Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1
An
s
2
5
6
Zero
Which em waves are produced as a result of the bombardment of a
metal target by fast moving electrons?
X-rays, in studying crystal structure.
Which waves are used in mobile phones
radio waves
What is the name given to the electromagnetic spectrum used for
taking photographs under foggy conditions?
Infra red
The frequency of oscillations of electric field vector of a certain em
14
10
wave is 5 X
10
10
Hz (b) 10
20
(a)10
An
s
Hz belong
10
Hz = micro waves.
2 MARKS
When a ideal capacitor is charged by a dc battery no current flows,
how ever, when an ac source is used, current flows continuously. How
2
does one explain this, based on the concept of displacement current
Displacement current establishes continuity of current between the
capacitor plates. Displacement current is caused by changing electric
Ray
Optics
2 mark questions
1. Draw a labeled ray diagram to show the image formation in a refracting type
astronomical telescope. Why should the diameter of the objective of a
telescope be large?
For large light gathering power and higher resolution, the diameter of the objective
should be large.
2. Define resolving power of a compound microscope. How does the resolving
power of a compound microscope change when
(i)
Refractive index of the medium between the object and objective lens
increases?
(ii)
Wavelength of the radiation used is increased?
Ans:Resolving power of a microscope is defined as the reciprocal of the
minimum separation of two
points seen distinctly.
Resolving power = 2 n sin /
(i)
(ii)
Resolving power does not get affected on increasing the focal length of
objective lens, since RP is independent of focal length.
4. In the figure given below, light rays of blue, green, red wavelengths are incident
on an isosceles
Rightangled prism. Explain with reason, which ray of light will be transmitted
through the faceAC.
The refractive index of the prism for red, green, blue light is 1.39, 1.424, and
1.476 respectively.
A
Red
Green
Blue
B
C
Ans.The critical angle for green light Cg is, sin Cg= 1/n g=1/1. 424 = 0.7022
Cg = sin- 1 (0.7022) = 44.6
The critical angle for red light, sin Cr =1/nr = 1/1.39
Cr= sin- 1 (0.7194) = 46
The critical angle for blue light, sinCb=1/ nb=1/1.476= 0.6775
Cb= sin- 1 (0. 6775) = 42.6
As angle of incidence at face AC is 45,which is smaller than critical angle for
red ray but greater
than critical angles, for green and bluerays, therefore, red-ray will be
transmitted through the face AC.
5. Define refractive index of a transparent medium.
A ray of light passes through a triangular prism. Plot a graph showing the
variation of theangle of
deviation with the angle of incidence.
Ans:Refractive index of a medium is the ratio of speed of light in vacuum to the
speed of light in
medium.
i=e
Angle of incidence(i)
(b) The ozone layer absorbs ultraviolet and other low wavelength radiations
which areharmful to
living cells of human bodies and plants; hence ozone layer is crucial for
humansurvival.
7. (i) State the principle on which the working of an optical fiber is based.
(ii) What are the necessary conditions for this phenomenon to occur?
Ans:(i) The working of optical fiber is based on total internal reflection.
Statement: When a light ray goes from denser to rarer medium at an angle
greater thancritical
angle, the ray is totally reflected in first (denser) medium.This phenomenon is
called total
internal reflection.
(ii) Conditions:
(a) Ray of light must go from denser medium to rarer medium.
(b) Angle of incidence must be greater than critical angle (i. e., i >C).
8. (i) What is the relation between critical angle and refractive index of a material?
(ii) Does critical angle depend on the colour of light? Explain.
Ans:(i) Relation between refractive index (n) and critical angle (C) isn= 1 / sin
C
(ii) Yes, critical angle depends on wavelength or colour of light; it increases with
increase of
wavelength being maximum for red and minimum for violet.
9.
(i) Complete the ray diagram showing the image formation of the object.
(ii) How will the position and intensity of the image be affected if the lower half
of the mirrors
reflecting surface is painted black?
Ans:(i) Image formed will be inverted diminished between C and F.
Ray diagram:
C
P
F
10. Draw a labelled ray diagram of a reflecting telescope. Mention its two
advantages over the refracting telescope.
6
Ans:Ray diagram
Advantages:
(i) It is free from chromatic and spherical aberrations.
