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First Part
Page No. 3

Sentence

Page No.2

Subject/Predicate Phrase/Clause

Page No. 4

Noun and Its kinds

Page No. 7

Pronoun and Its kinds

Page No. 10

Adjective and its kinds

Najm-ul-Huda School System

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First Part

Sentence
Sentence:

A group of words in a certain arrangement which gives complete sense

is called sentence. e.g.
Ali is working hard.
He has bought a pen.

Kinds of sentences:
The kinds of sentences are given below.
Assertive sentence
Interrogative sentence
Imperative sentence
Exclamatory sentence
Optative Sentence

Assertive Sentence:
A sentence that makes a statement is called an Assertive sentence. e.g.
We are friends.
They work for the country.
The statement can be positive or negative.
Positive Sentence:
A sentence that give positive statement. e.g. She worked hard.
Negative Sentence:
A sentence that make negative statement. e.g. I shall not waste time.

Interrogative Sentence:
A sentence that asks a question is called an Interrogative sentence. e.g.
Where do you live?
Are you going there?

Imperative Sentence:
A sentence that expresses a command, order, request or advice is called
an Imperative sentence. e.g. Be quiet.

Exclamatory Sentence:
Sentences which express some strong feelings or emotions such as joy,
sorrow, regret, surprise, wonder etc., are called exclamatory sentences.
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What a marvelous sight!
How beautiful the flower is!
Hurrah! We have won.
Alas! She is no more.

Optative Sentence:
Sentences which express a keen wish, prayer, curse etc., are called
Optative sentences.
May you live long!
May God help you!

Subject & Predicate

The part of the sentence which name the person or thing we are
speaking about is called the SUBJECT of the sentence. e.g.
He has a good memory.
In this sentence He is the subject of the sentence.
&
The part which tells something about the Subject is called the
PREDICATE of the sentence. e.g.
The earth revolves round the sun.
In this sentence revolve round the sun is the Predicate of the Subject
The earth.

Phrase
A group of words which makes sense, but not complete sense, is called
a phrase. e.g.
The sun rises in the east.
in the east (Phrase)
It was a sunset of great beauty.
of great beauty (Phrase)

Clause
A group of words which forms part of a sentence, and contain a Subject
and a Predicate, is called a clause. e.g.
He has a chain which is made of gold.

which is made of gold (clause)

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Parts of Speech
Words are divided into different kinds or classes according to their use
are called Parts Of Speech.
1) Noun

2) Pronoun

3) Adjective

4) Verb

5) Adverb

6) Preposition

7) Conjunction

8) Interjection

Noun
Name of person, place or thing is called noun. Aslam , Pakistan , Cat

Noun Phrases
A Noun Phrase is a group of words that does the work of a Noun is
called a Noun Phrase. e.g.
To win a prize is my ambition.
(To win a prize) Noun Phrase
We enjoy playing cricket.
(playing cricket) Noun Phrase

Noun Clauses
A noun clause is a group of words which contains a Subjects and a
Predicate of its own, and does the work of a noun.
I expect that I shall get a prize.
That I shall get a prize.
I do not know what he will do.
What he will do.

Categories of Noun
Countable Noun
Countable nouns refer to people or things that can be counted. For
example, a book, a table, a chair.

Uncountable Nouns:
Uncountable noun refer to people or things that cannot be counted. For
example, tea , cream , milk , wind.

Kinds of Noun:
Common Noun:
The name of a common place, person or a thing is called as common
noun. e.g. girl, book, pen, etc.
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Proper Noun:
The name of a specific place, person or a thing is called proper noun.
e.g. Lahore , The Holy Quran , etc.

Collective Noun:
The words that refer to a group of people or things are called collective
noun. e.g. Police, team, flock, jury, herd, etc.

Material Noun:
It is the name of a matter or a substance of which anything is made. e.g.
iron, cotton, milk.

Abstract Noun:
An abstract noun is the name of some quality, state or action considered
apart from the object to which it belongs; as
Quality:--honesty, truth, kindness, wisdom.
State:--Childhood , death , birth , poverty
Action:--Love, theft, laughter.

Formation of Abstract noun:

Adjective
Long
Strong
Wide
Young
True
Proud

Abstract Noun
Length
Strength
Width
Youth
Truth
Pride
Common noun
King
Mother
Friend
Author
Thief
Pilgrim

Verb
Believe
Laugh
Serve
Hate
Advise
Die
Abstract Noun
Kinghood
Motherhood
Friendship
Authorship
Theft
Pilgrimage

The Noun: Gender

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Abstract Noun
Belief
Laughter
Service
Hatred
Advice
Death

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We know that living things are of either the male or the female sex.

