugh rectangular brackets of sides iC

x
. ,,' an~ 2C(J cari be treated approximatr'Y as distributed over
,a circle of radius 1"0 VC;C
'
.
Il
'.
forces and moments are set up in the wall of
vessei by any iocalload orimoment.

f~;'lowiri~

~cting

o~

Meridibnaln',omeni Mx:
per unit width
a
al se'ctio'n,:formec'l by the intersection of shell with
cone of semi-vertex \lngle
'

,t. ~ sin4: 1 !:.r (~ee. fig~res

G.2(23) and G.2(2?
'

';ircu~fere"tial mo:ment Mil: acting per unit width on

a meridional settion p~ssing through the axis of the

: ';sheU and the axis of the branch.
.'

.. h .:

',".:-.

, I"

,
Meridiohal membrane force! acting per unit width on
',' a normal Sectio,n as for the merk/ional moment Mx.
,'; (d) cirealmfereritial membrane fotce: acting per unit
,:width on a'minipional sectipn as dMined for the
CirCUmferential moment Mt/J.
'

i~

fuoment cons'idered as positive If It causes

sslon at th'e outside of the vessel.
. . embrane force is con'sidered as positive if it causes
!:~;fteihsiion' in the vessel waif.
!

'!":r;:;j>

: .

I:.

J,

.!

These two factors can be found quickly from the chart in

figure G.2(22J, given x, ro and the ratiorlt. :
The charts in G.2.4.2 and G.2.4.3 (figures G.2(24) to
G.2(28)) give graphs of non-dimensional functions of
these deflections, forces and moments plotted against the
parameter s for given values of u which have been derived
from [3) and [9).
The full curves in each set of graphs give conditions at the
s. The most
unfavourable combination of bending and direct stresses
is usually found here..
'
edge of the loaded area where u

i:

The dotted curves for particular values of u give conditions

at points in the shell away from the edge of the loaded
area where x is greater than r0 and u is therefore' less
than s.

Since the charts are non-dimensional they can be used in

any consistent system of units.
The stresses and deflections found from these charts will
be reduced by'the effect of internal pressure but this
reduction is smalr'and can usually be neglected in practice.
(See [8J and [9J.)
G.2.4.2 Stresses and deflections due to radial/oads. Figure
G.2(23) shows a radial load applied to a s'pherical shell
through a bra rich of radius ro'
The deflectic;]s, moments and membrane forces due to
the load W can be found as follows from figures G.2(24)
and G.2(25). For explanation of these Curves see G.2.4.3.
For an example of their use see G.2.4.4.

(a) Deflection from figure G.2(24) and the relation:

.
Wr
r5 = ordinate
of curve x _
Et2
(b) Meridional moment Mx per unit width from figure
G.2(25) and the relation:

Mx = ordinate of Mx curve x W
(c) Circumferential moment Mil per unit width from
figure G.2(25) and the relation:

Mil =ordinate of M", curve x W

(d) Meridional membrane force N per unit width from
x
figure G.2(25) and the relation:

N x = ordinate of N x curve x Wit.

(e) Circumferential membrane force Nil per unit width
from figure G.2(25) and the relation:

Nil =ordinate of Nil curve x Wit.

fi'/:W.
; I~ L

Yrt

0311

BS 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

Values of

88<t g0 8

!
/ '/
V

.LI
V/ -- ..
7
!7

V V
V

//

VV
'/
VI/ :/

V V V
l/ V V j

/l

V/

V
I

,V

V
,/(

:/

/'

,1'/

iA

,vi

1/

v
l/

/
/

1/

V
1/

1/

V
1/

V;

Vi

v
/

17

l7

!/

.j

l/
1/

V ~ rIA

V I, i/

'.V/ /

i
0"01

..'

1/

l/

~/

/
V

1/

/
V

/ 1/ V

/ V

//

5,

/ VV

/
Vv ~ V
V

..

17

VI/ /
VI/

2'0

V'

1/

vlV IV

o
l7

V/ /

3-0.
J

/I)

4-0,

!!

/
,

i/

'02

i
, 03

,0"1- 05 06'0708

01

0'2

03

0'4 0'5 0'60,0'8

~or~
r
r
;' Figure G.2(22) Chart for 'finding sand u

Ii . "

:"

!.

l.
1

0312

;!
"

;:
. .

mer[dionaJ

Ir-J.

'!

l \1 f'.

b"

1\

I
u=:O.l

!
I

,/
1;\

l\
i'\

'"

,,\

s=

u..,OJ;.

.~

u=

:/'\

I--:

1"'1-1-

Full Curve U=s

T"-

'0

05

1.0

found from figure G.2(22)

II

.~

1'1 ~

ji

f..~

1',.....

.v

u::l.5

/L

I-f"oiJ-. T"'~

r--;..; .

1.5

2.0

;,
"

I;

1.82ro

Vrt

u=03

,I" '\

1.82x

(Jr

2.5

3.0

!:r=;.~

3.5

1..0

0313

,.

I,.:

I!'
:,

':

----- . . .~. .~~~~.:;~z&.=~

. . ._~\:'~'t~~,C~~~tii0--.~.~~~:::;"'''-=~~=C~''~:'!f7"""=~~J~~~{f~~~:;jf~~
.....

~--:.'

_.

---------- .. - ._- .-.. _-._--- -----_.- .. __ ._ ... - .._.._---- .---_...---_ ..._..

.--

'" - 0,3
0,1,

Meridional momentMx

hIrt++-Ju=O.1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I
'-hO.3f--.j\-l.b~

m\l=l=l ~~"s

.!, f I !-+++-! ! 1

'.:.!','.

._... -.--_.- ---

-~:>""-_;~.

1.82x

s=

yrt.
1.82'0
u= - - {if

rn

... '

......

..

-~."7'":_::

LLitLI I 1111'- hMeridionaLfo~ceNx-

"_'h'

,:,'" , "

-09
r=r- foundfror'n figwe G.~(2.2)
u- .Irt~_~~",,~~~~~~~
u-15
TTl

u=.0.4

U'

1.82'0

u=

0.2

'.\\1

" ,- -.jrt

cu rve

Mx

1.82x

s=

! I

____

. ...,..;..::~;:..::,..~~

..

... _ .. --, .

found fromfigure~(1ZJ

0.1

ifllfl_,(U.:1
-

0.1!

!!

!!!

!!

0.5

I!

10

1.5

2.0

2.5

,3.0

3.5

4,0

I II I I I I [ I I I ! I I ! I I I I I I 1u=1.5

!!

!!!

0.5

I!!!!

1.0

1.5

!!

2.0

I!!

!!!

2.5

3.0

I!

:1

3.5

4.0

_ 0.2
Circumferential
. force N

u=0.1

s=

- 0.15

V
1.82'0
u= - - -

u=O,4

Circumferentialmome~o

s=~

u=0.1

yrt

i'

found from figure G.2(22)

u=0.9

1.82'0

u= - - -

:i

Vrt

-0.05

N-

rFull curve'

u s

1--

1"--

found from figure G.2(2Z)

=0.4

,u=l.5 , I--'-H

II'

u'

I I

'/

-]"
_.1' t--<I.l I" I

1.82x

'.

\rt

-0.1
Not

1.82x

-==-rt

I I

u=0.9
C;;-OJ

Full curve

0.05

u=s

0.5

1.0

2.0

1.5

2.5

3.0

3.5

4,0

00

:"-1~-

0.5

1.0

2.0

1.5

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

V>

C/)

C
CD

01
CJ1

0
(....0
Q)

::J

..,

Q)

Figure G.2(25) Moments and membrane forces in a spherical shell subjected to a radial load W

'<,

--

(0
(0

o
~

'*'

<0
<0

! ,

~i~I'i'~:.1 !'itIHi.'u~IvJ~n;a~~ 19~1:

.!.; .

,ij~l: ':j':INIH' il.' it, ! i ; .

"; '~'I'
"j i'"
,"'::i .."II '/'!! , ! . "
'!"! ~tl;:
iIH""
~I
_
.
r~n ~ 0.2.4.3 stresse~, deflebons an{i slopes,due tq an external
, ; Ji ~!il. ~l rilomen'i. Flgur~ G.2(26} shows an external moment

:,

il l

Ii :"~~;,~l~fPI~ed td ~ sP1~rjcal ~.hell thro!Jgh a branch of radius r

In this case the'ost/ectlons, mol'nents and membrane
;dlliJ1il!;ji
!H1li( forcfs dep~nd on the Clngle 0 as wall as on t.he distance x

I' "

The slope of the branch due to the external moment is

found from:

o'

. 01
'b=-

:.i~
. J ji!!f:!!if
j I;.~1.'.1 !I.!\.: from
f. r. o m. ~.h.e.. a~ls... o~.the br~. nCh, '.Th~y CBn be foun9 .as follows
figu~~s G.?-(27) and G.2(28). Fo~ explanations of
,.~ 'Hr":; tHese bUrves see G.2.~.1.
.

where 01 is the maximum deflection at the edge of the

branch for 0 = 0 and U::: s, i.e.:

liiW:t! 11:-:::; (a! Def/~:~tiO~s from figure 0.2127) ~f1d the relation:

,LJ
!/:.;:'
' .
:'~ir.;, ' . . . : ' , ! .
"
r " 'I ~
"'.
: L& it t ' "
0::: ordinate of curve x
:~~H"':"

r;~ 11i j: ir',

: ",:.

'

'I

(b) Meridional

':

J'

McoS(}-

1 :::

ordinate of full Curve in

figure G.2(27) for x='o

Et2

~oment Mx p~r unit width from figure

f:~ .111.;,:,: i.. ~; G.2(28): and t,he rela~ion:

('~i;-,Ii'
agE
fir ';"

Mx=9~dlnateofM~curvex
I'~;!dl~:,' . :lii!
.

McosO
____

Vrt

Pl'lliiir:!~[:::i '(c)
Circu~ferential moment
M~ per Uhit,\lyldth
from
fl' . G ""28) d h'
I"
.

~,~ 1(:iej't:;, gur~ ;~l

r", ..I:(:,lo""

an t e, re atlor:

N x meridional

i:l!f):;'::"'. i
:'
"Mcoso.
;(11'1':,:
M9I:=o~dlnate,of M~ curve x ____(d) Meridional membrane force Nx per unit width from
figure G~.2(28) and the reilltloil:
.

II(

"
. .
Mcos 0
Nx=ordiriateofNx:curve x : _ _ _~.
-.1 1
i t'vri-

CircJll1fer~ntiall11embranb

(e)
fprce N9I per unit width
. from ';figure
and
the rEilation:
'
.. 'G.2(28)
:
'
.
i:I'
l'
i!.'
;
.
McosO
N", ': ordinate of iVt/J curve x ___.__
! 't H;"~
1
tVii '
,

i ;1'i

r Ecjual and oppo~ite ma~imum vailies of ali the above

',ik: i)!; quantities oCcur,ln the r'llane ofthEl moment, i.e; where 0
)1,:, Iii (~~e fig~}\~'.2(~6))::: 0" and 0=.180.
"

Figure G.2(26) Spherical sheil subjected to an

external moment

1:/

.!i
~: . 1
" :

~!

. i,;'
r.
Ii!

Ii

.. ..'::.,1,;
,

I,

;- 0.4

.~I j!

i:

~!;

_l
I-

:J

u= J

.v

~0.3
I

M::If

f>

U=-(.1.

'.L I.'
Jt- t-

-0.2

/1-

u=

L~

l'

l- t-;- Furl curve

;-0.1 l- t- u='s i

1. 82ro

vlT

I'
1-

U=Q.9

CosO

'','1
:'1

vrt

1.--1 L":

.i:i', ,;

1.82x

s=

I'

found from figure G.2(22)

r-.... t-...

r-..

I'k"
f'

u_1.

:1

t'-t,..

b~

f':

t::,,"'"
1-

)-ot-

t-1""1"",

,':

:1"'

00

05

1.0

1.5

,-

2.0

2.5

WI G.2(2?~
Deflections
-:~!. I
; Of:3 sph,erical shell subjected to an external moment M

~.! f, i

. II

'1 Iii/I

I .

,.

3.0

3.5

4.0

0315

__ ' r

' _ ... , . . . - ......... .......-...... .

~_~.---=:,.-,"""":;:.~~~;.;::.-:.~~.

.:'.:0;;~~.r~"'?_V;~,'.3c-.~;c;~;;.~:.;:~~;~~:~~2:~:;~~;?;~~-~:.~7-t=~2i~:~f:.~?~?y-~~~~'I~:~,~~~:r~~~~~jJN2~~;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~!;~~!~~
~.-,.....:...

... .

:...: ...:...,.._.:.... .-:: _....:..

...::",.:.:"

'.';:;.;~

.-~:,.--:-.---: .. '-'-"'''-/:"''~''

-'-.:-:-'- "-:. '::-.::::-: :=--::.:-::.:~: .:=::::-::::::=-.::-.--.-.:-::=.==-:====_-::==:.~- ~:=.~-=_;:-.::;'~:'7.-:.::;.~.;~~.=:;:~i~~:.:~;;:,.::;;:;-.:.~:;;;:;::

3.0
.
. - -_., ... , .....

FH IIIIII r 118
.. -.25 ~ Ii t ! !ill HW_s::

Meridioflal moment Mx

2..9.

111

Mx

cos 0

1.5

Full curve.
u=s

I 11'1 I

_._:

- 0 . 2 : - ....... -

. {:.rt-

O}

- 0.15.

u-09

s=

..

vrt

2-- ., ---." - .-. ,_.... ."- ,,"

vrr

1.8 ro

'-irt

. - ',-- Q.1
NxJ
'irt
.

M
cos O

rtT\ 1111II11111111 i 1111 j 11111111

1.5

2.0

VI

u::01

'

'li I
-0.05RTfI

,'~

four:ld fro'.l;Ji~ulreI ~.12 (i2 12)

I
I r I
I
. I

'~I

-->-;, ~
! .-.1. . . 'i"1>0,1
'l-.: ;;;: 0';'

TT11

i 1IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIu~l~PhFttlli1mm
i-

11111111111111111'1-111

1.0

."

u=Ol.kI-~I-4,..JGI-I-~~

........ . , , . !

0.5

Full curve
u-s

1.82ro
u= --

0:_,

0.8

.---~,..-

~.er~~i~8n2a~ rne.rnbrane.~r,~.: ~~l'-

1.82x

Ilfo~ndf~om fiaure G.2(221i

1.0.~uln

0.9

.... -

.. ;;;:-::.~:::--~;~~:~.~;;~~;;:-.- . "'- ---'~--:.-:====='===-::-:

00

0.5

1.5

1.0

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

2.5

JO

s
0.6

I III ) I lJu=O.l

MtiJ
M

111
cos

(.;JrCumTerentlal membrane torce IV')

- 0.25

0.5

1.82x

u::O.l

e
Circumferential moment Mr!J

04

s=
0.3
u=

0.2

1.82x

yn
1. 82ro

Not

'irt

Va

cosO

found from figure G.2(22)

HrlJ I fMdu~~.4~.rnu::151 I I I I I I
0.11 I I I I I 11J I I

1~.lIA

I I I I X I I 1.1 I I I I I I

-0.20
-0.15
-0.10

11111111TfOflt11

05

10

1.5

2.0

\,rt
1.82ro
u= - - {it

::0.4

found from figure G.2(22)

::09

(f)

fN*,~";
2.5
3.0

u s
0.5
1.0

co 0,.
_..... 0
01

u::15

Full curve

,-0
III

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

::J

-<~

.....

=igure G.2(28) Moments and membrane forces in a spherical shell subjected to an external moment M

o
w
~

en

co

~ CIl

-0.05

Full curve I I I I~.u r/.>'N.,LI I I I I I I I I

OH u

s= --::=-

co
co

co

co~.