(ii) Its resolving power is greater than refracting telescope due to larger
aperture of mirror.
11. A convex lens of focal length f1 is kept in contact with a concave lens of focal
length f2. Find the focal length of the combination.
Ans: For a thin convex lens of focal lengthf1 in contact with another thin
concave lens of focal length
f2: let u denote distance of object from f1.
1 1 1
=
Then, for L1 ,
. (i)
f 1 v1 u
For L2 , u = + v1, focal length = - f2 , final image position = v (say)
1 1 1
=
Then,
.. (ii)
v v1 f 2
Adding (i) and (ii), we get
1 1 1 1
=
(iii)
f1 f2 v u
I
If 'f ' is focal length of the combination, we get
1 1 1
=
. (iv)v1
f v u
From (iii) and (iv), we get
f1f2
1 1 1
=
f = f 2f 1
f f 1 f 2 or
12.You are given following three lenses. Which two lenses will you use as
an eyepiece and as an objective to construct an astronomical telescope?
Lens
Power (P)
Aperture (A)
L1
3D
8 cm
L2
6D
1 cm
L3
10D
1 cm
Ans- The objective of an astronomical telescope should have the maximum
diameter and its eyepiece should have maximum power. Hence, L1 could be
used as an objective and L3 could be used as eyepiece.
13. A concave mirror held in water. What would be the change in focal length of
mirror?
Ans: There would no change in concave mirror held in water ,focal length does not
depend upon the external medium in which mirror is held.
14. A convex lens forms the image of the sun at the distance of 10 cm.Where will be
the image, when
(a). another lens of same power but double the aperture is used.
(b). another lens of same aperture but double the power is used .
Ans. (a). 10 cm because aperture does not affect f.
doubled, f is halved.
15. A diverging lens of focal length F is cut into two identical parts, each forming a
Plano concave lens. What is the focal length of each part?
Ans:
1
1
1
=( n1)
F
R 1 R2
1
1
1
=( n1)
F
R R
2(n1)
R
..(1)
R1 = -R and R2
1
1
1
1
= =( n1 )
F1 F2
R
( n1) 1
=
R
2F
F1= F2=2F
8
3 mark questions
1. Two thin convex lenses of focal lengths f1 and f2 are kept in contact
with each other coaxially. Deduce an expression for the effective focal
length of the combination.
Ans. Let a point object O is placed on the common principal axis.f 1 and f2 be
the focal lengths of lenses L1 and L2 .
In the absence of L2, the image formed by L1 will be at I1.
1 1 1
=
So, f 1 v 1 u (1)
L1 L2
In the presence of second lens L2, I1 will be the virtual
I
I
object and the final image will be formed at I.o
v
1 1 1
=
So,
(2)
f 2 v v1
O
u
v1
f 1 f 2 = v u (3)
Now, if the lens combination is replaced by a single lens of focal length f ,
then
1 1 1
=
f v u (4)
1 1 1
= +
f f 1 f 2 This is the required relation.
V R
Y
V R
{( n v 1 ) A }{( n R 1 ) A }
( n y 1 ) A
, we get,
nV nR
n Y 1
Magnifying power =
tan
tan
h/f e f o
=
h/f o f e
there is no second surface then first surface will form image I at a distance v
from the P1. For the refraction at the face XP1Y
2/v - 1/u = (2- 1)/R1-------------------------(i)
where R1 is the radius of curvature of the first surface.
Image I serves as the object for the second surface and it forms its real image
at a distance v from it. So
1/v - 2/v = (1 - 2)/R2--------------------------(ii)
Where R2 is the radius of the curvature of the second surface.
on adding equation (i) and (ii)
1/v - 1/u = (2 - 1)/R1 + (1 - 2)/R2
1 (1/v 1/u) = (2 - 1)(1/R1 1/R2)
(1/v 1/u) = (2/1 1)(1/R1 1/R2)
If u then v = f
So 1/f = (2/1 1)(1/R1 1/R2)
5. Write the conditions for minimum deviation for a prism. Also derive an for
refractive index of the material of prism in terms of angle of prism (A) angle of
minimum deviation (Dm)
Ans.. . Angle of incidence i = Angle of emergent e
d = (i1+i2 )+(r1+r2 )
R1+r2 = A but r1=r2 = r so r = A/2
I1=i2=I so I = A+Dm/2
From Snells law = Sin i/Sin r or = Sin(A+Dm)/2
SinA/2
6. A point source of light is placed at the bottom of a lake with refractive index
4/3. Show that only 17% light can emerge out of the water surface.