Masculine Gender
A noun that denotes a male animal is said to be of the Masculine
Gender. e.g. boy, lion, hero, king, man, brother, etc.

Feminine Gender
A noun that denotes a female animal is said to be of the Feminine
Gender. e.g. girl, lioness, heroine, queen, woman, sister, etc.

Common Gender
A noun that either a male or a female is said to be of the Common
Gender. e.g. parents, child, friend, thief, cousin, person, student, baby.

Neuter Gender
A noun that denotes a thing that is neither male nor female (i.e., thing
without life) is said to be of the Neuter Gender. e.g. book, pen, room.

The Noun: Number

Singular Number
A noun that denotes one person or thing, is said to be in the Singular
Number; as, boy, girl, cow, bird, book, pen.

Plural Number
A noun that denotes more than one person or thing, is said to be in the
Plural Number; as, boys, girls, cows, birds, books, pens.
The Noun: Case

Subjective/Nominative Case
When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the subject of the verb, it is said to
be in the Subjective (or Nominative) Case. e.g. Ali threw a stone.

Objective/Accusative Case
When a noun (or pronoun) is used as the object of the verb, it is said to
be in the Objective (or Accusative) Case. e.g. Ali threw a stone.

Pronoun
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Pronoun is a word which is used in place of noun. For example,

Quaid-e-Azam is our national hero. He was born is Karachi.
Kinds of Pronoun

Personal Pronoun
I, we, you, he, she, it, they are called personal pronoun because they stand
for three persons.

Table Of Personal Pronouns

Nominative case

Possessive case

Objective case

First person

I
we

My/mine
Our/ours

Me
Us

Second person

You

Your/yours

You

Third person

He
She
It
They

His
Her/hers
Its
Their/theirs

Him
Her
It
Them

Possessive Adjectives from Pronoun

It will be seen that the Possessive Cases of most of the Personal
Pronouns have two forms. Of these the forms my, our, your, her, their
are called Possessive Adjectives because they are used with nouns and
do the work of adjectives; as
This is my book.
Those are your books.
That is her book.

Reflexive Pronoun
We use Reflexive pronoun when the action done by the subject turns
back upon the subject. e.g. He injured himself.

Formation of Reflexive Pronoun

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We make reflexive pronoun by adding self/selves to my, our, your,

him, her, their, it.
My+self
=
Myself
Our+selves
=
Ourselves
Your+self
=
Yourself
Her+self
=
Herself
Him+self
=
Himself
Them+selves
=
Themselves
It+self
=
itself

Empathic Pronoun
If a Reflexive pronoun is used to emphasize upon something, it is called
an emphatic pronoun. e.g. I myself saw a snake in the room.

Demonstrative Pronouns
The pronouns that are used to point out the object to which they refer
are called demonstrative pronoun. e.g.
This book is mine.
What was that noise?
All such people ought to be avoided.

Indefinite Pronouns
The pronouns which refer to persons or things in general way, but do
not refer to any person or thing in particular way are called Indefinite
Pronouns. e.g.
I will take you there one day.
He is a man of few words.
Some milk was spilt.

Interrogative Pronoun
Interrogative pronouns are used for asking questions. Like the words
when, where, which, who, how, whom, why are Interrogative Pronoun.
e.g.
Who is there?
What is the matter?
I asked who was speaking.

Distributive Pronouns
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The pronouns which refer to persons or things one at a time are called
Distributive Pronoun. Each, either, neither, one. e.g.
Each of the men received a reward.
Each took it in turn.
Either of you can go.

Relative Pronoun
A relative pronoun is a pronoun that introduces a relative clause. It is
called a "relative" pronoun because it "relates" to the word that it
modifies. e.g.
The person who phoned me last night is my teacher.
In the above example, "who":
relates to "person", which it modifies
introduces the relative clause "who phoned me last night"
There are five relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that
Who (subject) and whom (object) are generally only for people. Whose
is for possession. Which is for things. In non-defining relative clauses,
that is used for things. In defining relative clauses (clauses that are
essential to the sentence and do not simply add extra information) that
can be used for things and people.
Look at these examples showing defining and non-defining relative clauses:
example sentences
notes
S=subject, O=object, P=possessive

defining relative clauses

- The person who phoned me last

night is my teacher.
- The person that phoned me last
night is my teacher.
- The car which hit me was yellow.
- The car that hit me was yellow.
- The person whom I phoned last
night is my teacher.
- The people who I phoned last
night are my teachers.
- The person that I phoned last
night is my teacher.
- The person I phoned last night is
my teacher.
- The car which I drive is old.
- The car that I drive is old.
- The car I drive is old.