.;

Wr =
When deflection = - 0.022 . __
Et2
- 0.022 x 4500 x 1250
1.86 x 10.5 x (12.5)2

- 0.00425mm

Interpolating similarly in figure G.2(25) gives:

Mx

_ 0.01;

~=+0.005;
W

N t
= - 0.04; ~=+0.015;
W
Whence the:
meridional moment Mx = - 45 N'mm/m m ;
circumferential momentM=+22.5 N'mm/m m ;
meridional membrane forceNx = - 14.4 N/mm;
circumferential membrane force N =+ 6.25 N/mm
The resulting meridional stresses are:
- _
14.4
6_
x 45
at the OUtSI'd e fx= _
_ + _
_
12.5
(12.5)2
=-1.15+1.73=+0.58N/mm 2
at the inside Ix = - 1.15 - 1.73 = - 2.88 N/mm2
The resulting circumferential stresses are:
. 10 =
at the outside

+6.25
6x22.5
_
____
_ __

12.5
(12.5)2
=+ 0.5 - 0.865 = - 0.365 N/mm2
at the inside fill = + 0.5 + 0.865 = + 1.365 N/mm 2
Hence the deflection and stresses due to the load are
negligible at 225 mm from the centre of the branCh,
which illustrates the local nature of the stresses.
G.2.4.4.2 A moment of 1.13 x 10 5 N'mm is applied to the
branch in example G.2.4.4.1. Find the maximum
deflection, the maximum stresses next to the branch, and
the rotation of the branch due to this moment,
ifE= 1.86x 105N/mm2.

As before - = 100; ~ = 0.06, and, next to the branch,

s = u = 1.09 (from figure G.2(22)).
The maximum stresses and deflection are at 0= 0;
:. cos 0= 1

From figure G.2(27) ,5 = _ 0.17 x

MCOSO/[
r

Et2
- 0.17 x 1.1,3 x '10 5 x 1 x 10
1.86x 105 )( (12.5)2
:. Maximum deflection = - 0.0066 mm

The deflection at 0 = 180, on the opposite side of the

branch, will be + 0.0066 mm.
From figure G.2(28)
Meridional momentMx = 0.175 x

McosO

,iii
0.175 x 1.13 x 10 5 .

{"125o ~i 2."5
158 N'mm/m m

0317

BS 5500 : 1991
I.ssue 1, January 1991
..

I.

I"

,: f erentla
'
. I moment
.I
MOO
cl,rcum
= '. 55 x
i

M_
cos_ 0
_

higher in the nozzle wall thah in the vessel shell, ~specially

for very thin nozzles. These are not considered fot die
rM"f.lI1!1 ~tAI!'IfI in rQ1),

~~

=4$.5 N'mm/mm

i " , membrane
' force N ==' - 0.1 2 9 _
M_
cos_ 0
Mendlonal
x

, tVit

G.2.5.1.2 Notation. For the purposes of G.2.5 andG.2.6,

which are applicable to radial nozzles only, the followin9
symbols apply:

~- 9.3 N/mm

C lI'cum
,, " f1!U'!)t'lt,lI
'
"', mem
, b fene'orc!t
' f " N",,,,._ 00"'"
McosO
, ""
'_
.

i,

j"

tv~

= - 2.81 N/mm
i 'The h,aximLm stresses are the resulting meridional
ii: : stresses given by:
;

N ~ 6Mx =; - 9:3 6 x 158

: t j t2
12.5
(12.5)2

;:

fx 'f=

;:

:,i,i) : attheoutsidefx=_ 0.74- 6.04=

,
2
l.

- 6.78 N'/mm (Compression) ,

, 1/'1'

at:the inside

! j:: (t~nsion) i '

is a factor;
is the external moment applied at nozzle (in

N'mm);

i~

I i x'

K
M

f~:: -'.. 0,74 + 6.04='+ 5.3 N/mm 2

is the internal pressure (in N/mm 2);

is the radial thrust applied at nozzle (in N);

R
r

is the mean radius of nozzle (in mm);

is the shear load applied at nozzle (in N);

T'

is the local wall thickness of shell, adjacent to

nozzle (in mm);
is the wall thickness of nozzle (in mm);

: '1 ,The ~Iope of thl'! bratlch due to this moment will be:
;. 6,

i'
.;

ib~

ji

. 0.0066

-=

'0

jR

. tenon
h
d'Imenslona
.
I parameter= _r _
IS
R'IT'
is the maximum stress due to local loading (in
2
N/mm );

,
1"8.8x10- 5 radians

75

is the circumferential stress (in N/m m 2);

is the meridional stress (longitudinal in a cylindrical
shell) (in N/mm 2 );

: <3.2.5 local loads on spherical shell/nozzle attachments

G.2.5.1 Gen'eral.

) G.2.5.1.1 Introduction. The method of calculating local

I stress leveb', at a nozzle Junction is based on data given in
[25)., Using Fhis data itis possible to estimate the
maximum stress which can o'CCur at a sphere/nozzle
atta~hment:dLJe to the application of internal pressure,
thrust, external moment and shear force. The method
'.; ~overs both.f/ush andpr~truding nozzles. In the original
Work the nozzle length is treated as semicinfinite without
any restriction on its: length. It is, however, considered
hecessary til stipu/ars a, lower limit on the internal
protrusion equal io \21 r, Nozzles with internal protrusion
'less thari {iii should
treated as flush nozzles. In this
kome additional conservatism will be introduced for
, ; those protruding nozllos where the internal projection
'! does 'not satisfy this recommendation.

b/3

:way

::.

!':;AiI the stress concentration factors given in figures

.' : G.2(29) to G.2(36) inclusive /lre based on the maximum
: ;piincipal strilss theory.
'
!.:.

'The stress ci)ncentratibn factors given in G.2.5.2

:. ;ioG.2.5.7 are based data obtijined for a sphere of
:66nstant thi,;kness T: whereas ih practice T'is looked
'as the jocal shell thickness adjacent to the nozzle,
' ,the niain vessel being of a smaller thickness T. For these
leurves to be valid the tbickness of the shell should
be
:reduced to Twithin a distance Hasdefin~d in 3.5.4.3.4.

~ri

:~pon

n~t

:I! .

,Work in pro"ress shows that when,the vessel thickness is

'reduced fro~l'T'to Tat d distance Hfrom 'the nozzle,
highe:r stresses than thbse given in .figures G.2(29) to
G.2(36) inc/usive may OCcur for small values of p and high
value~ of tiT'. Further guidance cannot be given at the
, 'prese'nt stage.
'
"

. :Ihis procedure provides a method of computing

maxirYlUm stresses which Occur in the shell rather than in
the nozzle. In some instances calculated stresses may be
I'

"

, I

'

is the mean radius of spherical shell (in mm);

is the yield stress in simple tension (in N/mm 2 );

m,m o ar~,the external moment shakedown factors;

APo

are the internal pressure shakedown factors;

q,qo

are the radial thrust shakedown factors.

G.2.5.2 Maximum stress at a spherelnozzle junction due to

application of internal pressure. Figure G.2(29) gives plots
of stress concentration factors (s.c.f.s) against the
non-dimensional parameter p for various nozzle/shell wall
tiT' ratios for flush nozzles. The maximum stress, I1 , is
max
then calculated by multiplying the s.c.f. thus obtained by
the nominal pressure stress given

PR
I1max =.S.C.f. x 2T'

by

PR, i.e.:
2T'

Figure G.2(30) gives similar plots for protruding nozzles.

Before using figure G.2(30) a check should be made to
ensure that the internal nozzle protrusion is equal to or
greater than \2r t; if it is not figure G.2(29) should be
used as for a flush nozzle for obtaining the s.c.f.
G.2.5 ..3 Maximum stress at a spherel(lOzzle junction due to
application of radial load or thrust: Figure G.2(31) gives
plots of s.c.f. against the non-dimensional parameter p for
flush nozzles. The maximum stress is calculated by
multiplying the s.c.f. obtained from figure G.2(31) by:
Q

berT' \

IR.
r'

I.e.

.
O'max=s.c.f.x
-Q-

jR

berT'

T'

Figure G.2(32) gives similar plots for protruding nozzles.

Before using figure G.2(32) a check should be made to
ensure that the internal nozzle protrusion is equal to or
greater than \ 2r t ; if it is not figure G.2(31) should be
used as for a flush nozzle for obtaining the s.c.f.

0318

~ii" 'lfj'!,';i~,I:l::;,b~OO: 1991.

ml
1991
;\;,1~~,)"f!\OsSUe'l,/JanUary
r.,11fJ""!' , ','I /'"
I
'
" l",f'

lI

~I

I~"I

I,

~I,j

l.I"

' i

' J ' ,

']"l'I,", :' ",

:1fl'
Ut ~ G,2.5.4Maximum stre,ss at a sphere/nozzle j~nction due to
11 11

:
1'I~{
1

:(

' .

.1, applic8ti6h of external.moment. FOrflush nozr' es the

maximum stress at a sphere/nozzle
can be

/ :

, ~i !!~l
r

junctio~

il~1
'I /:, :!I;de,termi~~d by, using ~igure. G.-?(3). The first, step is to
I;!~l~ , {111 ,;,j' read off t,He s.c.f. for the approprrate vessel nozzle
!f~l~ :;~1~ ':1 geOmetry; The.maximum stress ,is then obtained by

'*

I1ji~ , ~' multiplying th~ S.c.f. thus obtained by the factor:

J~n:1
:~(}iJ~ lit,,!
f,,;; ~J

'I

;~,:i'I~;VI Ii!'
~,
jlj'i'

-_

V' R I ,

'i'e

,'nrZT'
T"','
i ' .. '

l.;ff'l"! !~;i -;.,:,. ' o r ' .

M L~
i,tn /.;. , ' ...".,.m.>I"'S,i!!.t.~,~ ~

'n

II~I~!"
jl.~ ;i )fl ..i ,:r)igJ,e~ k
l

.'" ' ."."

ll,;i

..

i'.

'

,.

s~milai PI~ts

r2T'

T'

n~zzles.

..; '(34};gi:es
for protruding
,
.
,.
.
B sfore using figure G..'2(34) a check should be made to

~l~!I, ill P

!~j ! J;ii;.j~.n.s u. re,that theJ~t~r~?' nOZZI~.fj rotrusion is. equal to or

~"'I ~j'i greate~ than ,/~r t; If It not, figure G,2,133} sr be
I

i[1

IS

~.~ j, p,:! :,j~sed as for a flush nozzle for obtaining the s.~.f.
~I~ 11,IWI::$J.q2,5.~Maximl!m strefs at 8 sphere/nozzle jurction due to
Ould

if',J ;;/r. Ii ,.. fi.:PP". 'c8:iOj!,Of sbear loa,d. Figure G.2(35) Should?e used for

~f$ljult;: aetermlnlng the s.c.f. for flush I1Ozzles. The maximum

il~:;.i I. :; (H'; ~tre~~,a*ic/ i,s ~~en c<ilcuiatedby mUltiplying :~e s.c.f.
n~Jldi::ii:' ~,bfal;~~d II) t~~flfst step by the factor S/2nrT, I.e.: .
,.:;:1.

:it1il:~J;;'
Cilak~J.h'x;~:
~mlhf';;'"
i'
2nrT,
"i!

.'

iJW:ff'; IFiQure G.~(36) ~ives sllnilat plclts fur protrlJding nOil:zles.

iiJlih,.i Before uSing figure G.1!(36) a check should be made to

tfflili.!i) ( . ensure that the length of the internal nozzle protrusion is

:j',.I,.t.11!it.
rt" !.'.' equal to o(great.er thail ::-.rt-; if it is not, figure.G.2(35)

I~I; e!}. ~hould ?~r~Sed;as for a, flush nozzle for obtaining the S.c.f.

G.2.5.6 MaximUm stress 8t a sphere/nozzle junction under

combined loading. For a conservative estimate of the
stresses occuring under the action of combined loading
the maximum stresses obtained from each of the
individualioadi89s should be added together. This will
always be conservative because the maximum stresses
for individual loadings may OCcur at different locations and:
different directiqns (all and/or Ci ).
z
G.2.5. 'I Stresses away from the loaded area. The method
given in G.iil.9., end G,~,i.6 for. !'laIAwls.llng li;)(llli IIttl!iq~\>!I
at a sphere/nozzle junction caters for the maximum
stress levels only. No information is given on stresses
away from the 'Ioaded area.
Stress distributions in the vicinity of the sphere/nozzle
junction are required in cases where other loaded areas
are in the proximity to the one under consideration. It is
proposed to use the data already available in G.2.4 to
determine these stresses. The assumption here is that.
although the magnitudes of local stresses may differ, the
plot of stress level versus distance from loaded area
remains basically similar. The stress distribution away
from the loaded area can then be calculated by the
procedure outlined in G.2.4 and the values so obtained are
to be multiplied by a factor K, Where K is the ratio of Ci
,
as determined in G.2.S, to the stress at the edge of themDx
attachment. as calculated in G.2.4, where applicable.
This method is conservative, but an alternative approach
is available in [231.

il~r' ',::i':!I;
~;::

i,;L!

,.
:.

\.

I.:

;;'

. II"
;

1,.
"

i!

:",

;,' . r r~
" ..!

'to;

f'

i!

:. i :~.:.; .

i I.r.H '

. i/

.!'; !.!;.!: ;~

:1':,:/:/..1;';

;:
,

.1

,'i!i; .

n//' ~;
..

'I' '

,:

. ii

Ii"

ii .

Ii,

I'

!'

Ii
i:

["

I,

0319

as 6600:

1991
Issue 1, January 1991

12
,

---~-."-]',
--.-~-

"I'rJ
III
-'-

.... -. --".,- ."....

..

10 f - - . -

"

~-- ~p'
8 f--------i

.,..:

...

./'

, 0.01

t.....--"

r- t-

V/ V' V

V/ /-

1/

~-I-

V
,

.~ /
/

vi-'

'r--

i
I - t-

',0

V
I---

/.

l--Y
VV
V

t---V V v v

-.,_.

~
J
//v

-.-

V
!
.,'

E
17rI

'--,

[I-

~::~-

~,=1.0--..,

~-

"

- '7-,=0.25

t"T' =0.5-

'4

.-- ".

--

:'

-r, ~A

~-

f------

t '

.. - _.. _-

._-

._.

------ ---

-,

I
"

..

0'. _ _

.....

"

.-

i ,
0.10

p=

r
R

1.0

JR

10.0

T'

;.

I" .

It

Ii

p=~JR
R

T'

: rigure G.2(30) f~aximum stress in sphere for internal pressure (protruding nozzles)
"

:j';

0320

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

"'J~

Th;u~t loading is Q.

, '. '. \

'

j'::

I.

,. ' , . .

, 4 r-"'~ ,
\:

;.

:.

'.

"I"' ..

t/r'= 0I ,

:I

ji

v~

".-

"" ...~ .. 1-~~

....;""

~-:...::.--

"

i"'L

---

----..... -.......
~

y
I----

:..--!f-'-

--- J

f.-,-

~
b ....gO 150}~f.T
30
f ~
-n---....I III
k . . . . 90' 150}~/f7
/T:i 1.0_ _
- 1'-30
u =::---.

I 1_\~,=0.5

Miximum stres:es

.,
;

0.01

I?kl;-

K,,,-

/'

/r,::O.25

. )

"'-"=......,..-

.i

3
\'

..

:1

'

=1

0.1

i'

-.

p=

~ f7f
R ';T'

10.0

/.0

!"
Figure G.2(31) ~aximum stress in sphere for thrust loading (flush nozzles)

4 ..---

....:
rj
oj

:i

:1

I
; t/T;=O,,-

r----....

~T,::0.2"

i;

/'

..
"J"

~
/' t>./

--

./
,/

::~ ~

iI

'~~

[Y /1I

30

Y,r~~ ~

11 T,

II::::::::::--~ .-.-c-- 7
-f'~,::O.5
~ --Maxini'um
stresses
..;---

i,' ..

.......

"'-3D

..

