125017 Difrentials, derivative of arc length, curvature radius of curvature, circle of curvature, centr of curvature, evaute SolitaryRoad.com Website owner: James Miller [ Home } [ Up } [ Info } [ Mail } DIFFERENTIALS, DERIVATIVE OF ARC LENGTH, CURVATURE, RADIUS OF CURVATURE, CIRCLE OF CURVATURE, CENTER OF CURVATURE, EVOLUTE Concept of the differential. A number of notations are used to represent the derivative of the function y= f(x): Dyy, y', £100, ete. However, the notation most commonly used is dy/dx, Here a fractional notation is employed, dy as numerator and dx as denominator. One might well wonder why this fractional notation is used. ‘The derivative is not defined as a fraction. It is defined as a number, a limit. Why use a fractional notation? The truth is, itis often convenient to view the derivative as a fraction. It is defined as the limit dy Ay eta and it is often thought of as the fraction Ay/Ax where Ax is a very small increment. In fact, in this fractional notation dy and dx are really modified abbreviations for Ay and Ax. Indeed, when one gets into integral calculus one discovers that dx and dy are thought of as separate entities — actually the entities Ay and Ax, for very small increments of Ax. Thought of in this way, as distinet entities, dx and dy are called differentials. The entity dx is conceived of as a small increment, Ax, and dy is defined as dy = f'(x)dx. See Fig. 1. Let us start at any point A(x, y) on the curve and let x increase by a small amount Ax. The corresponding increment in y is given by CB = Ay. The differential dy corresponds to CT. We see that Ay = dy + TB, One can see that if Ax is small TB approaches zero and dy is a ‘good approximation to Ay. This fact is utilized in solving a certain class of problems. Example. Compute approximately the volume of metal in a hollow spherical shell with a thickness of 0.06 inches and inside radius of 7 inches. Solution. The volume of metal in our hollow spherical shell is equal to the amount by which the volume increases when its radius increases from 7.00 to 7.06 in. The volume v of a sphere of radius r is given by Taking the derivative with respect to r we get dvidr = 47 freating dv/dr as a fraction, we write dv =4nrdr tap hvu soliaryroad cone 96 hit 48‘1n820"7 In our problem r=7 inches and dr = 0.06 inches. Thus dy = 4n(49)(0.06) = 36.9 cu. in. Note that in this example the differentials dr and dv are treated as separate entities and manipulated algebraically as variables. Difrentials, derivative of arc length, curvature radius of curvature, circle of curvature, centr of curvature, evaute Differential formulas. The rules and formulas for differentiation are often given in terms of differentials. A table follows. They are often easier to remember and use in this form. DIFFERENTIALS daz —adz de +0) = du + av dw = ude + odu edu — udo a. us dam = nx de dz = yar-tde + 2 log. 2 dy dein x = cos dz cos 2 = —sin 2dz dtan 2 — sco? 2 dz d cot x = —ese? x dx dsec z = tan 2 see edz dose z = —cot x-ese s dz dvers 2 = sin 2 dz deine — (1 — 29)-tde d cose = — (1 — 2*)-4dz dtan“e = (1 + 2%)"Idz dcot2 = —( +2)“dz dsecte =a (a —1)-3dee Dose te = — (at —1)-4de der — et de dew -aerde d a= = a* log. a az dlog. 2 = 2tde d loge 2 = 2 loge e dz dz = 2° (1 + loge 2) de divers 2 = (x — 2)-4 de @ sinh 2 = cosh x dz d cosh @ — sinh de dtanh « = sok" x dx doth 2 = —esch* x dx dsech x dosch 2 = —csch x coth x dz d sinh 2 = (@? 4 1)-ide @ cosh 2 = (@* — 1)-ide —sech = tanh 2 dz dtanh 2 = (1 — 2*)'dz @coth 2 = —@* — 1)da dsech~ «= —a-(1 — *)-tde desch~* = — e*(ae* + 1)-kdeo Derivative of are length. Consider a curve in the x-y plane which, at least over some section of interest, can be represented by a function y ~ f(x) having a continuous first derivative, Let A be some fixed point on the curve and denote by s the are length from A to any other arbitrary point P(x, y) on the curve. Let Q be a point at coordinates (x + Ax, y + Ay). See Fig. 2. Denote by As the arc length from P to Q. Then the instantaneous rate of change of are length s per unit change in x is given by ip hwwn solitary. come 961 hit125017 Difrentials, derivative of arc length, curvature radius of curvature, circle of curvature, contr of curvature, evaite Ifa curve is given by the parametric equations x= flu) y=g(u) Fig. 2 the rate of change of arc length s with respect to u is given by ds dy » £.