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That is preferable

That is preferable

Whom is correct
but formal. The
relative pronoun is
optional.

That is preferable
to which. The
relative pronoun is

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optional.

S
non-defining relative clauses

- The student whose phone just

rang should stand up.
- Students whose parents are
wealthy pay extra.
- The police are looking for the car
whose driver was masked.
- The police are looking for the car
of which the driver was masked.
- Mrs Pratt, who is very kind, is
my teacher.
- The car, which was a taxi,
exploded.
- The cars, which were taxis,
exploded.
- Mrs Pratt, whom I like very
much, is my teacher.
- Mrs Pratt, who I like very much,
is my teacher.
- The car, which I was driving at
the time, suddenly caught fire.
- My brother, whose phone you
just heard, is a doctor.
- The car, whose driver jumped out
just before the accident, was
completely destroyed.
- The car, the driver of which jumped
out just before the accident, was
completely destroyed.

Whose can be used

with things. Of
which is also
possible.

Whom is correct but

formal. Who is
common in spoken
English and informal
written English.

Whose can be used

with things. Of
which is also
possible.

Adjective
The word that explains a noun or adds meaning to a noun is called an
adjective. For example, soft grass.

Adjective Phrases
An Adjective Phrase is a group of words that does the work of an
Adjective is called an Adjective Phrase. e.g.
The president was a wealthy man.
(wealthy) Adjective
The president was a man of great wealth. (of great wealth) Adj Phrase
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The chief lived in a stone house.

The chief lived in a house build of stone.
Adjectives
A golden crown
A white elephant
A jungle track
A blank page
A heavy load
The Pakistani flag

(stone) Adjective
(build of stone) Adj Phrase

Adjective Phrases
A crown made of gold
An elephant with a white skin
A track through the jungle
A page with no writing on it
A load of great weight
The flag of Pakistan

Adjective Clauses
An Adjective clause is a group of words which contains a Subjects and
a Predicate of its own, and does the work of an adjective.
The umbrella with a broken handle is mine. (Adj Phrase)
The umbrella which has a broken handle is mine.(Adj Clause)

Three Degrees of Adjective

Positive Degree
It shows the simple quality of an object. e.g. He is a wise boy.

Comparative Degree
It shows a higher degree of the quality and is used when two objects of
the same kind or class are compared. e.g. I am taller than you.

Superlative Degree
It shows the highest degree of the quality and is used when one object is
compared with all other objects of the same class. e.g.
He is the tallest boy in the class.

Formation of the Degrees

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Positive Degree

Comparative Degree
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Superlative Degree

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Dark

darker

darkest

Strong

stronger

Strongest

Clever

cleverer

cleverest

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*(+,

'(

Positive Degree

Comparative Degree

Superlative Degree

Able

Abler

Ablest

Brave

braver

bravest

Kinds of Adjectives
Adjective may be divided into following classes.

Adjective of Quality
An adjective that tells us about the quality of the noun, known as
Descriptive Adjective or Adjective of Quality, it tells us about the
colour, shape, size or condition of a noun. e.g.
Karachi is a large city.
He is an honest man.
It is a heavy box.

Adjective of Quantity
An adjective that tells us about the quantity of the noun is called an
Adjective of Quantity. An adjective of quantity tells us the quantity or
amount, and that is 'how many' or 'how much'.; as
I ate some rice.
He showed much patience.
You have no sense.
He did not eat any rice.

Adjective of Number/Numeral Adjectives

It shows how many persons or things are meant, or in what order a
person or thing stands; as
The hand has five fingers.
Few cats like cold water
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Most boys like cricket.

Adjective of Number are of three kinds:
(i) Definite Numeral Adjectives, which denote an exact number; as,
One , two , three ,etc.
These are called cardinals.
First ,second ,third etc
These are called ordinals.
A cardinal denotes how many and an ordinal denotes the order of things
in a series.
(ii) Indefinite Numeral Adjectives, which do not denote an exact
number ;as
All , no, many ,few , some ,any , certain , several , sundry.
(iii)
Distributive Numeral Adjectives, which refer to each one of a
number ;as ,
Each boy must take his turn.
Every word of it is false.
Neither accusation is true.