.......
t::::"

90

150}R/T ,

___ llLU
I" 90 150 )R/T'

r-----.. I'-

0.1
p=
i:",;

1::;;I!.,-'

/R
R';r

1.0

10.0

Figure G.2(32) Maxim.um stteils'Jn sph,ere for thrust loading (protruding nozzles)

.
;J;

0321

:;:

.;

; ~I

f.f~

BS 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

il
:1'
,t

~I :..:{.~;.i f

lL:.'.:{.:'.''..

j'~;iWil'"

~-

'! ~

<.(

<itllf 1,1;, F ,J;: i

';j':

iiii~iU;!(/'

,
,

...:

~~

1;

-~,1-<1'-'

, 0.01:,

~
p-

~V1po

.. ~.

-..;::;-

J.,.<:-

li.Y

r l =1.0 "30

,--........

, I I 1'1

90 150}R/r ,

rv-~1~5

Ma~imum stres~s

0.1

1.0

~/R

p=

R'

!~'>~1!: !.'

--- 3~ r--.'

90' 150}R/r'

~V

k"L V

f'--.....

tV~I"O,i2S ....

IIlit4i!>

~T'=O

.-

.,"

i,'!

:Vlti!li
;;
L'~1!i":', .'.

10.0

T'

j.

Figure G.2(33)
stress in sphere for moment loading (flush nozzles)
, Maximum
.!
I

2
~,

u;

ci

--

U-

- t-j - --

(-J
I/

i;.

,~

"

:.,.

J-'

0 '-0.01

_---

---

--

---'
1/-- ____
.

f-._-

..

~
r--::::-30

I/V

t/r'-- 0

m:

..

r , =0.25~ ~

V vV
V

1--1-"

.L t2 v~~K
-~
/r,=0.5

~r;

.~ V

90 150}R/ T
,

I ill
-....
!/r' =1.0'1'-30 "'~o- 150}R/T'

-.

J--.

Maximum stresses

I
0.1
p=

~jR
R

1.0

10.0

T'

Fig,ure G.2(34) Maximum stress in sphere for moment loading (PiOtruding nozzles)

,i,

,,

';:

0322

::

\ "

r'
,;
'.,

~!

I:

G/43

1\

"

,
0
.

,I.,
~
"

-.-

"

0 ,.
:;i
i I~
i

i D"
J .:

--

-.J,

..

YTI=O~

..
--

.'-1--,

~TJ!: 0

~w,

1-1--

-_.

--. .-.

------

-.

',- I-- I- -

r- I--

..

'I
\ 1\
-\ \'

/T/~O.25

l =1.0

.~
_.

\J'r

~ ~

\ \
\ \

1\-

T \

-- -;..:... I-- I-','

1\

\
I
I
I- I
I I '

j-- f--

------_..

I--

\
.\ \
\
\
\.
\ \
'\
'\.\

'"

._-

--- -- --

'0....... "r:::::

'-..

0323

~L~ ".'~''!!lijI.,~r'i~.i.L
.i;
-.!~ ~!.}t-i~'li1:
~

. i :

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

'., 1I'\1I,I:,:.j,

! '~,):ri~)!
'1' ~l l, !i~1 ~ ~ ::P!
,:
1 '!!ill~ll~I;: ,;
'I'!I~ 'll,~fi
ll;i~: '~' ";'
,. ,',"
f

AA~I

~~.

G.2.6 Spherical shells: shakedown loads for radial

nozzles

1:

G.2.6.1.1Intrbducti(j~.'AIi

thE) shakedown loads given

in G.i.S.2 t6 G.2.B.5Ilre based on the maximum shear
stresS criteria.
'

j'

~ II 1/"::'
:n.:llll:. ':;!.: ~

Hll .:.;

'For

!idl~l Ii
~rm~"

;',i:it

'~l iti

ve~sels ~ubjEicte~ to cyclic loading, be it pressure,

: radiai ioad, oxternal rnoment or any combinfltion of these,

0i

'.

is essentlt:ll to havll

a knowledge of the shakedown limit

I'; order to p'r/lVent pla~tlt: cycling or incremental collapse,

Ii:!!

'~l :j,,11 :H,i,i

i~lll(~ IT:'H!;"

~:i:i.'I.:;."

. .

i~~~~i~~;g~~ig~:i~:g~!;~i~if!J:I'rh'

<~! method giv~n does not necessarily imply a limited plastic

:1,;] "'~fQ~tii9~ig~ bef",re shakedown is aohieved,

:!lfrk.\.f'
~,t l' ~ i11!; 01.1: T,
J . ,I.

~l.~c~t~~~~~~Wyc~eCso~~pit!~~~nOga:nQ~~J~ya~~.f; ~~~~~~i~~s

tfJ ::! i ,:. '':~

I~rlrt Iigij'

!".,~;- !li.
,!;.,. .iJ, ..

:,:,,1,'.,.1
: :,'.!. . ;.,,. :,.:!'
. .:';!:.':!..

i!,."i'.i...

. .

'~

t~l

I""

','

'1"11,1,

i.;\/.i Ii!:,

if

,,:. 1.',.;'.
.

The ;nethocl of predicting shakedown factors for internal

:1/i

~m~~~~iiI~Jl~~~~:~?g~i4~~~~~ilL

: Whe~e the various

. ii: .

Nozzle~

. ' The $hakedown factors given in G.2.6.2 to G.2.S,5 are

:based on data obtai~ei:J for a sphere of constant thick~ess

' ]j:~

: T: whereas 'in practice T'is looked upon as the local shell

thickness adjacent t6 the nozzle, the main vessel being of

smaller thickness T. For these curves to be valid the
thickness of the shell should not be reduced to T'within a
distahce H as defined in 3.5.4.3.4.

j 1i: !U .

III

il:!

G.2.S.1.2 Notation, For the purposes of G.2.6 the symbols

, are as defin~d in G.2.5.

: G.2.~.2 Sha~edown fector for internal pressure loading,

; Figures G.2/37) and G.2(38) should be used for
.! : determining' the shakedown factors under internal
: presi;ure COhditions ,for fiush and protruding nozzles
, ;:
;. :.
, resp(lctively.
: !

m!, !'

l,:;!i: .~:: . "

bl;
iiU~

j~f

'i~
k;

.-"'. ~
,.~li;

Q_jR

q= _l___
27f ra v

(GA)
T'
G.2.6.4 Shakedown factor for-external moment. Figures
G.2(391, G,2(41) and G,2(43) should be used for
.
calculating the moment shakedown factor m for flush
nozzles. For protruding nozzles the corresponding plots for
the shakedown factor are given in figures G.2(401, G.2(42)
and G,2(441.
The moment shakedown factor can be defined as:

m-

M
7(2 T'a y

JR

T'

(G,5)

G.2.6.5Interaction between shakedown factors under

combined loading conditions, For the case of the combined
loading condition, [27J gives the following equation so
that the overall shakedown condition is obtained:.

I! :l.

The radial thrust shakedown factor can be defined as:

lower limit eon the length of the nozzle internal protrusion

to v7Ji.
with internal protrusion less than

. H ,\2)

G.2.6.3 Shakedown factor for radial thrust at e nozzle. The

relevant shakedown factors for flush and protruding
nozzles subjected to radial loads (radial with respect to the
vessel) should be determined from figures G.2(39),
G.2(41) and G.2(43) and from figures G.2(40), G,2(42) and
G.2(44) respectively.

the interaction between any of these loading conditions

(ift should be treated as flush nozzles. By doing so,

; some additional conservatism will be introduced for those
i protr~ding nozzles where the internal projection does not
satisfy thesfnecommendations.

'

(G.3.)

2T'a y

Before using the relevant figures for the protruding

nozzles, a check should be carried out on the nozzle inner
p~ojection, If this is less than {if i then the corresponding
plots for flush nozzles should be used in determining the
necessary shakedown factor.

i equ~1

~'iI"
f,.j!
'.

I~abing conditions occur

~~;::~J~:~~;,::~;i;;~;:~,: ~~:::,",~i:~::~~~t~ ,

p=

the aforementioned jndividualloeding cqnditions.

:simultaneously a simple formula is given that considers

'I

t'

!; : I

it

f!: ;i;
,;'i,:.:.'.,,:,.':'Ij,.i .

: tr;o~: I:~:~;!~~:~a~;~:~:, ;~enft:~:~~. ~eformation

11

~1~:jl;I;': It('1 . If I: .

and

The pressure shakedown factor can be defined as the

ratio of thl'i nominal pressure stress in the spherical shell
to the value of yield stress in the spherical shell to the
value of yield stress in simple tension, I.e.:

Po

qo

=-:- + =-:- +

m
=mo

~ 1

(G,S)

In this equation the values of Po, ifo and iii 0 are read off
from figure G.2(37) to figure G.2(44) inclusive for the
appropriate vessel/rozzle geometry, while p: qand iii are
as derived from the relevant equations (G.3), (GA) and
(G,5).
Where the conditions are such that the relationship given
by etJuation (G,6) is not satisfied then a revised
nozzle/shell geometry (increased vessel shell or branch
wall thickness) should be used and the procedure
repeated until equation (G.6) is fulfilled.

0324

,
"

j
;

';,,':'!

;:l.

"

j
~;,

.'

~
'~
.j

I", r-..

r--

"~

!.
." !;

~'\

\\\

"-

"" ""

,
'i

001
:

.:'

. i'

. ~..

,
I

""

:~'" ~

~ "\ ~ K FYr;=30)
-- 0
",," ~ '\ f'.. t- ~ol t//r,-I.

:
!

,0.10

1.0

1
~

I ITT

~
~

1'--1'-.
r-..

:;

Protruding nozzle

.......

,,

p =

~J;,

f'-..,

~150

f" 1<:lU
90,150 } Yr'=0.50
r...~

Vr':O.25

Tf1l o
10.

0325

,':;

..

FROM

PHONE NO.

IRAM

Aug. 19 1999 10:37AM P2

384 8841

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

m
\
q
2.0

._..

'

...

I I
(t7'" 0.25)

I [ IIIII
Flush

- 1\

5.0

nO~ili

.-

"

..~

4.0

",

vMom~nt

1.5

~,
~'
Thrust/

1.0

~~

0.5

~30 V' 90
I~

['..;

t-150

2D

rtl III
.-+---"30
I ....-:::

I'b-

9~50

II

o0,01

3.0

Ii
0.10

1.0

1.0

10.0

Figure G.2{39} Shakedown values for thnlS't and moment loadings {fll.lsh nozzle}

Figure G.2(40} Shakedown values forthrU&t and moment loadings (protruding nozzle)

0326

ji~.W.!t
jf:~ !lJ
jr i:-

~I;.

Issue 1i January 1991

,":i','

'

;!:;t

d 11

J\ \' i ~ .:\i

j!;,\H'.

~\~ i~ii

hln

--~.--.

1\

2.0

,
i

f\

1.5

f\
~)'f'\1\

Th r us!

~ r l.C

--~- '