[2@ du du) cate i+ ay? as Note that both equations 1) and 2) can be derived from the following 7 fundamental relationship: = 3) ds*=dx? + dy” Fig. 3 See Fig. 3. The relationships 1), 2) and 3) are important, much used forms. The relationship ds? = dx? + dy” reveals that ds is the hypotenuse of a right triangle with edges dx, and dy, a fact which is intuitively obvious since the are As approaches the chord PQ as the chord approaches zero. If we are dealing with arcs in three dimensional space instead of the plane, 3) becomes 4) ds*@=dx? + dy? + dz? where ds is the diagonal of a rectangular parallelepiped (or box) with edges dx, dy and dz, Curvature, Intuitively the curvature of a plane curve at a point P can be thought of as the curvature of that circle which approximates the curve most closely near that point. The curvature of a circle is directly defined by the length of its radius. The shorter the radius, the greater the curvature of the arc in the vicinity of any point P on it. The longer the radius, the bigger the circle, and the less the curvature of the arc in the vicinity of any point P on it. Fora very large circle the curvature of an arc at some point P approaches that of a straight line i.e. zero curvature. In the following we will give the technical definition of curvature. We will find that this definition leads directly to the result that the curvature, K, of a circle is equal to the reciprocal of its radius r ie. K = Lit, ‘Thus, for a circle, the length of its radius is a direct measure of its curvature. ‘Technical definition of curvature. Consider any smooth curve. Curvature measures the rate at which the tangent line turns per unit distance moved along the curve. Or, more simply, it measures the rate of change of direction of the curve. tap hvu soliaryroad cone 96 hit2017 Diflerenl, derivative of ar length, crvatire, radu ef curate, le of exvatire, center ocrvaie, eve Let P and P* be two points on a curve, separated by an are of length As, See Fig. 4. Then the average curvature of the are from P to P' is expressed by the fraction | 20 | As where AQ = 0'- 0 is the angle tuned through by the tangent line moving fromP | to P’. The curvature K at point P is defined as d*y The sign of K will be positive if d”y/dx? is positive and negative if it is negative. Many authors, however, regard the curvature as the absolute value of K, thus considering curvature as always positive. Alternate formula for curvature. An alternate formula for curvature is tap hvu soliaryroad cone 96 hit a8125017 Difrentials, derivative of arc length, curvature radius of curvature, circle of curvature, centr of curvature, evaute dx a 4($ This formula can be used at a point where dy/dx doesn’t exist such as a point on a curve where the tangent line is parallel to the y-axis. Example. Find the curvature of the cubical parabola y = x? at (1, 1) Solution. dy/dx = 3x? @y/dx? = 6x dyldx}) ) =3 Py/dx}, 1 6 K 1+3 0.1897 Curvature of a circle. Given a circle of radius R as shown in Fig. 5. tangent line to the circle at P makes an angle @ with the x-axis. In moving to the | / position P’ it turns through an angle AQ. The amount of turning per unit distance moved along the are is AoA 1 As RAO R since As ~ RAO, 0 being measured in radians. Thus ‘The curvature of a circle is constant and is equal to the reciprocal of the radius. Example. The curvature of a circle whose radius is 5 ft. is tap hvu soliaryroad cone 96 hit125017 Difrentials, derivative of arc length, curvature radius of curvature, circle of curvature, centr of curvature, evaute railian per foot ‘This means that the tangent line, in traversing the circle, turns at a rate of 1/5 radian per foot moved along the are. Def. Radius of curvature. The radius of curvature for a point P on a curve is defined as 1 7 R= ) KI where K is the curvature. Def. Circle of curvature. Let R be the radius of curvature at a point P ona curve. The circle of eurvature or Oseulating Circle of the curve at point P is the circle of radius R lying on the concave side of the curve and tangent to it at P. See Fig. 6. To construct the circle of curvature: On the concave side of the curve construct the normal at P and on it lay off PC = R. The point C is the center of the required circle. ‘The circle of curvature of a curve at a point P is that particular circle which has the same curvature as the curve itself at point P, Of the indefinitely large number of circles that can be drawn tangent to the curve at P, this is the only one whose curvature is the same as that of the curve at the point of contact. It can be shown that this circle “fits” the curve more closely in the neighborhood of P than any other circle — just as the tangent line fits it more closely than any other line. Another definition of the circle of curvature at point P is as follows: Suppose we pass a circle through P and two arbitrarily selected neighboring points P' and P" on the curve. The limiting position of this circle as P' and P" both approach P along the curve can be shown to be identical with that of the circle of curvature as defined above. Center of curvature. The center of curvature for a point P(x, y) of a curve is the center C of the circle of curvature at P. The coordinates (a, 8) of the center of curvature are given by tap hvu soliaryroad cone 96 hit ae‘es2017 Diferertials, derivative of arc length, curvatire rads of curvatre, circle of curvature, center of curvature, evaute Def. Evolute. ‘The evolute of a curve is the locus of the centers of curvature of a given curve. 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