Ans. The fraction of light energy that can escape is the fraction
of the solid angle which allows it to pass without total
internal reflection.
1
Let the critical angle be C, so that, sin C = n
where n is
the refractive index of water.
11
2
(1cosC )
4
1 1
1sin 2 C
= 2 2
1 1
n21
2 2n
1 1 3
2 2 4
( )
4 2
1
3
= 0.17=
17%
i +e = A + i
But, e = 0
i = A +
Also, = (n 1)A
i = A +(n 1)A = n A
8. A convex and a concave mirror each of radius 10cm, are placed facing each
other and 15cm apart, as shown in figure. A point object is placed midway
between them. Find the position of the final image if the reflection takes place
first at the concave mirror and then at the convex mirror.
Answer: For the concave mirror
f = -10/2 = -5 cm, u=P1O= -7.5cm
From mirror formula,
1 1 1 1
1 1
= =
+
=
P
v f u 5 7.5 15
I
Or
P2
15 cm
9. Draw ray diagram for astronomical telescope with image at near point. Write
the expression for angular magnification in this situation.
12
Angular magnification
fo
f
1+ e
fe
D
( )
10.
A ray of light incident on the horizontal surface of a glass slab at
70 just grazes the adjacent vertical surface after refraction. Compute the
critical angle and refractive index of glass.
Answer: From figure, for total internal reflection at B,
r + C = 90 , r = 90 - C
According to Snells law
sini
sin 70
sin 70
n=
=
=
0
sin r sin(90 C) cos C 70
Also,
Or
Or
Also
n=
1
sin C
sin70
1
sinC
1
=
=
or
cos C sin C
cos C sin 70 C
tan C =
1
=1.0 642
0.9397
11. A man with normal near point (25 cm)reads a book with small print using a
magnifying glass: a thin convex lens of focal length 5 cm.
What is the closest and the farthest distance at which he should keep the lens from
the pageso that he can read the book when viewing
through the magnifying glass?
Ans (a)Focal length of the magnifying glass,f = 5
cm Least distance of distance vision,d = 25
cm Closes to object distance= u
13
Image distance, v= d = 25 cm
According to the lens formula,we have:
Hence,the closest distance at which the person can read the book is 4.167 cm. For
the object at the farthest distant(u), the image distance
lens formula,we have:
According to the
Hence,the farthest distance at which the person can read the book is 5cm.
12. A convex lens of focal length 20 cm ,is placed co-axially with a convex mirror of
radius of curvature 20 cm. The two are kept 15 cm apart from each other. A point
object is placed 60 cm in front of the convex lens. Find the position of the image
formed by this combination.
Ans: For convex lens
1 1
1
f = v 1 u1
1
v1
1
1
20 60
v1 = 30 cm
1 1
+
v 2 15
; v2 = 30 cm
coming from behind. He looked through his rear-view mirror and saw
an ambulance. He recalled reading that such emergency vehicles often
have their name written in the mirror writing(i.e He quickly made way for the
ambulance, murmuring a quick prayer for the speedy recovery of the patient
inside the ambulance.
i)What type of mirroris as a rear view mirror and why?
ii)what values did Rahul exhibit ?
Answers
i) Convex mirror ,to get a wide view of traffic behind
ii) Compassion, courtesy, concern for others, knowledgeable.
2. Rekha and Preethi were classmates. Preethi was a bright girl and had
a quick grasping power. However Rekha noticed that Preethi was not
her usual self for the past few days. Rekha found out that Preethi was
not able to see the letters on the board properly and also complained
of frequent headaches. Rekha suggested to Preethi to get her eye
checked .Preethi followed Rekhas suggestion and thanked her saying
she felt very comfortable after wearing the spectacles.
i)What was the eye defect that Preethi had?
ii)How can it be corrected?
iii)Rekha was a true friend. Justify.