R/r/:30

V
~~~
0~

,,\r\
'-.

r" f'.

-'-_._-

0.5

4.0

Moment

'('I"

liit;:

~I~~~ nozzl1e (Y~/ :Io.~o) \

1\

m
5.0

i-'

""'~

3.0

,,0

v' 150'
,/'

2.0

--- :::::~?o

15C

--

1.0

. ,

iI

1\

\
/v

..

, , ~Moment

!
i

/:'
Thrust ;

!
,

.j

: 0,10

.;.:

I,

4.0

/-r':} 0

90

150

V ~V

--:,

c::1"

"'-..,

~~
~

r--..

/.

'

,I

(Vr,: 0.50)

~ "-.... \
,

I I I I II

Protruding nozzle

..

m
5.0

/30 90
150

~V~~

3.0

2.0

1.0

,
1.0

10.0

0327

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

~(USlh nozJ, tJrl J1.~)1

\i

m
5.0

;. 2.0

.,

.;.

1\

r-- : - . -.

. 1.5

>
Thrust;

1.0

~\

4.0
Moment

7 /=30 90V ~150

\
"'--.

~~

............. ~

-~

~ ....
0.5

3.0

2.0

30 90

~150

P"-

1.0
.'

,
. 0.10

1.0

10.0

=~ (R

RVr'

Figure G.2(.43) Shakedown values for thrust and moment loadings (flush nozzle)
.

,.'

m
,.-,-,-,5.0

,r-r-

II

I~I---'---J
i' ..--,----i--r---f--r--t--r:-r-rr---...---r---r--r--r-l
1I
l 1--"-11"----i:
,::1{ ;'
Protruding nOZZleS(~TI=1.0)

:2'0

'
I-'---+"--'-f--'-\'[,-1-H-++l1,J,--\--+-l---+---f---1H-+-+-t_--+R

~~

::: ,

'I

7;~?:~0

\(vMomoot

4.0

; 1.5 r,.---1.:,---t--__t_!--NI\H-H~_\_\__t_--t--+-1--H+H-__+~--!--?i7'v'-+-f-H+H 3.0

1\
~~
:0:5 ~;--+---.:-1--+'-+-+-W-l-+---.c--l---I--;['.,H--li'-i'-rnq:=~~''==+~~~--l--V~IW--l-l1.0
,1.01--'--tl-+-T,cost V

: " '-

"K"

j;

k::~

30,90

f:::: '"

~V/

2.0

150

I'

i!
f;
j:

!,

0.
0 01

0.10

1.0

I'
I.

i Figure G.2(44) Shakedown values for thrust and moment loadings (protruding nozzle)
i

0328
.J",;

G/49

11~;liIJili!'~!J:j;' bbUU: 19~1'

~I~ II: f:! ;/ssue 1, January 1991

1j~iFII:~:l!"i;

: :.

:,

:Uflr irU l' G,2,7 The effect of external forces and moments at
I'~IIJIII r:branches. Large external forces and moments can be

'(d) shock loads due to liquidhamm<l{ Qr surging of the

br~nche:3

'I

vessel contents;

:W/iii::iapPlied to, the

of vessels by the ther.mal
:/'11 I\! >,movements of plpework.
,

,1'

; 'ji f~j I !'Th stresses due to th;lse are likely to be greatly

:/f~j :l;j' ov;restimated iT the f?:rces in the pipe sys~erri are

(e) forces due to differential expansion between the

vessei and its supports.

G.3.1.2 Notation. For the purposes of G.3 the following

:1/)1 IV; i: determined by assumlllg that the connection to the vessel

symbols apply.

~:~H' :I~';i'; More accurate values <f the terminal forces and moments
!~~! i ,:1 r can be found if the deflection due to a unit radial load and
I~Ulil) ::; the slopeli due to unit Iphgitudinal and circumferentia!

is the area of effective cross section of stiffener

from horizontal vessel (in mm2);

is the distance from saddle support to adjacent

end of cylindrical part (in mm);

is the mean depth of dished end of vessel

(inmm);

Jrlijj :1;':1; is'equivalept to an anc\lOr in tho p.ipe system.:

!~l, ;!.'~.d!.:.:; rfloments distributed over the ~rea of the branch and Its

;~rd:J!!F reinforcen:'ent are known.

.
/jrmr: !Ji These can: be fo:und for; agiVen vessel ahd.bra~ch by the
i.

':{!L;~; or:. methods given tn G.2.2.3 and (1,2.3 for (:yhndncal vessels
IiI''WL; and by methods given In G.2.4.2 arid G.tz.4.3 for spherical
t, ,W~:, vessels. Experirt,ents In the USA, c/Iscussed in [17], have
I;: did!. Ii; shown that slopes and deflections Calculated in this way
~HI'f!':;;

~h1ii}!;)
H

b1
bZ

is the axial width of saddle support (in mm);

=b 1 +10t

is the distance from centroid of effective area of

stiffener to she" (In mm);

are constants;

are sufficiently accurate for pra(:tical purposes except that

the slope of a branch due to a circumferential moment is
about 75 % of t~e calculated value because of the effect
local stiffening by thu metal of the branch ..

is the half length of rectangular loading area in

longitudinal direction (in mm);

WJi .:: ;
~1i4lit: ~

::~lJH@:i~' .,Vhen th~ loads from tr,e pipework are known, the local
t/:;.1Ni.!"

;-jrti:1 ~
:r;'!:"ti t
r;!'i'':.

:/'1/;:;::;:

!:'ij)::.
;'i;::::

F;!;;!i;

'.fl';!}i

': Ii -,' i'

is the halflength of rectangular loading area in

circumferential direction (in mm);

stresses In .the vessel she." can be foUl,? by the methods

given in G.2, except that, Iii a brtlllch Wlt~ ali external
compensating ring of thickness'tz subject to a
circumferentIal rhomen! there is all additional
circumferential inoment in the shonat the edge of the
reinforcingting to N"h/4 and (17) recommends that this
smount should be added to the value of MI/J calculated
iriG.2.3. I,
:.
I

is the distance from centroid of effective area of

stiffener to tip of stiffener in longitudinal
direction (in mm);
is the distance from centroid of effective area of
stiffener to tip of stiffener in circumferential
direction (in mm);

cor~~ctions

These
appl{, only to 'circumferential moments
and are due to the eHee't of the dgleJity of tha attachment
of the branch which ha!llittla influ'3f1ce On the effect of
longitudinal moments ..'
.

I:;.:
Ii
Un/!,
!?!J: rThe tension at tHe insid'3 of the shell du'e to the local
i! ..',

lit: i'

f1

i!f:ll i G.3.1.1IntrQduction. ThiS clause aod G.3.2 and G.3.3 are

i" ::if~'lt~tructural desi~ri of supports is ~01 included becaus~ it

i'it' " can be dealt With by the usual methods of structural

modul~s of elasticity (in N/mm 2);

is the nominal design stress (in N/mm 2);

.f1O

are the resultant stresses in horizontal vessel

due to mode of support (in N/mmZ);
is the nominal stress in dished end calculated as
in section three (in N/mm2);

:'iri i Concerned 'with the supoorts for ptessure vessels and the

i1,i i I~upports :~r, fittiQgs car~'i~d from t~e shell or ends of the
:li,;1 j;vessel, Wlt~, regard to t~elr effect qn the vessel. The

is the

If!~i!,.o ~ Suppbrts and mountings for pres~w;e ve~sels

.~ ':~I r~.-.I Gen 7ta! considerations for supports. :

IS the perpendicular distance from the line of the

'reaction to the centroid of the weld area
(inmm);
,

p~essure,

stress due to internal

I; but thiS stress Will not be preseht when the vessel IS under
; { hydraulic test.' ;
I
'

. ::'

is the mean diameter of the vessel (in mm);

{LiJ :,r circumferential bending moment MI/J is added to the

t: :j: Circu~ferential ~embrlJne

is the distance fr-emcentroid of effective area of

stiffener to tip of stiffener (in mm);

H
I

liJh; deSign. Convenient refe~ences for these are [40) and [41).
\I~.; The supports of vessels"and of fi;ttings carried ~y the shell
:: '!';i produce local moments and membrane forces the
,il/.:;;I..[. vessel w.a 1I. WhiCh can b?, treated'bY the met~ods given

is the resultant of horizontal forces acting on

vertical vessel (in N);
is the resultant horizontal force in least cross
section of saddle support (in N);
is the second moment of area of effective cross
section of stiffening ring (in mr.(4);
are constants;
is the length of cylindrical part of ves~el (in mm);

In

,I tH i~ G.2. Notes and cross~references for applYing these to

is the length of part of shell of horizontal vessel

assumed to act with a ring support (iri min);

ii-.mvadous types of support are included..

is the bending moment in horizontal ring girder

above its own Support (in N'mm);

ii'IM/::

bnr~II

U~:{i
tlli}ij

'.

ves~el

The,supportsof a
should ?e!deslgned _to, Wlths.tand
the external.loads hkElly to be IrrJposed on It addition
to the dead weight of the vessel aqd contents. These
loads may include:

n~i'l!j(a)

~n

!li~;
. !",;.,':"'~:

(c) thrusts or
pipe work; ,

:.-:+:;;
:~f~. r

L.,!;;

.~

I!

I.

~oment.s trans~itted

is the bending moment in horizontal ring girder

midway between its supports (in N'mm);
is the longitudinal bending moment in horizontal
vessel midway between its supports (in N'mm);

supe;imposed loads;

!fU' !!!'('b') wl'no' loads'o' n exposed vessels,"

IIili~;!n;)1

M2

from c06necting

is the longitudinal bending moment in horizontal

vessel at its supports (in N'mm);

is the longitudinal or meridiona'l bending

moment per unit circumfemnr. ... lin I\I.;"'~ /~_\.

0329

If;i;~1 if; :;, BS 5500: 1991

'd~\n !t, '<Issue 1 'January 1991

... ;

H~I~I.I::

~n"~!LI:
.1,,+,

1'1

t'.

(d) shock loads due to liquid hammer or surging of the

vessel contents;

'Hi.t~;j~.:.(.' i:
," ~ If:

branches. Large externa orCt~S an moments can e

.applied to the branches of vessels by the thermal
movements of pipework.

)f:;,i:U

%;i !lO' l

'!!

.G.2.7 The -effect of external

forces and moments at
If
d
b

'.

(e) forces due to differential expansion between the

vessel and its supports.

l(~:1!~I} ;

The stresses due to tbese are likely to be greatly

overestimated if the forcealn 1110 pipe system are
determined by assuming that -tho oonneotion to the vessel
is equivalerit tiJ an an,:hor In tile pipe system.

'; [:i!J:.:: .

': ;;:,J;':

;,iAi.' .

';~.,;.!, ':

More accurate values of the

G.3.1.2 Notation. For the purp'oses of G.3 the following

symbols apply.

te~minal forces and moments

II!!' ~i;i~~~~:gg~~~:~~:~~~~~~~~E~;:2~C'

is the area of effective cross section of stiffener

from horizontal vessel (in mm2);

is the distance from saddle support to adjacent

end of cylindrical part (in mm);

is the mean depth of dished end of vessel

(inmm);

':,~ :~.' :~~~~~;~~~:g~~~~~'i~~;~l~~;~::~:;:~~~

[:",,;,.,:.;".:'.;",!,
..,'.j;.:;'!.,. ...,

.'

!~:/L

i,..:",:,.:'.';"'::""!"i,i.,:

.
'''r .

amount shbiJld be adijed to the value of M calculated

. inG.2.3.!," :
.

1:.,

!.I:j!..
i:,,[

is the distance from centroid of effective area of

stiffener to tip of stiffener in circumferential
direction (in mm);

'

These ceirrections apply only to circumferential moments

and are due to. tho effect of the rigidity of the attac'hment
of the branch which nas little inlluence on the er.'ect of

fiji.
i ~h':;:~~i:: ;~::'i~:~~' of 'h' Ih'" doe to th' ,,,,'
!(1!' , '.

:/J.

" .

:'::1 1 .

fir.1

" " "" ,doc

I;! ;; , ., 3 Supports and mounti!19S for pressure vessels

[~ I:';; ,; '-3.3.1 General considerations for supports
~ :V,:;; G.3.1.1Introduction. This clause and G.3.2 and G.3.3 are
;~I' :1:;; :1, concerned with the supports for pressure vessels and the
;, ',',: . .1

~.

'

'

',Iii:.: L: supports for fittings carried frorl? the shell or ends of the

iil'tvessel, with r~gard to their e~eqt o~ the vessel. The .

~ti;!'.' '1:1:. stiUctiJral deSign of s,lJpports IS not Included because It
[iI t;.,;',:" can be dealt Y~ith by the usual methods of structural
I Uti :,: design. Conve'nient references for these are [40] and [41).

C~rrie.d ~Y

1/'; 1'.;'1. ;:/..: The suppa. rtS?f vessels and of fittings

the sheil
: ..!~!r j{ produce local moments and membrane ,orces In t~e
: ,j'vessel wall which can be treated by the methods given
W!.)iin
Notes
for
these to
;~U ;::: vanous types of sUP80rt are Included.

:r:,i

II
~.2.
~nd cross-re:e~enGes appI~ing
'j:
!; i~~'H;;The supports of a veSsel should be designed to withstand
i: IHI~H, ali the externa,I.loads likely to be imposed on it 'in addition
'I: i~.:l.:i ;. :1.:.1. 0 thedea~ w~lght of the vessel and c?ntents. These

::!;k:,':, loads may Include: ,

'
(jH I,P ,.iii (a) superim.posed loads;
1:'1 :(:i;l(b) wind lo~ds on Jiposed vessals;
!::Iff;/:;!~ (c) thrusts or mom'ants transmitted from connecting
1,1;.; :"r'

pipework;

iJi::;:

is the mean diameter of the vessel (in mm);

is the perpendicular distance from the line of the

reaction to the centroid of the weld area
(inmm);'

is the modulus of elasticity (in N/mm2);

is the nominal design stress (in N/mm2);

" .f1O

are the resultant stresses in ho~izorltal vessel

due to mode of support (in N/0m2);

circumferential bending momerlt M IS added to the

. circumferential membrane stress due to internal pressure,

';::;~~i:':::~Wil! ,OJ b, p,,;,~, wh, "h "

is the distance from centroid of effective area of

stiffener to tip of stiffener (in mm);
is the distCince from centroid of effective area of
stiffener to tip of stiffener in longitudinal
direction (in mm);

'!~r'; '.' . ~!~~~;;~~:r::~~ :~:~2~~:~de [~;~I~:~~~~~~~~So:ht;~thiS

.,:,
fl

,Il

is the half length of rectangular loading area in

circumferential direction (in mm);

stresses in the vessel shell can be fouhd by the methods

' given in 13.2. except that, in a brllnch With an external
compensating ring ofthickness t2 subject to a.
circumferential momEmt there.is an additional

ii,. ;"

1:
.. ..' :;.,;,:.;'/
....,...:.,.'::"
.

are constants;
is the half length of rectangular loading area in
longitudinal direction (in mm);

,E~~:!:::~::~!:~::R:J:2!::::::~~:::::::~'

i::qi';!,'

is the distance from centroid of effective area of

stiffener to shell (in mm);

vessels. Experiments'in the USA, discussed in [17), have

shown that slopes and deflections calculilted in this way
are sufficiently accumte for practlcElI purposes except that
the slope of a branch due to a circumferential moment is

i;:(rf:' ~ ..
r' .

is the axiCiI wiSlJh o~saddle support (in mm);

= b, + lOt

is the nominal stress in dished end calculated as

in section three (in N/mm2);

is the resultant of horizontal forces acting on

vertical vessel (in N);

is the resultant horizontal force in least cross

section of saddle support (in N);

is the second moment of area of effective cross

secti'on of stiffening ring (in mm4);

K, .. K ll are constants;
L

,.

M,

is the length of cylindrical P?rt of vessel (in mm);.

,is the length of part of shell o,f horizontal vessel
assumed to act with a ring support (in mm);
is the bending moment in horizontal ring girder
above its own support (in N'mm);
is the bending moment in horizontal ring girder
midway between its supports (in N'mm);
is the longitudinal bending moment in horizontal
vessel midway between its supports (in N'mm);
is the longitudinal bending moment in horizontal
vessel at its supports (in N'mm);
is the longitudinal or meridional bending
moment per unit circumference (in N'mm/mm):

0330

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 1991
is the circumferential bending moment per unit
length (in N:mm/m m ); ,

is' the longitudinal membrane force per unit

circumference (in N/mm);

is the height of resultant of horizontal forces

acting on vessel above its supports (in mm);

is the circumferential membrane force per ~nit

length (in N/mm);

is the section modulus of effective cross section

of ring Support for horizontal vessel (in mm 3 );

Pm

is:rhe internal pressure at equator (horizontal

c~ntre iine of vessel) (in f'l/mm2);

is: the shear stress in ves~ei shell (in N/mm2);

(in degrees);
1

is'the shear stress in vessel end (in N/mm2);

(i7

is :the inside radius of cylindrical part of vessel

(inmm);

The reactions at the supports of vessels subject to heavy

external loads may need to be examined for the following
conditions:

is'the radius of base of skirt support of vertical

vessel (in mrn);
is the meat1 radius of horizontal ring girder or of
ring suppott (In tnrj1);

(a) working conditions, including full wind load and

loads due to pipework;

is the thickrWflB bf vessel shell (in mm);

(b) test conditions, including full Wind load, if any, and

forces due to the 'cold pull up' of any pipes that will
remain connected to the vessel during tests;

is the thickness of reinforcing plate (in mm);

is .the thic~ness of ring stiffeners (in mm);

(c) shut-down conditions, vessel empty, and exposed to

full wind load, if any, and the forces due to 'cold pull up'
in the pipe system connected to it. It is essential to
provide anchor bolts if there is an upward reaction to
any support under any of these conditions.

is the thickness of vessel end (in mm);

is the maximum twisting moment in horizontal
ring girder (in N'mm);

'is the average weight ofvetti<:al vessel per

millimetre height (ih N/mm);

is iha weight of vessel (in N);

W,
x

