Hatred or hate is a deep and extreme emotional dislike.

It can be directed against individuals, groups,

entities, objects, behaviors, or ideas. Hatred is often associated with feelings of anger, disgust and a
disposition towards hostility.
Contents
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1Ethnolinguistics

2Psychoanalytic views

3Neurological research

4Legal issues

5Religious perspectives
o

5.1Christianity

6See also

7References

8Further reading

Ethnolinguistics[edit]

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This article needs additional citations for verification. (August 2014)
This article possibly contains original research. (July 2014)
James W. Underhill, in his Ethnolinguistics and Cultural Concepts: truth, love, hate & war, (2012)
discusses the origin and the metaphoric representations of hate in various languages. He stresses that
love and hate are social, and culturally constructed. For this reason, hate is historically situated.
Although it is fair to say that one single emotion exists in English, French (haine), and German (Hass),
hate varies in the forms in which it is manifested. A certain relationless hatred is expressed in the French
expression J'ai la haine, which has no equivalent in English. While for English-speakers, loving and
hating invariably involve an object, or a person, and therefore, a relationship with something or
someone, J'ai la haine (literally, I have hate) precludes the idea of an emotion directed at a person. This
is a form of frustration, apathy and animosity which churns within the subject but establishes no
relationship with the world, other than an aimless desire for destruction. Underhill (following Philippe
Roger) also considers French forms of anti-Americanism as a specific form of cultural resentment.

Psychoanalytic views[edit]
In psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud defined hate as an ego state that wishes to destroy the source of its
unhappiness.[1] More recently, the Penguin Dictionary of Psychology defines hate as a "deep, enduring,
intense emotion expressing animosity, anger, and hostility towards a person, group, or
object."[2] Because hatred is believed to be long-lasting, many psychologists [who?] consider it to be more of
an attitude or disposition than a temporary emotional state.[citation needed]

Neurological research[edit]
The neural correlates of hate have been investigated with an fMRI procedure. In this experiment, people
had their brains scanned while viewing pictures of people they hated. The results showed increased
activity in the middle frontal gyrus, right putamen, bilaterally in the premotor cortex, in the frontal pole,
and bilaterally in the medial insular cortex of the human brain.[3]

Legal issues[edit]
In the English language, a hate crime (also known as a "bias-motivated crime") generally refers
to criminal acts which are seen to have been motivated by hate. Those who commit hate crimes target
victims because of their perceived membership in a certain social group, usually defined
by race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, mental
disorder, disability, class, ethnicity, nationality, age, gender identity, or political affiliation.[4] Incidents may
involve physical assault, destruction of property, bullying, harassment, verbal abuse or insults, or
offensive graffiti or letters (hate mail).[5]
Hate speech is speech perceived to disparage a person or group of people based on their social or
ethnic group,[6] such as race, sex, age, ethnicity, nationality, religion, sexual orientation, gender
identity, mental disorder, disability, language ability, ideology, social class, occupation, appearance
(height, weight, skin color, etc.), mental capacity, and any other distinction that might be considered a
liability. The term covers written as well as oral communication and some forms of behaviors in a public
setting. It is also sometimes called antilocution and is the first point on Allport's scale which
measures prejudice in a society. In many countries, deliberate use of hate speech is a criminal
offence prohibited under incitement to hatred legislation. It is often alleged that the criminalization of
hate speech is sometimes used to discourage legitimate discussion of negative aspects of voluntary
behavior (such as political persuasion, religious adherence and philosophical allegiance). There is also
some question as to whether or not hate speech falls under the protection of freedom of speech in some
countries.
Both of these classifications have sparked debate, with counter-arguments such as, but not limited to, a
difficulty in distinguishing motive and intent for crimes, as well as philosophical debate on the validity of
valuing targeted hatred as a greater crime than general misanthropy and contempt for humanity being a
potentially equal crime in and of itself.

Religious perspectives[edit]
Christianity[edit]
Both the Old and the New Testaments deal with hatred. Ecclesiastes 3:8 teaches that there is a "time to
love, and a time to hate;".[7] However, the Old Testament (also known as the Jewish Bible, the Tanakh)
also contains condemnations of hatred. For example, "thou shalt not hate thy brother in thy heart". [8] The
New Testament emphasizes that evil intentions can be as serious as evil actions. [9] Thus John counted
hatred as serious as murder: "whosoever hateth his brother is a murderer and you know that no
murderer hath eternal life abiding in himself" (1 John 3).[10]
It is popularly assumed that one cant hate and love the same person at the same time. But Psalm
139[11] says there is a kind of perfect hatred which is consistent with love, and is different from the cruel
hatred shown by Gods enemies.[12] The Hebrew word describing Davids perfect hatred (KJV) means
that it brings a process to completion.[13]In other words, goal oriented opposition. The ultimate
opposition to those who oppose God would be to get them to love God. Or, failing that, to at least stop
them from destroying others. The New Testament describes a similar, if not the same, process: to
deliver...unto Satan for the destruction of the flesh, that the spirit may be saved.... [14]
Todays popular characterization of good hatred is to hate the sin, but love the sinner. Examples of this
concept can be found in the Old Testament through David's actions. It is not recorded that David ever
physically punished or fought anybody for merely hating or denying God, but only for acts of aggression.

He responded to evil proportionately. He defended himself and his nation from violence, but when
people merely turned from God in their hearts, without physical violence, he composed Psalms;
presumably, this was the kind of hatred in Davids mind when he and his son wrote the only five verses
in the Old Testament that suggest God hates not just the sin but the sinner.[15]
The New Testament unambiguously aligns with the modern concept: it never says God or Jesus hates
any person, or that anyone else should.[16] Accordingly, Jesus hated the doctrines[17] and deeds[18] of
the Nicolaitans, but not the Nicolaitans themselves. While Jesus hates sin, He inspires us to love our
enemies[19] by pointing out that God equally treats the evil and the good.[20]
Leviticus 19:17 provides one illustration of how popular concepts of love and hate today have departed
from biblical concepts. The verse says thou shalt not hate, but the rest of the verse explains what that
means: thou shalt...rebuke thy brother, and not [tolerate] sin upon him. Todays culture often agrees,
calling that tough love. While contemporary culture and the Bible agree on this notion, they are in
conflict over the definition of which behaviors deserve admonishment. At the most extreme points of
difference, contemporary culture may consider the rebuking endorsed by the Bible to be hatred,
especially if the behavior is permissible in secular society.[4][5][6]