Answers
i)Myopia
ii) wearing spectacles made of concave lens
iii) sympathy ,kind, helpful and caring nature, concern
3. Nitin wanted to buy a gift for his sister and so entered a gift shop. The
gift shop had many glass items. On looking closely, he found many of
the beverage glasses used for cool drinks had big thick glass walls. He
decided not to buy these glasses because he knew that this gives a
false impression that there is more amount of liquid inside the glass.
i) As a physics student, light rays from inside the glass bend away
from the normal and appear to diverge, why are the beverage
glasses made with very thick glass walls?Which physical quantity remains
constant when light travelsfrom one medium to another?
ii) What values can you associate with Nitin decision?
Answers
i) Light rays from inside the glass bend away from the normal and
appear to diverge
ii) affection, patience, knowledge about refraction.
4. The whole class was excited as they were on their way to Kavalur in
TamilNadu, an observatory, housing the largest telescope in India. The
teacher was explaining type of telescope, the diameter of the objective
(2.34m) and other details. The children were looking forward to see
through the telescope.
i) What type of telescope is the teacher referring to?
ii) Mention any two advantageous of this telescope
iii) Why iare such a field trips important?
Answers
i)Reflecting telescope
15
b) Explain the eye defect of the servant maid using Physics term and also
give the rectification to be adopted with ray diagram.
(ANS: helping the poor and needy, taking prompt and timely action; spending
money for a good deed; b) Refer NCERT Text book)
Section E( 5 Marks Questions )
12.
(a) Sate two main considerations taken into account while choosing the
objective in optical telescopes with large diameters.
(b) Draw the ray diagram for the formation of image by a reflecting type
telescope. What is its magnifying power.
(c ) What are the advantages of reflecting type telescope over the refracting
type telescope ?
Ans: (a) Light gathering power and resolving power
(b) refer page no 342 figure 9.33 NCERT book part 2.
No spherical and chromatic aberration, High resolving power , Less
mechanical support required, polishing and grinding is required from one side
hence economical.
13.
(a) Derive lens maker's formula for a double convex lens. State the
assumptions used and the convention of signs used.
OR
n2 n 1 n2n1
Obtain lens makers formula using v u = R
Here the ray of light is propagating from a rarer medium of refractive index
n1 to a denser medium of refractive index n2 is incident on the convex side of a
spherical refracting surface of radius of curvature R.
(b) A light from a point sourcein air falls on a spherical glass surface ( n = 1.5
and radius of curvature = 20 cm ) . The distance of the light source from the
glass surface is 100 cm. At what position the image is formed ?
Ans: (a)Refer article9.5.2 and figure 9.18 page no 325 & 326 of NCERT Text
Book.
n2 n 1 n2n1
(b) Use v u = R
:putting u = -100 cm, R = + 20 cm , n 1= 1 , n2 =
1.5, we get v = + 100 cm
14.
With the help of a ray diagram, show the formation of image of a point
object by refraction of light at a convex spherical (convex) surface separating
two media of refractive indices n1 and n2(n2> n1) respectively. Using this
n2 n 1 n2n1
diagram, derive the relation v u = R
c) The distances measured in the direction opposite to the direction of light are
taken as negative.
Assumptions:a) The aperture of the spherical refracting surface is small.
b) The object is a point object and lies on the principal axis.
c) The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the spherical surface
make small angles with the principal axis.
Let XPY = convex spherical refracting surface
O = point object in rarer medium
I = real image in denser medium
N
n1
X
i
P M
n2
Y
From ray diagram, from AOC,
denser medium
i=+
From AIC, = r + r =
According to Snells law,
sin i
sinr
n1 i
n2
n sini
n1 1
=
n2 r
n1 {tan + tan }
n2 {tan + tan }
AM
AM AM
+
=n {
}
{ AM
}
PO MC
MC MI
2
18
n2 sin r
or,
n2 tan ( )
n1
n1 tan i
n2 tan r
n1 n 1
n
n
+
={ 2 2 }
PO PC
PC PI
u , PC =R ,
PI = v
n1 n1
n n
+ ={ 2 2 }
u R
R v
Or,
n2 n 1 n2n1
=
v u
R
15.