is the maxifnlJrn reaction at support (in N);

is I he distanao from Support of horizontal ring
girder to nealest point of maximum twisting
moment (i7 mm);

i;

The theoreticaLr~actions at the supports of long horizontal

vessels supported at more than two positions can be
found by the methods used for continuous beams but the
calculated values are always doubtful because of
settlement of the Supports and initial errors of roundness
of or straightness in the vessel.
G.3.1.4 Brackets, Brackets are fitted to the shells of
pressure vessels to Support either the vessel or some
structure which has to be carried from it. Typical brackets
are shown in figure G.3{ 1).

,
"

Vessel wall

(a) Bracket for vessel support

I:

"

I:'

i
Vessel wall

i'i,;

i !i'"

i lUi
ii/"

(b)
Bracket
for exteriial/oad
,
I

Figure G.3{1) Typical brackets

is the angle between radius drawn to position of

Support and vertical centre line of vessel
(in degrees).

G,3.1.3 Reaction at the supports. The reactions at the

SUpports of a vessel can be found by the ordinary methods
of statics except in the case of long horizontal vessels
Supported at more than two positions.

is :the mean radius of cylindrical part of v.essel

mm ); ,

, is the included angle of saddle support

Issue 1, January 1991

The brackets themselv'es are designed by the'o~dinary
methods used for brackets supporting beams in structural
engineering.

br~cket

A
always applies an external moment to the shell
equal to V;/la.
.
The effect of this moment on the shell can be found by the
method given in G.2.3. If the local stresses found in this
way are excessive, a reinforcing plate, designed as
de~cribed in G.3.1.5, should be fifted between the bracket
and the vessel wall.
In add;~ion to tne vertical loads. the brackets supporting a
vertical vessel may be 'subject to tangential forces due to
thrusts and moments transmitted from pipework. Such
bracke~s impose a circumferential moment on the vessel
wai! in addition 10 the longitudinal moment. The stresses
due to this can be calcillated an'd added to the others but
.d:lg Oi skirt supports are preferable in cases of this type.
G.3.1.5 ReinforCing plates. Reinforcing plates are required
when the local stresse~ in the vessel shell found as
tlt!lIllrib9d in g,~ fer thll conneoliC)n of aSI>Jpport or
mounting is excessive.; Figure Q.3(2) shows a typical
'linforcing plate appliad to a cylinder.

' I

,he stresses in 'the vessel wall at the edge of the

roinforcing plate are approximately equal to those
calculated by assuming the load Ofmornent to be
distributed over the whole area of the reinforoing plate
2dx x 2d", and p:roceeding as described in G.2.2.2 for a
radial load or in; G.2.3 (or a inol1lElnt.
A safe B;Jproxirtlation 1.0r the maximum stmsses in the
reinforcing plate, which occur at the edges of the actual

~.

-g

1
0
-1/1
. .\

loaded area 2Cx x 2C is given by the following procedure.

(a) Find the maximum moments M(I and Mx and the
maximum membrane forces NrfJ and N x for the same
loading applied to a cylinder of thickness (t +' tl) from
the charts in G.2.2.2 for a radial load or from G.2.3 and
G.2.2.3 for a moment
(b) Find the resultant stresses due to these by assuming
that the vessel wall and the reinforcing plate share the
moments MrfJ and Mx in proportion to the cubes of their
thicknesses and the membrane forces NrfJ and N in
x
direct proportion to their thicknesses.
Reinforcing plates for spherical vessels and the spherical
parts of vessel ends can be designed by applying the
chlrts in G.2.4.2 and G.2.4.3 in the sam.e way.
The deflection at a support or fitting provided with a
reinforcing plate is approximately equal to the sum of the
deflections of the wall of a cylinder or sphere of thickness
(t+ t 1 ) loaded over the actual loaded area, and of the wall
of a cylinder or sphere of thickness t loaded over the area
of the reinforcing plate. These are found from G.2.2.3 for
cylinders or G.2.4.2 and G.2.4.310r spheres and spherical
parts of vessel ends.
The slope due to an external moment can be found from
the deflection calculated in this way by the method given
in G.2.3 and G.2.4.
Experimental work. discussed in [17], has shown that
there is some stress concentration near the sharp corners'
of rectangular rein-forcing plates. Rounded corners are
therefore preferable.

---------------l------------~---Reinforcing plate

=;uL______ .-----.--_1-l_--+___-+--_-I--_Lo_a~d_e_d~

.J\\\ . ,

.'J,
.....
~'_.L_

area

~-'---

Figure G.3(2) ~einforcing plate on cyiindricai shell

.,:"

;;

0332

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 1991
'G.3 ..2 Supports for vertical vessels. This clause is
conc~rned with the de~ign of supports for vertical vessels
,except wher,e the conv~ntional methods of simple applied
mechanics can be used directly .

.'The deSign of bracke;s;used to connect the vessel to its

supports is Given in 13.3.1.4.

A procedure for calculating the actual discontinuity

stresses and also the design of skirt supports for vessels
subject to severe cyclic loading due to thermal stresses is
given in (18J,

Skirt:suppo;ts should have at least one inspection

open,ing to permit expmination of the bottom of the vessel
unle~s this is accessible from below through supporting
framing. Such opening's may need to be compensated.

G.3.2.2 Ring supports for vertical vessels. It is often

convenient to support vertical vessels from steelwork by
means of a ring support in a convenient position on the
shell as shown in figure G,3(4).
'

Skirtsuppoits may alsb be applied to spherical vessels

and t,o the si)herical parts of vessel ends, The local
stresses dUQ to skirt supports in these positions should be
calculated a's in G.2.4.

Such a ring s~pport ()orrespqnds to one flange of a bolted

joint with the l,ub' of the flange extending on both sides
and with the couple due to the bolts replaced by that due
to the eccentricity between the supporting force and the
vessel wall. Its thickness can therefore be determined by
adapting the equations in 3.8 and the associated figures.

N x' = -',
2rcr
I

Fi7

-Y= stress x thickness of skirt

7Ir2

: If there is a negative: value of N x anchor bolts will be

: necessary because thine will be a net moment of
, M = r l - Fy tendi/1g to overturn the ves~el about the
leeward edoe of the skirt HUPPOrt flange.

, For s,mall v(lssels th!J MohOl' bolts can be designed on the

assu'mption' that the neutral axis of the bolt group lies
along a diarrieter of the support flange, but this

G.3.2.1.2 Discontinuity stresses at skirt supports, The

presence of a skirt support reduces the discontinuity
stresses at the junction of the bottom and the vessel wall,

The stresses should be determined as for an integral

flange (see 3.8,3.4) except that one-half of the flange
design moment only shall be used in calculating the
longitudinal hub stress SH'
The stresses calculated in this way filhould not exceed the
allowable values for the stresses in flanges specified
in 3.8.3.4.2.

All ring supports of this type should rest on some form of

continuous support or On steelwork as indicated in figure
G.3(5). They should not be used to connect vessels
directly to leg or column supports, but should rest on a ring
girder or other steelwork joining the tops of the columns.

"
Support
ring

'i

--'--_.'

rr

,"

Suitable design procedures for such cases are given in

(16].'
,
,

G.3.2.1 Skirt supports. Skirt supports are recommended

for large vertical vessels because they do not lead to
concentrated local loads on the shell, they offer less
constraint against differential expansion between the part
of the vessel under pressure and its supports, and they
reduye the effect of ~i~continuity stresses at the junction
of the cylindrical shell and the bottom (but see [18]
and (~2JJ.;'

, G.3.2.1.1 O~erturning moments on skirt supports, At any

, hori2;'ontal section of a skirt support. the maximum load
, per unit len$th of the skirt circumference is given by:

"

assumption leads to overdesign in the case of tall vessels

with large overturning moments because the effect of the
elasticity of the foundation, which produces an additional
resisting moment, is neglected, ,

Steelwork

'

"

,'1: Figure G.~(4) Typical ring $~Pport

;i"m:!

ji"

i i .~ :
i;
if"

Figure G.3(5) Typical steelwork under ring support

il:
'" Ii
ii

I'

0333

Uu

~:JUU;

1::t::J I

Issue 1',~anuary H191

! ..

G.3.2.3 Leg supports for vertical vessels, Leg supports for

vertical vessels can. in general. be designed by the usual
methods of applied mllchanics. e.g. those described in
.
chapter XXIII of[6j. :;
TIlIi\' j;h"~ld !!I\vays b~ etrenl1Bdi9111 close to the ahall as
the necessary clearance for Inswation will permit..

If brackets are used to connect the legs to the vertical wall

"Of the vesselas in figu're G.3(6) they should be designed
as described in G.3.1.4 and fitte~1 with reinforcing plates if
required.
'
. Short legs. or legs bra(;ed to resist horizontal forces. may
impose a sever~ constraint on a vessel wall due to
differences in thermalexpansidn. This constraint can be
avoided by usifl9 brackets on the vessel wall provided
with slotted holes to allow for expansion. In addition. the
. mechanical loads at the points of support should be
. assessed and the local stresses ~ue to these determined
using the charts of G.2.4. Reinforcing pads designed as in
G.3.1.5 should ;be fitted if necessary.
_:

G.3.2.4 Ring girders. The supporting legs of large vertical

vessels and spherical vessels are often connected to a
ring girder that supports the vessel shell. In somedesigns
the lower part of a skirt support is reinforcad to form a ring
girdar. Figure G,3(7) shows a typical ring girder. Such
9i~OIEl." "(.Ij ~U"J"~' .... wi<io,i'i" Ojii "'11/11 ';(0 "Iol~",io.;t;j .. 1'1101
require special consideration.
When the supporting columns are equally spaced. the
bending and twisting moments in the ring 'girder can be
found from the following data. taken from f 2 0j.
No. of legs

4-

12

Load on
each leg

W/4

W/6

W/8

W/12

W/12

W/16

.W124

-0.0148
+0,00751
0.222
0,0015

-0.00827 -0.00365
+0.00415 +0.00190
0.166
0.111
0.00063
0.000 185

Max. shear
in ring
girder
W/8
M,/Wr2
M 2 / Wr2
x/r2
T/Wr2

~0.0342

+0.0176
0.335
0.0053

A bending moment CaUSing tt'R!lleA IIf the ufldePBlela ei'

This distance
to be as small
as possible

th'e girder is taken as positive. The torsion in the girder is

zero at the supports and midway between them and the
bending moment is zero at the points of maximum torsion.

Figure ~.~(6} Leg supports fot vettical vesSels

ld,
' , ! f . .

:j,

j;"
, I
!

ii

0334

BS 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

o
~-"t--=--~-=---->="'---=---~~;!==rik'#rii==!#;nrJ

-=-rllir~:,= ===;'l=?===~d!::!#4'==~
1
I

I.

Legs braced
If required

i'
.u:
B.M.=M 1
Torsion =0
. B.M.=M2
To~sion=

--'r--f#-__ -----"---r':lO-"---_ _ --'-----+.-H'''--

Points

B.M.=M 1
Torsion = 0

pf

maximum
torsion

. B.M.::O

FiguraG.3(7) Typical

tlngglrdar

.i:

!;

:J.

.,

;.

1.

0335

BS 5500 :1991
Issue 1;
January 1991
:
.
i;

G.3.3 SUPPo\1:s and mounti':1gs for horizontal vessels'

G.3.3.1General. Horizontal ves~ols are Subject to

longitudinal bending' moments and local shear forces' due
to the Weight of their contents, as well as t610cal stresses
. at supports and fittings.
. They are conveniently supported on saddle~.rings or leg
supportS (see figure 'G.3(8)).'
.
When vessals are supported at more than two cross
sections the ~upport reactions are SignifiCantly affected by
small variations in t~e level of the Supports, the .
straightness and 10CI]1 roundneos of the vessel shell and
the relative stiffness of different parts of the vessel
against local deflections. Supptrt at two tross sections is
. thus to be pre'ferred (!Ven if this requires stiffening of the
support region of thevessel (!le'e [19]) ..
Ring supportS are prilferable to;saddle SUpports f6r
vessels in which Support at more than two cross sections
is unavoidable and fc,r vacuum ~essels. !t may be
necessary to iJrovide' ring supports for heavy fittings or
structures SUpported from the vessel.

circular SU'pport cross sections and the shell is said to be

stiffened by the ends.
NOTE. A range of standardized saddle supports welded to
pressure vessels is included in [42J.

G.3.3.2.1 Longitudinal bending moments. Figure G.3(9)

shows the loads, reactions and longitudinal bending
moments in a vessel resting on two symmetrically placed
saddle SUpports. The bending moments are given by the
following equations (see [19J and [37J):
at mid-span

The use of leg supports only, as'in figure G.3(8)(c). should

be confined to small ~essels in which the longitudinal
bending stres~es are small compared with the axial stress
due to the working ptessure, ~nd the local stresses due to
the support reactions (found from G.2) can be ':9pt within
acceptable limits.

+ 2(r2 - b 2)

MF W1L

Mountings and brackets fitted to the vessei'to support

externCllloads' should be df!signed as described in G.3.1.

!:'H

;H.

!.,

The following

: ,i

treatm~nt is based on an empirical analysis

ni.

:nr

:!;::

applies to sadi:lIes and rings welded tel the vessel. In cases

where doubt arises, tre method to be used in computing
stresses due to support loads, etc" should be agreed
between the purchaser and the manufacturer.

:'.;:
:~, ,.

~!:!
.'.

. Loose rings or saddles depend criticaily Upon fit for their

effectiveness and require analysis by alternative
computational methods (see [28)).

:iHi :.'

The method gives api)roximate values of stress which,

IlL'
II;!.':';.:,,:..
,...' ...... ,',

;; -.

![i' .
t~

::~~,:~~'~~:~:f~:4~,';~~;:;X~:,~~:~;,fy':;~:~

.
at supports.

. G.3.3.2 Saddle supports. Figure G.3(8)(a) sh~ws a

horizontal vessel fitt~d with saddle Supports. The methods
given in G.2 are not strictly applicable to loaded areas
extending ove,r the large proportion of the total
circumference of the yessel which is usual for saddle
supports.

I::: .!sented in ['19J and extended based on experience with

I
,.,(ge-diameter thin-V:talled vesSels with diameter t6
thickness ratios up td the ardor of 12!jO: 1, The analysis

1"

The shell thickness ShOUld not be less than that required

for internal pressure fn 3.5.1.2(a).

Ur
(ii'
;il

The included angle of a saddle Support (0 in figure

G.3(8)(a)) should normally be within the range
120 ~ 0 ~ 150. This limitation, which is imposed by
most codes of practice, is an empirical one based on
experience of large vessels. Saddle angles outside this
range would require careful considerati~n.
When the Supports are near the ends of the vessel

,,""lOr;;

"

In the case of large-diameter thin-walled vessels, the

most arduous conditions can Occur during filling.
However, the methods presented, based on the full
condition, produce deSigns which are satisfactory for the
partially full condition.

fA ~ r12) the stiffnesses of the ends tend to maintain

Voi!ll!iol. d(lllll",Filild ta j;<mtllitl

9r li~"Ji<;lc liahtlllr thon
.water should be desi'gned as vessels full of water when
they are to be hydraulically tested.
.

Maximum vessel stresses can occur when the vessel is

full of liquid but not subject to internal pressure (see [19J
and [21 J) and this loading condition should be
investigated.
.

L2
(G.7)

4b

1+3L

1-~+_(r2-b2)J
L
2AL
1 - - - - -_ __

(G.8)

1 + 4b

3L
A positive bending moment found from these equations is
one causing tension at the lowest point of the shell cross
section. The moment M4 may be positive in vessels of
large diameter with Supports near the ends because of the
effect of hydrostatic pressure (see figure G.3(9)).
When Llr and blr are known, these reduce to:

M3=Wl (C1L-A)
where