Possessive Adjectives
An adjective that tells us about the ownership of the noun is called a
Possessive Adjective. It tells us that something belongs to a person or thing. as

This is my book.
Those are your books.
That is her book.

Demonstrative Adjectives
An adjective which specifies a noun called a Demonstrative Adjective;
it is one that points out a fact about a person or thing. as
This boy is stranger than Adnan.
I hate such things.
These mangoes are sour.

Interrogative Adjectives
An adjective which poses questions in an 'interrogative' manner is
called an Interrogative Adjective. Like most adjectives, an interrogative
adjective comes before a noun. As,
What manner of man is he?
Which way shall we go?
Whose book is this?

Articles
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The word a or an and the are called Articles. They come before
nouns. There are two Articles a(or an) and the.

Indefinite Article
A or an is called the Indefinite Article, because it usually leaves
indefinite(
) the person or thing spoken of; as,
A doctor ; that is, any doctor.
The indefinite article is used before singular countable nouns, e.g,
A book ,an orange , a girl

The verb
A verb is a word used to tell something about a person or thing .as,
The girls were singing.
The watch has been found.
Transitive verb: A verb which denotes an action which passes
over from the subject to an object.
The ants fought the wasps.
The horse kicked the man.
Intransitive verb: A verb that denotes an action which does not
pass over an object or expresses a state, as
He ran a long distance.
The baby sleeps.
There is a flaw in this diamond.
Infinitive : The infinitive is the base of a verb, often preceded by to.
To err is human.
He refused to obey the orders.
Birds love to sing.
Auxiliaries Verbs: The verbs which used with ordinary verbs to
make tenses are called auxiliary verbs ;as
Be (am , is , was) , have , do , etc.
Modal Varbs: They are used before ordinary verbs and express
meanings such as permission , possibility , certainly and necessity.
Can , could , may , might , will , would , shall , should ,must and
ought.
Be : It is used in the formation of continuous tenses; as
He is working , I was writing.
Have : Have is used in the formation of perfect tenses; as
He has been working.
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He has to move the furniture hiself.

Do: It is used to form the negative and interrogative of the simple
and past tenses; as
He doesnt work.
Did he work?
Can: usually expresses ability or capacity ;as
I can swim across the river.
Can you lift this box?
May: is used to express a wish; as
May you live long.
May you secceed.

The Participle
Participle: A participle is a word which is partly a verb and partly
an Adjective.
Present Participle: which ends in ing and represents an action as
going on or incomplete.
We met a girl carrying a basket of flowers.
Loudly knocking at the door , he demanded admission.
Past Participle: which represents a complete action or state of the
thing spoken of.
Deceived by his friend, he lost all hops.
We saw a few trees laden with fruit.

The Gerund
A Gerund is that form verb which ends in ing and has the force of
a Noun and a verb.
Teach me swimming.
Giving is better than receiving.
Adverb:
An Adverb is a word which modifies the meaning of a verb, an
Adjective or another Adverb.
Kinds of Adverb:
Adverbs of frequency: adverb of frequency tell us how many times the
work is done.

For example, He always speaks the truth.

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Adverbs of manner:

(Which shows how or in what manner)

For example, She writes neatly.

Adverbs of place:

(Which shows where)

For example, The train will stop here.

Adverbs of time:

(Which shows when)

For example, I am working now.

Adverb Phrases
An Adverb Phrase is a group of words that does the work of an Adverb
is called an Adverb Phrase. e.g.
Ali ran quickly. (How?)
(quickly) Adverb
Ali ran with great speed. (How?)
(with great speed) Adv Ph
He is coming now. (When?)
(now) Adverb
He is coming at this very moment.(When?) (at this very moment) Adv Ph
He fell down. (Where?)
(down) Adverb
He fell to the ground. (Where?)
(to the ground) Adverb Ph
Adverb

Adverb Phrases
In a brave manner
In a beautiful style
Before very long
In a swift manner
A preposition is a word used with a noun or a pronoun
to show how the person or thing denoted by the noun or
-Preposition pronoun stands in relation to something else;as,
There is a cow in the garden.
:
The girl is fond of music.
A fair little girl sat under a tree.
It is a word used to join words or sentences; as
Conjunction: Arshad and Aleem are cousins.
I ran fast ,but missed the train.
It is a word which expresses some sudden feelings; as
Interjection : Hurrah!We have won the game.
Alas! She is dead.
Bravely
Beautifully
Soon
Swiftly

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