(a) (i) Draw a labeled ray diagram to show the formation of image in an
astronomical telescope for a
distant object in normal adjustment. Write expression for its magnifying power.
(b) A convex lens of focal length 10 cm is placed coaxially 5 cm away from a
concave lens of focal length
10 cm. If an object is placed 30 cm in front of convex lens, find the position
of the final image
formed by the combined system.
Ans : (a) Refer article 9.9.3 on page no 341 and 342 of NCERT Text book Part
2
(b) Use
1 1 1
( i ) = for convex lens find v=1 5 cm (ii ) use t h e same formula for concavelens takingu=10 cm anf f =
f v u
16.
(a) For a ray of light travelling from a denser medium of refractive index n1 to a
rarer medium ofefractive index n2 , prove that n2/n1 = sin C
, where C is the critical angle of incidence for the media.
(b) Explain with the help of a diagram, how the above principle is used for
transmission of videosignals using optical fibres.
Ans(a) In the given diagram Applying Snell s law
n2 sin C = n1 sin 90
n2
1
=
n1 sin C
19
1
n21 = sinC
(b) As shown in diagram ( figure 9.16 page 322 NCERT text book ), When a video
signal in the form of light is directed at one end of the fiber at a suitable angle, it
undergoes repeated total internal reflection along the length of the fibre and finally
comes out at the other end.
WAVE OPTICS
ONE MARK QUESTIONS
1
An
s
2
An
s
3
An
s
4
An
s
5
An
s
6
An
s
7
An
s
8
An
What happens to the fringe pattern when YDS experiment is performed in water
instead of air?
Shrinks
How is a wavefront different from a ray?
wavefront is a surface obtained by joining all points vibrating in the same phase.
A ray is a line drawn perpendicular to the wavefront in the direction of
propagation of light wave.
When the light is polarized by reflection, what is the angle between reflected
and refracted rays.
450
90
4 No interference pattern is detected when two coherent sources are infinitely
close to each other. Why?
Fringe width, = Dd
When d is very very small
fringe width is very large. Even a single fringe may occupy the entire screen.
The interference pattern cannot be observed.
What are Coherent sources?
Two sources of light which continuously emit light waves of same frequency with
a zero or consant phase difference between them.
State Brewsters law.
The tangent of the polarizing angle of incidence of a transparent medium is
equal to its refective index
What is shape of wavefont emitted by a light source in the form of narrow slit?
- Cylindrical shape.
What is the ratio of the fringe width for bright and dark fringes in Youngs double
slit Experiment?
1:1
20
s
9
An
s
What is poloroid?
Its a thin commercial sheet which makes use of property of selective absorption
to produce an intense beam of polorised light.
10
An
s
11
X-rays and radio waves can be polarized because they are transverse waves.
An
s
D
R.P.of a telescope= 1.22 , When D is increased , R P also increases.
12
An
s
How does the resolving power of a telescope change when the aperture of the
objective is increased?
2 Marks Questions
Q.1
Ans.
I1=K a12
I2 =K a22
After interference (applying superposition principle)
Amplitude at maxima = a1+ a2
Amplitude at minima = a1- a2
Imax = (a1+ a2)2
Imin = (a1- a2)2
Q.2 State Huygenss principle for constructing wave fronts?
Ans
According to hygens principle
(i)
each point on the wave front is a source of secondary wavelets, which spread
out with the
Speed of light in the medium
(ii )
The new wave front at nay later time is given by the forward envelope of
the secondary
Wavelets at that time.
Q.3 Can white light produce interference? What is the nature?
Ans. White light produces interference but due to different colour present in white
light interference pattern overlaps the central bright fringe for all the colours is at the
position, so its colour is white. The white central bright fringe is
21
Q. 8 O n what factors does the (i) magnifying power and (ii) resolving power of a
compound microscope depend?
Ans. (i) Magnifying power of a compound microscope
L
D
m =
fo (1 +
fe )
Clearly the magnifying power of a compound microscope depends on the focal
lengths of its objective and eyepiece.
22
2 sin
, clearly resolving
(ii)
As
respectively.