C 1 is a factor obtained from figure G.3( 10), and

V
A
r
j
1--+C
3 - - C2 1
C2
L
A
j
where C2 and C3 are factors obtained from figure G.3( 11).
W1A

M4=--

Similar expressions-for the longitudinal bending mOments

. can be obtained by the ordinary methods of statics for
vessels in which the supports are not symmetrically
In the Case of vessels with 'significant cyclic loading, a placed.
rigorous analysis is required (see 128J, [32J, [38J and [39J).

"

1r.'; :,

'If-"i!

I:.'

i '::"

;.:: :

F"

"""""'0 '''h, .'"'' ,q""I"", 00'

; :

'"

""'''o~ 'o>h;",,",,,,,

[37).

0336

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 1991
G.3,3.2.2 LOhgitudinalstresses at mid-span. The resultant
longitudinal stresses at mid-span due to pressure and
bending are given by'the fol/owing equations:
at the highest point cif t he Cross 'section
fl

PmI'

=,

at the lowest point of the cross section

'2=

Mj,

- - - ---,
2t
nr~t

M3
-Pm
-+ _
_
2t
nr 2 t

(G.1D)

(G.g)

These equBtions are based on simple beam theory which

asSumes that cross sections remain circular.

The calculated tensile and compressive stresses should

not exceed rhe values permitted in A.3.4.2.1 and A.3.5.

b 1.......--i_ _ _ _

[Il
' L'~
'l
/1"""

'

,"OS' _.

"

-----.-+1----------_-b,

'

,~I

\ I
~I

'

Ww,l--------.J~

1 .

(a) Saddle s'upports '

'.

Centroid of

'-fl

'

r-

I
I

"

--

,,

---

, "
'~--,"

,' -UJ
(b) Ring supports
I

--

~~'r-',-

V'L: ---

--h-/ . __--+-----/_~
! -e,

,II
'r-'-j
'I

i" i

.- Figtire 0.3(8) Typical supports for horizontal vessels

i

0337

BS 5500 : 199,1
~ Issue 1, January 199"
L
2b ( ZW1 ' \ :

I'

tj'

, l'.
!r

T.ZWlf

I
I

'L+~
3
I

'4

'l

i,1 w,

1-

I~

~ 2:w

(,2 - b )

ZWr'"

L+~

Support centre line

Lo.d

---1A

W':1
A

"""'ty w

Beam model of vessel

'WI - wA' Z
w
. rL - 2A
- -b
-=
W
1

./~w .

~~

+-_-,,-__

==~.
I

l"

L + 4b

1
I

/
/

~/

{.j L"d, ood ""tio",

+2:W
(r2. - b 2)

-+~ j'

___3_...s_'

I
I

.+\

CfITIIDil!! 1IIIil i filii illl!il lihiJ III! 11111111~1) :

)<
/w, .
I I

.I .

~A

'1

:-;.._-_.

---=wr

ZW

Hydrost,atic _
r
loads ()rj e n d s "

r II

Load un,it length =

/1~ itr J';'

.~----------l-

3. -;:;
I
L+-1

___

(b) Shear force diagram

:i
I

i!
"

ii;
I:

tj

f,
fl

.I, .:

il

U':

:i ;:'; .,~
;
T;: i Positive values 6'f M4 ark obtained for the follOwing forms
,I i' , .. and proportions::
, .

'

I:

Alr<0.707

i "

Air

flat ends
i.
ends with 10 % knuckle radius
;semi-ellipsoidpl
ends .Z: i retio
i'ii,
.

i<

'f;:

"".

< 0.44

Air < 0.363

f'/:, Is always
negative
for
hetnislji1erlcal ends.
,
I
:

" the dimension 3b/8 is an approkitnajiotl for the distance

: : from the tangent plane to thl! centre of gravity of the

t: dished end and its contuntS for all ranges of dished e;,d

!.'

covered by this

~tandard.

Figure G.3(9) Griindric;a, shell acting as beam over supports

;': i

0338
! i
i

BS 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991
..

..

:..-

~-

"'

"

.. -

\\ \
\ \ \

0.45

, \ \

r\' \\ \\

0.3S

\ \

'\

\ \

'. OJ
::l

-".

'".

"

..

."-'

-\-'
\-\

\ \
\
~~ \ 1\
1\

.~

'\.

0.4

0.1

---- /

..-/

""

"['\,.

~'\,

"-

0.35

--

0.3

........
I~ ')<,., [)(...
r---. --r--

--..

-l"- f-

1,,/

--

0.2

I
I
V
- Hemispherical ends.

0.15

./

WhenLirislarge,C 1 '" 0.25

for all values of blr
i
I

0.1

,
" ";

I--'

./"

I,

vr-

. j

/-----

0.5

r----..
........ 1,1 r--

.,./'

~':O'';;'

l.A..V
'X N

,,! '-.
'.~
"<... /
~

0.45

.... 0

"\.)'
"\. ~'"

\.

<;,.25

blr
V

\ \

'\

"-

0.15

',,--

"

"

I
I I
- Flat ends

1\

0.2

. ..

Bending moment at mid-span

::M3= WI (C 1 L - A)
in consistent units

\ ' 1\ \. I\~
0.2
' ...
V. .'l-L.
"'~~ ~~~~~ ..\._\
"\ L\L
/"'..."'..
L
\
\. -\.
:/ L 0.4
I

U)

..: ..

.~~

\' \
\ \"'"

~~

0.3

"'0

'"

11 1
\ \ \

0.4

-,

'-'.

0.1

'\. ..... f

9.
, 05

0.05

"

Values of Llr

I
2.0

1.0

: ' 3.0

I
4.0

I I
5.0

6.0

.B.O

10

15

20

Fac{or G.3(.1 0) Factorfor bending moment at mid-span

0339

I,; .

G/59

.......

- ....
.,

;-~;,::.;;.~....;-.;:.:~ .:.;.:.::'-::.;.::.:.:..':,..'

~C'f" ":::.::_.'~--=:S~L"-i'::~C:.c:.. " ,:'~.":;:,:S.:~:;j~:~i:::: ;' :~ ___ ;~~.:;":::?T?~f:'Y.;.',~?~~~

.~

. 0- !Of'\;

Values of Llr
1'0

15~~~-,-,-..

1,5

Ii

Iii

zo

ir."T"""'I~2

z-s

f:

a'endinfj . .. ..,rnent at supports

,d~

'0 :J

l-

~"
-~ k~
[',.
'\.

3'0
0

1'4

2"'-

"~

...

r-

13

60

UN

(;

I'Z

'"

)8

'"

~6

OJ

60

>

10'0

<0

,-,

<0

>

'" I'"

l-

."

05

,'\.

0'75.

"- f'.,

!'-.. ~
l'
~
-'"

l'\.,
['\

"'--"'-

I"-

",

.,

30

o nr--

1'0

0'25

05

0'75

',0

0',o."'0

Values of blr
(a) Factor C2

.1;(1

40

50

."

0..

2'0

""

I'\..

"~ ~

..

I'-..

C3 = 0 for all viOes of Llr

when blr= L:temispherical endsi

'i

0.9

f'.,

'-

~,

/'-..,

J.

0--

~ ~z:!.. !,

0-

""
-<

i:~ blr=O'l
I"

;'"

1["'-t'-..

I
I

-...

i'-..

c....;

ru
:J

..

'\..

"-'-

(j)

..

" k'-..

O )s

'5
ZO

'-'\.

~.

(;

..=!

(f)

"-;n'consistent units.

0 1

OJ

.2

ts:

'"C

VI

W1A
==M4== - [
1 -A
-+C3 -r - C2
-.'
C2
L
A

""

40

50

60

80"

...

100

i'-..

15,0 . - 2011'

Values of Llr
(b) Factor C3

G.3(11J Factors for bending moment at supports

~
-.,."

t.

t'~I)~

BS 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

G.3.3.2.3 Lcimgitudinal stresses at the saddles. Longitudinal

strei;ses auhe saddles depend upon the local stiffness of
thlll rohall in the mien. of the 9IJ""grtlll blllQIiIUlliI, If tha ehell
does not remain routle! under load: a portion of the upper
part'of its ci'oss secllon, as shown'diagrammatically in
figu~e G.'3( 12). is ineffBctive against longitudinal bending
(see)19]).
The ~esultaht longitudinal stresses due to pressure and
weight should be eveluatad at two pOl/itions {IS follows.
(a) Either
!

(fll f'lHHII hi'i. ",11;'1\1'11001 1;" .. ti~"'" "Hoi /.01 '" ,yell:

q=

K3 W [L-2AJ
1

rt

.m

(b) Shell stiffened by end of vessel (A .". r/2). In this case

there are shearing stresses in both the shell and vessel
end. They are given by:

(ji) near the equutor when the shell is unstiffened.

W
()i .Iii -.the shel I q= K3
_ _1

In both cases (I) and (ji) the stress is given by:

l:

f4

rte

(G.12)

K271r~t

!',

The thickness of the saddle plate should not be included

when using equations (G.13) to (G.15).

Values of K1 and K2;are given in table G.3.3.2:3.

The thickness of the saddle plate should not be included in
. the equatior!s.

Table G.3.3.2.4 Design factors K3 and K4 and

allowable tangential shearing stresses
Condition

Saddle angle .vessel.hell Vessel end

The calculat'ed tensile and compressive stresses should

riot exceed
the
values permitted in A.3.4.2.1 and A.3.5.
.
;

o(degrees)

K3

K.

120
135
150

1.171
0.958
0.799

120
135
150

0.319
0.319
0.319

stiffened by rings
adjacent to saddles

120,
1;35
150 ;

1.171
0.958
0.799

Shell
stiffened
by end
of vessel

120
135
150

A >r/2 and shell

unstiffened by rings

This area is ineffective

against longitudinal bending
in ail unstiffenod shell

A >r/2 and shell

stiffened by rings
in plane of saddles

(.
(

A> r/2 and shell

'~.S'ddl'

ti

Ii:

l!

[I:
1/ !

Ii :,'

"

(G.15)

The values of K 3, K4 and the allowable tangential

shearing stress values are given in table G.3.3.2A.

PniT'
M4__ _
=- + ---,.

2t

1<..

(ii) in the end qe =K4 W 1

(G.11)

(b) At the lowest point of the cross section:

I':

(G.14)

rt

Pnl!.. _ ~ __
2(
Klirr2t,

't3 =

(G.13)

L+ 4b

This equation does not apply when A > L/4, but such
proportions are unusual.

at the highest point cif the cross section when the

shell is stiffened by ringS'or by proximity of the ends,

l.e.A ". r/2;

or .

G.3.3.2.4 Tangential shearing stresses. Tangential shearing

stresses 9re given by the following equations.

'.

'I

r
b 1 <A.".2

b1
-<A.".b,

2
. Figure G.3(12) Portion of shell ineffective against
: longitudinal bending

'

. Allowable tangential

0.880
0.654

OA85

(see note

condition
;

Saddle angle

Sheil stiffened by end or

rings; Le. A ~ r/2 or
ring~ provided

,
Shell unstiftened by end
or rirlgs, Le.;4>(/2 <lnd
no rihgs proVided

K1

K2

120 ;
135 :
150 ;

1
1
1

1
1
1

120 .
135
150 '

0.107
0.132
0.161

0.192
0.234
0.279

6' (degrees) .

Design

OAOl
0.344
0.295

120

0.880

0.880

135
150

0.654

0.654
0.485

OA85

Vessel shell

Vessel end

0.8f or 0.06Et/r
whichever is the
smaller

1.25f-fn(d)
(see note 2)

shearing stresses

Tab!e G.3.3.2.3 Design factors K1 and K2

1)

NOTE 1. Allowable tangential shearing stress values are derived

from strain gauge tests on large vessels (see (19)) and experience
with .large-diameter thin-walled vessels.
.
NOTE 2. The nominal maximum tensile stress in the head due to
internal pressure, fnld) can be found from figure 3.5.2.3 using
appropriate values of helD and elD to give plfand hence
f nldl =p/(plfJ.
where e is the vessel end thickness before adding corrosion
allowance.

0341

Issue i, January 19V1

G.3.3.2.o Circumferential stresses. Figure G.3( 13) shows
tin circumferential bending moments diagrammatically.

If the width of this plate is not less than b2 and it subtends

an angle not less than (0 + 12"). the reduced stresses in
the shell at the edge of the saddle can be obtained by
substituting (t+ t1 J. the combined thickness of shell and
saddle plate. for t in equations(G.16) to (G.18). b is
2
assumed to be unchanged.

Circumferential stress(js should be calculated using the

equations given in G.3.;3.2.5.1 and G.3.3.2.5.2. The
numerical values of the circumferential stresses f6' f7 and
f8 found using these expressions should not exceed 1.25 f.
Unless the saddle is wOlded to the vessel, the value of f5
should not exce,ed tJsf as defin~d In A.3.5.
When the saddle is welded to tho vessel the value of
should not exceed f.

Q,!ft .o,i:\,ti s' ,i;mll /oj ... ! ""''''..>Hiii'! ~ii' r;III1i1;

stresses are calCulated as follows.

f5

'Tl,~ 1!1~i'1Mf1ifilfi~iitIAI

(a) At the lowest poillt of the cross section:

W
fs= - K5 1
tb2 I

(G.16)

(b) At the horn cf the'saddle (see figure G.3(8Ha)):

fOf-

r
I
for:::'"

- W1

3K(lWl
~ 8,f6=---___

.
< 8.f6=

r
wher6b 2 =b 1 +10t.

4~2

(G.17)

2~

_, WI
12k6 W _r
__
. ______
1

4tb 2

The stresses in the shell at the edge of the saddle plate

should be checked using equations (G.17) and ;.3.18/. The
saddle angle 0 may now include the angle of the saddle
plate up to but not exceeding + 12". The value of t should
be taken equal to the shell thickness; b 2 is assumed to be

Lt2

(G.18)

i1HQ"'~H~I'f~,

If the stresses are unacceptable then the width and/or

the included angle of the saddle should be increased and
the calculations repeated. or alternatively provide rings
and carry out an analysis in accordance with G.3.3.2.5.2.
It has recently been shown that peak stresses in the shell
at the horn of the saddle can be reduced by Introducing
some flexibility into the saQdle design in the region of the
saddle horn (see [28J and [32J).

Table G.3.3.2.5.1 Design factor Ke

Air

Unless the saddle is welded to the vessel values of k5

should correspond to those given in tabls G.3.3.2.5,2 for
rings adjecer.t to saddl"l. \"'hen th,a saddle Is welded to the
vessel K5 may ~e taken as one-;tenlh of this value.
Values fer Ka are given'in table G.;3,3.2.5. 'I.
These stresses may be' reduced if necessary by extending
the sllddle plate as shown in figure G.3( 15). It is
recommended that theithickness of the saddle plate in
this case shouid be equal to the thickness of the shell
plete.

(degrees)

120

135

150

165

.. 0.50

0.0132

0.0103

0.0079

0.0059.

0.0528

0.0413

0.0316

0,0238

1.00

NOTE. For 0.50 < AIr < '1.00 values of Ks should be obtained by
linear interpolation of the values in this table.

Maximum bending
moment on each
ring stiffener

=Ma=
i;

Ii:

K 6W 1r
n

where n is the
number of
stiffeners

i;

q'

11 :

Ii:
:;

i
I, '

: ; ~'.

i ;:'

mOinent)

i":'
;: ~!: :.

=Mp=;I.:'6\1V1r

i':" re) For no stif-rener or

' ";I.'

for ring stiff3ne(in

plane of saddle ,

Fil!i'!; G.3(13)

(b) For ring stiffeners

adjac~nt to saddle

~ii'cum'ferential bending moment diagrams

0342

Tc.bl~ G.3.:~.2.5.2 V~'lIes of constants C

Ring in plane of $addle

'llfi.,f<i,iMJ ~II-\tf

(see figure G,3( 16)(a))

BS 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991
,

Cg. Ks: K7 and Ka

Rings adjacent to saddle

ill." ..... ' F'III/it

1: .. ~ii.Hjj' "'H;;;~

(see figure G,3( 16)(b))

(see figure G.3( 16)(c))

-,

, 120 ,'

135

150

165

120

135

150

165

C4

-1 ,
+1 i

C5

-1
+1

+1
+1
+1
-1
-1
-1
0.760 0.711 0,673
0.0528 0,0413 0,0316 0.0238
0.0581 0.0471 0,0355
0.34Q 0,323 0.303 0.277
0.271 0.248 0.219
-- ..

K5
/(7
:

Ka

"';1
+1

-1
+1

+1
-1
0.645
0,0242
0,184

~-.---

:~.,

135

150

-1
-1
-1
+1
+1
+1
0.760 0.711 0.673
0,0581 0.0471 0.0355
0,271 0.248 0.219

NOTe. Intermediate values of K5, K7 and Ka may be obtained by

linea r ,in terpoi'3tion.

",

120

::

165
-1
+1
0.645
0.0242
0.184

---------~------

\,,-_.''

- - :;"-- . --t-7"---,.-_ . Not less than b,

t~~1

~~--/.~~lt:l:jc~
fl100:-.

,:

--

saddle~

('

.~

'b,

plate

""-

,--

Parts of saddle below

this line offer no
appreciable resistanc,e
to force H

H=KgW,

(a) Simple silddle support

--:- --- ----- -, -I

~'

!:

<

';

Ii

~---~--I-

"

Not less-tlian b 1 + l O t i

, t

,:~1
:

F~.

,j'
Saddle

r; ,

Plat:_J

'I
'~,

'3

~\
'-,

Parts of saddle below

this line offer no
appreciable resistance
to force H
'

(b) Saddle
Slipport
wjth
extended plate
i
.
.,
I

; figure G.3(! 5) Saddle supports

j;

r::

IC')

0343

, I
1

G.3.3.2.5.2 Sh~/1 stiffe;1ed by rings (see figure G.3( 16)). The

equations for c1!/culati.ng circumferential stresses are
given in (il) and (b) following. Positive values denote
tensile stresses and nilgative v,alues denote compression.
Values of C4 C5 K 5.;(7 and Ks are given in table
G.3.3.2.5.2. The effective CrOss-sectional area. a. of the
stiffener (or stiffenersl and ~he portion of the 'shell that can
be assumed toact with it (them) is indicated by the
shaded areas in figure, G.3(16).
The second mQment M area. J; is taken about the X-X
axis parallel to the axi~ of the shell and through the
centroid of the shaded area. With an extended saddle
. plata (tee G.3.3.2..5.1 pnd figure G.3( 15) the combined
thickness (t+ ('I) may be used for t in figure G.3( 16)(a)
when calculating the f>tresses at the horn of the saddle.

(a) Ring stiffener in plane of saddle

If the extended saddle plate sLibtencfs an angle not less

than (0 + 12) the stre!lses f7 and f8 can be obtained from
equations (G.l:9) and (G.20) using K7 and Ka values
corresponding:to saddle al1gle of (O.+- 12).
The stiffeners !;hown In figure G.:!( 16) are of rectangular
section. Stiffeners of 6ther sections may be used if
referred.'
,
. When several stiffene'rs are used, as in figure G.3( 16)(b)
and (c). the values of! and a are for the sum of the shaded
areas.
!
.
When two ring stiffeners are being used these should be
placed adjacent to the saddle and can be welded to either
the inside or the outside of the shell as shown in figure
<3.:3( 15)(b) and (e).
'
.
'i.'

(b) Internal ring stiffene[s..adj(jcent to saddle

The axial length of shell betwe'en the stiffeners should be

not less than b 1 plus 10 times the ~heil thickness and not
more than the mean radius of the shell. In this case a
further check on the magnitude of fa should be made
assuming the value of K 6 , from table 0.3.3.2.5.1. is that for
Air :%.0.50. .
. .
(a) A ring in the p/an~ of the saddle

At the hern elf the sllddle, in tha Shell:

..

f7::

C4K]W1rc ~_ Ka W 1
I
a

(G.19)

remote from the shell:

fa=. C0 ?W1rd._ Ka W l.

./

'. a

-l(~W1
tb

b 1 + lOt :% x :% r

(c) External ring stiffeners adjacent to saddle

tb

f 5=

(G.20)

(b) Rings adjacent the saddle

At the lowe:;t point of the cro$s section:

~~~

I' I ~
.

'.\t the horn 9f the saddle in the flange or tip of the ring

, Ii

'

Figure G.3(16) Typical ring stiffeners

(G.21)

Near the equator, il.llhe sh~IL

=: C4K 7 W 1rc.
/
.

KSW1: i

(G.22)
.

Near the equator, i~ the flange or tip of the ring remote

from the shell:
'.

C07 W 1rd ._ KSWl

f S = --"'--'--.---'-1
a ,.1

(G.23)

0344

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 1991
G.3.3.2.5 Design of saddles. The width b of steel saddles
1
(see figure G.3(8)(a)) should be chosen to satisfy the
circumferential stress limits as defined by equations
(G.16) to (G.23), wheire applicable. For most cases a width
equal to V:iOD (where D is the mean diameter of the
vessel in ITIm) will be satisfactory.
ThEj minimum sectl.on at the low point of a saddle (see
figu're G.3( 15)) has to resist a force H equal to the sum of
the :horizontal comp6nents of the'reactions on one-lialf of
the saddle. The effective cross section resistill~ ~his load
sno'uld be limited to the metal cross section within a
dist"ance e~ual tb r/3 below the shell a~d the average
direct stress on this cross section should be limited to
two-thirds;of the allowable design stress.
f:'= Kg WI
I

; 00

where

i
)

Kg

120

135

150

165

0.204

0.231

0.259

0.288

The upper hnd lowar flanges of a steel saddle should be

,hick enou[/h to reSist the longitudinal bending over the

I..........

iIl.i"~l .. , w"";'!iI ~ ....." !1i0i 1;j"';;~ll-Itll~""" "" 1Ft "HIP itlf'l"";'' '"

sUPIJort. The web should be stiffened against buckling due

to vertical !;hear forces as for structural beams, and
. against ber",ding due to longitudinal external loads on the
vessel.
One saddle. of each vessel should be provided with Some
form of sliding bearing or rocker in the ftJllowlng caS(lS:
(a) when steel saddles are welded to the vessel shell;
(b) when.large movements due either to thermal
expansion or to axial strain in a long' vessel are
e)(pected.

-G.3.3.3 Rinb SUPPorts (or horizOntal vessels. Ring SUpports

for horizon1al vessels, as shown in figure G.3(8)(b), are
used where it is Important to ensure that the shell of the
vessel close to ,he SUrJports remains round under load.
This is usuaily the case for:

:.1

(a) thin-walled vessels likely 10 distort excessively due

to their own weight;

(b) long v:essels r~qtliring support at more than two

pOSitions:
The longituijinal bending moments in the shell and the

correspond~ng stresses can be found in the same way as

; for saddle supports from equations (G.7) to (G.12).
The tangen~ial shear stresses in the shell adjacent to the
ring ~upporf are given by:

.q~{0.319W1) '(L -2A ~

"~

11

'.
,
;
'.

1
+ 4b
3 J'

(G.24)

t~ngential shearing stress values are given

. !he allowaBle
In table G.3.3.2. , . :

inaxim~m

, The
circumferential s'tress in the ring, due
: delld loads, .is given by;

~o

It can be assumed that a length of shell 1(= ,r;T+

contacting width of SUpport) acts with the ring support to
form a combined section and that,' r2 is the radius through
ihe centroid of this section, Z is the least section modulus
and is the effective area of the section. The constants
K 10 and K (1 are found from table G.3.3.3.

Table G.3.3.3 Values of K lO and K'1

Angle'P,
degrees

30
35'
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
6b

90

K,o

0.075
0.065
0.057
0.049
0.043
0.039
0.035
0.030
0.025
0.020
0.017
t1.b1 i;,

0.015

KI1

0.41
0.40
0.39
0.38
0.37
0.36
0.35
0.34
0.32
0.31
0.29
d.l! if
0.25

The stress in the ring flO should not exceed f. In the case
of category 1 and 2 vessels the rings are in general of the
same material as the vessel and constructed to the same
category as the vessel with the fvell.le obtained from toble
2.3. In the case of the rings associated with category 3
vessels, it is considered acceptable to use the
corresponding category 1 and 2 vessel tvalues as given in
table 2.3,prOvjded the radial weld seams joining the
segments of the rings are located in the region of low
bending stress in the rings. The distribution of the bending
moment in a typical ring support is shown in [37].
Where the ring is made of a different material from that of
the vessel, the tvalue for the weaker material should be
used. For mild steel ring girders used on category 3
vessels and not subject to above ambient temperatures, it
is acceptable to use the allowable stresses from [40]. In
this case tlie ring should be designed as a separate
structure without the benefit of the length of the shel/.
Unless

a vessel with ring supports works at atmospheric

temperatu~e and pressure, at If'ast one ring support has to

be provided with some form of sliding bearing at its
connection to the foundation or supporting structure.
NOTE. The values of KlO and K" are derived from the absolute
maximum circumferential moment and the absolute maximum
direct force in a ring support as shown in figure G.3(8)(b). The
influence of shear forces in the ring due to reactions W, /2 is not
taken into account and the designer should Satisfy himself that
the ring section is sufficient in cross-sectional area and lateral
stiffness to resist these forces. It is not necessary to take into
consideration secondary shell bending stresses induced by the
rigidity of, for example, a support ring, When evaluating, except
where fatigue is a governing criterion when the permissible
stress is a ma tter for individual consideration.

/(IOW , r 2 : KII WI

t1()'= - - -

. Z

+ 1a- -

(G.25)

0345

Issue 1, January 1991

I

;:

,
, G.4 Simplified method for' assessing transient
, thermal stress at a, pressure' vessel nozzle

E
F

. GA.1 Introduction. It'is often necessary to consider the

, stresses that will arise at the ju'nction of a nozzle with a
cylindrical or spherical shell When the fluid contained in
the vessel is subject t6 a rise or fall in temperature. The
value of these stresses may decide the number of
temperature transients which ~ah be accommodated
without the risk of fatigue failure or; alternatively, the
stress levels m~y dictate the rates of temperature
variation which,, can safely be permitted.
,

h
hb

hs
k

During such variation in operating conditions; shell and

branch materiai will be subject1d stresses developed by
transient through-thickness temperature distribution. The

1.... Iii~iil+i>

k 1. k2

iii; !h"~" ilttH'Ml!iHiI 0;\>111 ",,, rI"kqHi'4~H' H;';,;N .\Ii" ' .. 11i

K,.K2
Kty Ks

Since the thickness of branch and shell.will usually be

dissimilar, there will be differential expansion of the
branch and she!1 during the transient, which will produce
"dditional disco'ntinuitf stress. '

Kd
M
N

i
I,

::
I

'0
'j

Tf

T;

' ;, G.4.2 Outline ohhe su'ggested design method. The

method described in G.4.3 to G.4.B first uses well known
analytical meth~ds for c'leterminlng throu'gh-thickness
temperature distributiOf1 and stresses in the branch and
shell material du'ring a fluid tran9iant. The average
temperature of each COmponent is then used in a
thin-shell discontinuity analysis :at the junction of branch
a
hell. The total stress is tak~n to be the sum of the
teiliperature and discontinuity s1 ress .

t5
0

The solution yiellis a cOhservative ,ostimate of the gross

ii.' i

[:;\ i

section stresses,from which the,rnaxlmum equivalent

stress intensity can be calculated. ,In applying the results
in afatigue anaIY,sis, strilSs conce~tration factors would
be applied to allow for the effect of welds or local
geometry.':,
:
'

t: :, i Graphs and tables are iflcluded Which reduce the overall

I':;: /'
::Ll.:.
>,,1

u~e

solution to the sir'nple

of the'rmal and stress factors
which are applied
in
a
final
set of, stress equations.
,

(.";'!: 0.4.3 Notation ahd derivation of method

(':;1",

"

'

"

i, ':l j '. 0.4.3.1 Notation. For thE! purposes of G.4 the followirig

!.:II p;symbols apply.,

I~l i 81 82, 83

1,1.

'..

'

: : arebrancl) Influence poefflclents;,

fi1 iA 1. A z, A3 ',are.shell influence co/efficients:' ,

:.Hi f C T, C2.C3 C4 are stressl'actors (fr~m tables GA(1l.
!1 r-i ',': ,'.
~: G.4(2J, GA(3), GA(4));

,(Ii}::,

,,:: :;: :~::'~:~t:e:ft~:~::i~r:~~ :2~:~9'K));

is the surface heat transfer coefficient at the

shell inner surface (in W l(m2'K));
is the conductivity of vessel material
(in W/(m'K));
are branch thermal factors (from figures
are shell thermal factors (from figures G.4(3)

are branch and shell mean temperature

factors (from figure GA(5));
is the mean temperature difference factor;
= klht;
shear moment (in N'm);

=dOlt 2;
iS,the mean radius of branch (in m);
is the outerradius of branch (in m);
is the inner radius of branch (in m);
is the mean radius of shell (in m);
is stress (in N/m 2 ) (see text for specific
symbols);
is the branch thickness (in m);

Of more value in general pressure vessel work are more

simple methodsiwhich give realistica:!y conservative
maximum stress levels ,for use in a fatigue assessment.

is the surface heat transfer coefficient at the

branch inner surface (in W l(m2'K));

";';01 ~'''/l't,lli

'rigorous stress analysis would need the use of finite

element computer methods wHich, in the case of a branch
on a cylindrical shell, would Involve a complex
three-dimensiollal approach. It would be difficult to be
eqw:llly precise in specifying the hoat transferrates
operating, which have been shown experimentally to vary
considerably around the' circumference of branches in
cylinders. The cilst of o:,e such rigorous analysis would be
prohibitive in m~st caSElS and usually the deSigner will
need to consider seveml transient operating conditions.

:,i"
!':,:

is the surface heat transfer coefficient

(in W/(m 2'K));

G.4(3) and G.4(4));

of fluid temperature rise or fall, the surface he'at-transfer

'coefficient and also up'on the metal thicknesses and
properties.

"

is the modulus of elasticity (in N/m2);

shear force (in N);

is the shell thickness (in m);

is the fluid temperature rise from start of
transient (in K);
is the inner surface temperature (in K);

To

is the outer sUrface temperature (in K);

Tm

is the mean temperature (in K);

is the discontinuity of edge rotation;

is the coefficient of linear expansion
(in m/(m'K));
is the radial discontinuity;
is the time from start of transient (in s);
is the density of the material (in kg/m3).

G.4.3.2 D9riv8tion of method Consider a

cylinder-to-sphere assembly as shown in figure GA( 1)
with a fluid subject to a rise in temperature on the inside.
Assume that heat transfer coefficients (h b and lis) apply at
the branch and shelLinner surfaces. The fluid velocity in
the branch will usually be greater than that in the shell and
hb may be several times larger than h s . During a ramp rise
in temperature the time-temperature behaviour of branch
and shell material will be simila(to that shown iii fig~re
G.4(2).
Branch and shell material away from the discontinuity will
be subject to thermal stress proportional to the difference
between the surface temperature (Tj or To) and the mean
temperature (Tm ). These through-thickness temperature
stresses will generally be different in branch ~nd shell.
Solutions are given in [29J for stresses in? flat prate
subject to a ramp rise in fluid temperature atpne:surface,

1m :,

0346

,~

BS 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991
'Taki:lg Poi5son's ratio as equal to 0.3, these solutions may
be plotted in the form!offigures G.4(3) and G.4{4J. where
Si:= -

K1E<ITI

junction may also be written, and stresses will be directly

'

proportional to the difference in mean temperature

between the two parts. A general expression for
discontinuity stress may theref?re be written as:

So=K2EilTI
Si and So' are the th&rmal stresses at irmer and outer
surfaces.'

The values pf K, and k2 are plotted in figures G.4(3) and

G.4(:4) ag<;li!lst the p~rameters:

dO

N=-

Sn

where Kd IS equal to the difference between the

temperature factors Kb and Ks given by figure GA(5) and
Cn represents factors for the various component stresses
'1'1

(2

d~klcp. ;

~~

In addition
the relative horizontal displacement of the
two parts, arotational discontinuity (V) will also be
produced by edge rotation of the shell opening.
In un actual construction these discontinuities will be
rsmiJved bj:; shear forces (F) and moments (M) acting at
the j,tJnction and their valqeS would be given by the
equations:

+A,)F+{a2+,<-1 2)(v1=t5
+A 2 )r+ (a3 +A 3)M= V

In practice l'he '[,ee'rotation ilt the edge, of lhe shell

opening would be small and would in any case tend to
reduce the values of discontinuity force and moment. if
the value V is thereforll t'aken
be zero, the equations
simple
giving somewhat
' offer' a
conselVatively high values of F and M.

F
D'
---' =~,

(a) Shell

Shi =

meridio'lal
Smi =

[Kd (

~~

- C3)

Kl] EaTf

Outer surface
circumferential
Sho

Sma

= [K2+Kd

(C 1 -

C2
0';2 )]iaTf

=[K2 -

Kd (C 3 +

~~)JEaTI

Branch

(b)

Inner surface
circumferential
S'hi

= [K d {C 1 + O,3C2 -1,O)-ktj

EaTI

longitudinal

Outer surface
circumferential
S'ho =

S"o

[1.:2 +Kd(C 1 - 0.3C2

1.0lj

EaT,

= [k2

- KdC2 ] EaTf

where'

Kd = Kb - Ks (read from figure G.4(5))

K 1, K2 , kl' k2 are temperature factors from figures

D2> A 2(C - 3.33(CS)Z2

, D :-: Dd2~6{CSZ)1.5 + A l )

G.4(3) and G.4(4) for shell (K) and branch (k),

C" C2 , C3 are stress factors from tables G.4{ 1), G.4(2)

D22

:Using the calculated v~lues of junction force and moment,

;eql1ation; for stresses in the b,anch and shell at the
~
I

;,,i:

C2
[Kd (C 1 + O'!2 ) - Kl] EaTf

longitudinal

:i D ,= A31C2 + 8.54{CS)O,5Z2.5

,'-

'

to

~olution,

, Taking Poisson's ratio as 0.3, inserting equations for an

and letting C= RIT, S:;rIR, Z= Tit, a non-dimensional
solu~ion of the equa\lons will be given by:

_\9. fa; .. i~.ii'"

meridional

where all aridA n are deilectior;s and rotation influence

coefficients for Dranch and shell respectively, The values
of 8~ may be obtained from simple thinccylinder bending
theo',y; values of An, referring to a pierced hemisphere
may be more convBnilntly obtained from thin-shell
computer allolysis,

mor~

ol !il6118fd;

Inner surface
circumferential

EX

rlO~ "N.... @jlil 01'

G.4.4 Total stress equations

wher9 Kb and Kg are obtained from figures G.4(S).

/1.11_ =

tl'n

G.4.4, 1 Junction stresses

, o=(Ko-;Ks)urTf

';: for

"'HUjil.; IH

equations as given in G.4.4.

Assuming that t:18 ,herm3! expar,siO:l of the branch and

t"le sheli opening is proportional to the ,espective average
illeta; tempera~ufes, the radial discontinuity introduced at
the junction would be

+"'"

""tli fftc\, ii ... P"'f<""'I1""'d!il uj'

81'1ti .il'ol

cu,v~s

Als6, from '(he solutions givsn in [1],

may be drawn
as sh:>wn in figure G.4(S) which give the ratio of rise.in
mean metlil temperature to the rise in fluid temperature
(T:":'l/;rr) using th~ same parameters /Vand m.

EJ

""~"''''''''y,

The total stresses will be given by c'ombining the

discontinuity stresses with those due to
,
through-thickness transient temperature di9tribuiio~ (S,

hI'

(o'j

tf,,,,

brar;ch/shell geometries have been computed and are

given in tables G.4{1 J. G,4{2J. G.4(3) and G.4(4).

I.:
m=-

(82

=KdCnEaTf

and G.4(3).

0347

an:':i(.' i,.ls~U~-1-,~J~n'~'a~~
;":;!
1991,

.\::;~}; ~

I
.

I;;,::

,!

i ; The maximum equivaleflt stress intensity will usually

;C,il;'(j'i " loio.':~j,jF Ii' tlalj Jl.j lii I141'.w ~<i,.w,..;tol.1:I ~/oili"j" ;;1:1>4 10 Iii,. II '1111101~1"t-;
.'1) i.' pOint the above stress equations refer.
!~ ~ : ,
'"

:: if:: ! ; Maximum beriding stre$s in the bmnch may occur at a

I.i!'- i : distance 0,62
from 'the junctior. At this point the total

vrT

,;!! :; : ; thermal stresseswill be: given by equations .in G.4.4.2.

'Ii ',. G.4.4.2. 8ra~ch stresses
,ii,

Ii

.''i!"j
IiIi ,.,"

";Ir:.

Inner surfac9
circllmferentic.:1

Outer surface
circumferential
S'ho

[Kd (O.322(C l -

1)+O.3C, - O.T92C2 ) +k2J x

x EaTI

[Kd(0.322(C,.-1)+0.Hl2C2-0.3C,)_k,lx
.

longitudinal

l'

longitudinal

,1 1",

.,!Ji'
,
. ::'1

where C4 is a stress factor from table G.4(4) .

, ',il
'J.!!

"II :,

I .iI'

t ;
,

,. i
~ Figura (MP) i\lc,;:zle g~ometry

J
E

.3
.J::
U

c:

....'"

co

f_e_~

Time_

0348

-.~

.. --.---------.

..-.----:---.--.-.--

~--'-

(-.

1.-4 rc
~.
r--"''<;:--

(-.-.
{

"

' ..

0;
~.j.-"

LL\-LLl

.__""".,......

.. " .

"'o"
.,z

U'i

co

~ (/)
CD 01
_..... 01
0

O'"i"j,,"illl!lli

0.01

,-0

1.0

o
W
H:"-

CD

. ... - ..

: :

Figure G.4(3) Inner surface thermal stress factors Kl and kl

10.0
N= dO
T2

100.0

Q)

:l

-<
(0
(0

(0
(0

BS 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

.)

-"

"0

t:

<1l

-:2
...

(/)

tl

....<1l

.......'"
(/)

iii

E
W

..c:
....
.CIl
(J
(lJ

't:

;:J

...

(/)

...

OJ

::J

.;
f

<t

ci
,:~

0,-=a

\!)

'->/ JO

'-){

'"
'::J

OJ

u:

0350

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

_....

;.~.

j .;

j . ,

~.-l--+.+-+--l

d
'

....

F f':

t~ ~

...

f+

H
;--uI
,i'i....

I~

%Ie;:.
II

,j.
,j 1: .

'-. ...

1111
. -::.:."
't:l

ra

...

U)

-...
1)
ro

...::I
ra
...

Q)

Q)

0-

E
Q)

...c:
ro

<II

:2:
LO

'f
ci

...IV::I
Cl

u::

0351

BS 5500 : 199i
Issue 1, January 1991
G.4.5 Use snd limitations of the method. The final stress
equations should provide a designer with a simple means
of estimating stre3S ranges in a branch due to thermal
cycling. Aithough based upon the analysis of the
rotationally symmetric cylinderlto-sphere connection, the
results should be sufficiently ac.curate for use in the
fatigue asssssment of branches in cylindrical shelis.
The analysis for through-thickness temperature stress is
based upon a flat-plate solution and is reasonably
accurate for cylinders where rolri is less than about 1.1.
For branches thicker than this, the stress factor (k,) may
be multiplied by the ratio rlri for a conservative result.
The analysis for discontinuity stress will give conservative
results since it neglects the effects of edge rotation
produced by ani; axial temperature gradient on the branch
and by temperature gmdient through the shell wall. Both
effects would in practice tend to reduce the junction
fOices and moments.

Such a simple t'lpe of analysis call not, of course, predict .

the peak stresses which would oycur due to local changes
in geometry at the junction and tMe designer would need
pply appropriate stress conce'ntration factors befo,e
",'Iilying stress results in a fatigue analysis.
In practical use the tabulated stress factors C" C2 , C3 and
C4 will be found to plot as fairly straight lines against the
various parameters, and interpolation for intermediate
geometric ratios can be made with reasonable accuracy.

k
m=-=

ht

41.5

0.29

2850 x 0.05

k, =0.14 (from figure G.4(3))

k2 = 0.08 (from figure G.4(4))

Kb = 0.82 (from figure G.4(5))

Since ralrj = 1.4 (i.e. r alri > 1.1)
150
k, (corrected) = k, = 0.17
125

Kd=Kb - Ks=0.52

Calculate geometric factors (C" C2 , C3 )

RIT = 15,rIR= O.l,Z= Tlt= 2.0

C, = 0.26 (from table G.4( 1))

C2 = 0.70 (from table G.4(2))
C3 = 0.13 (from table G.4(3))

Calr;ulate total thermal stress

Rise in fluid temperature (Tf) = 200 K

E=21 x 10 4 MN/m2
a= 12.6x 10- 6 m/(m'K)

EaTf =21 x 12.6x20x 10- 1 =530MN/m 2 .

Shell:

Shi = 0.52

Take:

Smi = 0.52 (

Stress

f~ctor

(MN/m')

(0.26 +?3: 0.7) -0.32

Problem. A branch 300 mm mean diameter and 50 mm

thick is welded to a steel vessel 3 m diameter and
100 mm thicl<. The contained fluid is subject to a ramp rise
in temperature of 200 C in 10 min. The average heat
transfer coefficients to shell and branch are estimated as
570 W /(rn 2 'K) .and 2850 W /(m 2'K) respectively.
Calculate thermal stress i:1 the assembly at the end of the
transient.

Total stress

40.7 - 0.13 )

~ha=0.14+0.52

-0.32

= - 0.157

83.2

= - 0.296

- 157.2

(0.26- 0.3;0.7)
0.248

131.4

,,; - 0.019

9.9

k=41.5 W/(m'K)
c= 420 J/(kg'l<)
p=7700kg/m 3

Sma=0.14-0.52

41.5

cp

420x 7700
.

0.13+ 0.7)

= 1.28 x 10- 5 m 2/s

Calculate thermalfactors (K" K2, k"k 2, Kd)

AI: end of transient
600s

0::i

Branch:

Shelf:
5

N= dO = 1.28 x 10- x 600 _ 0.77

j2

(OJ)2'

' 41.5
= ----=0.73

m= -

hT

Total stress
factor

Stress
(MN/m')

= - 0.446

- 236.4

0.194

102.8

= - 0.414

- 219.4

=-

- 150.5

S'hi = 0.52 [026+ (0.3 x 0.7)

- 1.0J - 0.17

S'li = (0.52 x 0.7) ....: 0.17

570xO.l

K, = 0.32 (from figure G.4(3))

K2 == 0.14 (from figure G.4(4))

S'ha = 0.08 + 0.52 [0.26 (0.3xO.7) - 1.0J

Ks == 0.30 (from figure G.4(5))

Branch:

dB
1.28 ~
N= -==

t2

10- 5 x 600

5'10

= 0.08 - (0.52 x 0.7)

0.284

3.1

(0.05)2

0352

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 1991
From this analysis the maximum stress intensity would
occur at the inner surface of the branch and would equal:

Smax == 236.4 + 102.8=339.2 N/mm2

In this example, if the inner surface of a weld at the branch
to shell junction may pe considered to be ground flush
then the design life, due to thermal cycling alone, would be
obtairled by ~ntering the fatigue design curve (see figure
C.2.1) at a value of alternating stress of max (see C.B).

Otherwise. and at other locations, it may be necessary

to apply additional peak stress factors to allow for weld
geometry.
If temperature cycling coincides with pressure changes
then any stresses due to pressure should be added to the
component stresses given above, before calculating the
maximum stress intensity in accordance with C.2.3.

ts

Table G.4(1) Circumferential stress factor C1

RIT=15
rlR

Z=5

Z=4

Z=3

Z=2

Z= 1.5

Z=l

Z=0.66

Z=0.5

0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.11
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14

0.15
0.13
0.14
0.16'
0.17
0.18

0.20
0.18
0.20
0.22
0.23
0.24

0.29
0.26
0.27
0.30
0.31
0.33

0.36
0.32
0.32
0.35
0.37
0.38

0.46
0.40
0.39
0.41
0.43
0.44

0.57
0.50
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51

0.66
0.59
0.56
0.57
0.57
0.58

rlR ,

Z=5 i

Z=4

Z=3

Z=2

Z=1.5

Z=l

Z=0.66

Z=0.5

0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.08
0.09
0.10
0.11
0.12
0.14

0.11
0.11
0.14
0.15
0.17
0.18

0.15
0.16
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.24

0.22
0.22
0.26
0.27
0.30
0.32

0.26
0.26
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.38

0.34
0.33
0.35
0.38
0.39
0.43

0.48
0.41
0.43
0.45
0.47
0.49

0.53
0.49
0.50
0.52
0.53
0.56

rlR

Z=5

Z=4

Z=3

Z=2

Z= 1.5

Z=l

Z=0.66

Z=0.5

0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
,
0.4
0.5

0.07
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.12
0.13

0.10
0.11
0.13
0.15
0.17
0.18

0.13
0.15
0.18
0.21
0.22
0.24

0.19
0.21
0.24
0.26
0.28
0.32

0.23
0.25
0.29
0.32
0.35
0.37

0.30
0.30
0.33
0.35
0.39
0.42

0.39
0.38
0.41
0.44
0.46
0.49

0.47
0.45
0.48
0.50
0.53
0.55

RIT= 50

0353

BS 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991
Table G.4(2) Bending stress factor C2
RIT=15

rlR

Z=5

Z=4

Z=3

Z=2

Z= 1.5

Z=l

0,05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.51
.1.48
1.44
1.41
1.39
1.38

1.39
1.35
1.29
1.25
1.24
1.22

1.18
1.11
1.04
1.00
0.98
0.97

0.80
0.70
0.62
0.58
0.56
0.55

0.52
0.42
0.34
0.31
0.29
0.28

0.21
0.13
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.02

!
;
r

'.

Z=0.66

Z=0.5

0.05
+0
-0.04
0.07
-0.08
-0.09

0.01
-0.03
-0.06
-0.08
-0.09
-0.10

'--.

RIT= 50

rlR

Z=5

Z;'4

Z=3

Z=2

Z= 1.5

Z=l

Z=0.66

Z=0.5

0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.50
1.45
: 1.41
1.38
1.38
1.37

1.3(3
1.30
1.26
1.23
1.23
1.21

1.12
1.04
0.99
. 0.97
0.97
0.96

0.70
0.60
0.56
0.54
0.54
0.54

0.41
0.32
0.29
0.28
0.28
0.27

0.13
0.07
0.03
0.01
0.01
0.01

0.01
-0
-0.07
-0.09
-0.09
-0.10

-0.02
-0.05
-0.08
-0.10
-0.10
-0.11

rlR

Z=5

Z=4

Z=3

Z=2

Z= 1.5

Z=l

Z=0.66

Z=0.5

0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

1.47
.1.43
1.40
1.39
1.38
1.37

1.32
1.26>
I
1.24
!
1.23
1.22
1.21

1.06
0.99
0.97
0.97
0.96
0.95

0.63
0.55
0.54
0.54
0.54
0.54

0.35
0.28
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.27

0.09
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.Q1
0.01

-0.01
-0.05
-0.08
-0.08
-0.09
-0.10

-0.03
-0.06
-0.09
-0.10
-0.11
-0.11

..

= 100

Tab!a G.4(3) ?ilaridional stress factor C3

. RIT= 15

rtR

Z=5

Z=4

Z=3

Z=2

Z= 1.5

Z=1

Z=0.66

Z=0.5

0.07
0.05
0.03
0.03
. 0.02
0.02

0.09
0.06
0.04
0.03
0:03
0.02

0.12
0.09
0.06
0.05
0.04
0.03

0.18
0.13
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04

0.22
0.16
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.05

0.29
0.21
0.14
0.11
0.09
0.07

0.37
0.29
0.20
0.15
0.12
0.10

0.44
0.35
0.25
0.19
0.15
0.13

rtR

Z=5j

Z=4

Z=3

Z=2

Z= 1.5

Z=l

Z=0.66

Z=0.5

0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01

0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.Q1
0.Q1

0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02

0.10
0.07
0.04
0.03
0.03
0.02

0.13
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03

0.18
0.12
0.08
0.06
0.05
0.04

0.25
0.18
0.12
0.09
0.07
0.06

0.31
0.23
0.15
0.11
0.09
0.07

rlR

Z=5 ;

Z=4

Z=3

Z=2

Z= 1.5

Z=l

Z=0.66

Z=0.5

0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

0.03.
0.02
0.01 .

0.04
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.Q1
0.01

0.05

0.07
0.05
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02

0.09
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.02

0.13
0.09
0.06
0.04
0.03
0.03

0.19
0.13
0.09
0.06
0.05
0.04

0.25
0.18
0.11
0.08
0.06
0.05

0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
(

0.0

RIT= 50

i
I

RIT= 100

0.01
0.01 .
0.01

am
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01

0354

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 1991

~..:-,'

Table G.4(4) Branch bending stress factor C

4
RIT= 15

,IR

Z=5

Z=4

Z=3

Z=2

Jz= 1.5

0.05
0.1
I
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

Z=l

Z=0.66

1.00
1.00
0.98
0.97
0.94
0.94

0.94
0.94
0.91
0.89
0.88
0.87

Z=0.5

0.85
0.84
0.80
0.78
0.76
0.75

0.67
0.66
0.62
0.59
0.58
0.57

0.54
0.53
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.45

0.38
0.39
0.37
0.35
0.34
0.33

0.27
0.29
0.29
0.27
0.26
0.25

0.20
0.23
0.24
0.23
0.22
0.21

Z=5

Z=4

Z=3

Z=2

Z= 1.5

Z=1

Z=0.66

1.02
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.95
0.94

Z=0.5

0.96
0.93
0.91
0.89
0.88
0.88

0.86
0.82
0.79
0.77
0.76
0.76

0.68
0.65
0.61
0.59
0.58
0.57

0.56
0.53
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.45

0.43
0.41
0.39
0.36
0.35
0.33

0.33
0.33
0.31
0.29
0.27
0.26

0.26
0.28
0.26
0.25
0.23
0.22

rlR

Z=5

l=4

l=3

Z=.2

Z= 1.5

0.05
0.1 '
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5,

Z=l

1.01
0.99
0.97
0.97
0.94
0. 94 1

Z=0.66

Z=0.5

0.95
0.92
0.90
0.89
0.89
0.85

0.84
0.81
0.79
0.77
0.75
0.75

0.67
0.64
0.61
0.59
0.58
0.57

0.56
0.53
0.50
0.48
0.46
0.45

0.44
0.42
0.39
0.37
0.35
0.34

0.35
0.35
0.32
0.28
0.28
0.26

0.30
0.30
0.27
0.25
0.24
0.22

..

RIT=50
rlR

0.05
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5

i
I

RIT= 100

\_.-

0355

BS 5500: 1991
Issue 1, January 19'91
j

G.5 Bibliogrclphy

21. FORBES. P. D. and TOOTH, A. S. An analysis for twin

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0356

BS 5500 : 1991
Issue 1, January 1991
39. TOOTH. A. S . DUTHIE. G . WHITE. G. C. CARMICHAEL. J.
Stresses in Horizontal storage vessels - a comparison of
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calculating stresses due to radial loads and moments
applied to branches in cylindrical pressure vessels. J.
Strain Analysis. 1981.16. No.4.

'-0357