I = 2 I0(1+cos )
I
(1+cos )
1+cos
2
1+cos
Hence
IP /IQ
3
2
3:2
3 Marks Questions
Q.1 What is polarization of light? What type of waves show the property of
polarization?
Name any two methods to produce plane polarized light?
Ans.
The phenomenon of restricting the vibrations of a light vector in a particular
direction
in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light is called
polarisation
of light.
Transverse waves show the property of polarization. Two
methods to produce plane polarised light
Polarisation by Reflection
Polarization by scattering
Q.2 State the condition under which the phenomenon of diffraction of light takes
place. Derive an expression for the width of central maximum due to diffraction of
light at a single slit. A slit of width a is illuminated by a monochromatic light of
wavelength 700 nm at normal incidence. Calculate the value of a for position of
(i) first minimum at an angle of diffraction of 30
(ii) first maximum at an angle of diffraction of 30
23
Ans. It is a common observation with the waves of all kind that they bend round the
edge of an obstacle
Light like other waves also bends round corners but in comparison to sound waves
small
bending of light is due to very short wavelength of light which is of the
order of 10-5
a = /a sin =700/sin 300 =1400 nm
a = 3/2a sin =3x700/2 sin30 =2100 nm
Q.3 In a single slit experiment, how is the angular width of central bright fringe
Maximum changed when
1 1)The slit width increased
2 2)The distance between the slit and the screen is increased.
3 3)Light of smaller wavelength is used.
Ans. In single slit diffraction
D/d
(1)
(2)
When D is increased, width of central bright fringe will become
maximum i.e increase.
When light of smaller wavelength is used, the width of central bright maximum
decrease
Q.4 In a youngs double slit experiment, the slit are repeated by 0.24mm.
The screen is 1.2m away from the slits. The fringe width is 0.3cm calculate
the wavelength of light used in the experiment?
Ans . 0.3cm 3.0
103 m D 1.2m
d 0.24mm 2.4 104 m
= D/d
= d/D
3
72.4 104/1.2
3.0 10
6.0 10 m
Q.5 Draw the curve depicting, variation of intensity in the interference pattern in
youngs double slit experiment. State conditions for obtaining sustained interference
of light?
Ans Conditions for sustained interference of light
(1) Two sources must be coherent sources of light.
(2)Two sources should exist light waves continuously. Intensity monochromatic
light from a single source is the requirement.
Q.6
Derive expression for the fringe width in youngs double slit
experiment?
Ans
24
for x, d<<< D , S1P+S2P =2D
with negligible error included , path difference would be
Equation (21) gives the condition for bright fringes or constructive interference
Equation (22) gives the condition for dark fringes or destructive interference
From equations (21) and (22) ,we can get position of alternate bright and dark
fringes respectively
Thus the distance between two successive dark and bright fringes is same. This
distance
is
known
as
fringe
width
and
is
denoted
by
.
Thus
26
(ii ) All bright fringes are of equal width in interference pattern but in diffraction
pattern the the width o f the central bright fringe is twice the width any secondary
maximum.
(iii) Regions of dark fringes are perfectly dark so there is a good contrast between
bright and dark fringes while regions of dark fringes are not perfectly dark in
diffraction so there is poor contrast between dark and bright fringes.
Q.8 Distinguish between unpolarised and plane polarised light. How are these
represented?
Ans. Unpolarised light: Alight which has vibrations in all directions in a plane
perpendicular to the direction of propagation is said to be unpolarised light. e. g . The
light from the Sun and Sodium lamp and incandescent bulb or a candle is unpolarised
light.
Plane polarised light: If the electric field vector of a light wave vibrates just in one
direction perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation then it is said to be plane
polarised
Ans
(a) Critical thinking and problem solving.
(b) The low lying aircraft reflects the TV signals. Due to interference between direct
signals received by antenna and the weak reflected signal, slight shaking of the
picture is seen on the screen.
Q.2 Nitin observed that when a sheet of transparent plastic is placed between two
crossed polarisers no light is transmitted. When the sheet is stretched in one
direction, some light passes through by the crossed polariser. He was surprised to see
that out of shear enthusiasm he went to his physics teacher for knowing the reason
behind it. The teacher explained him that the stretched plastics sheet turns into a
Polaroid and allows a fraction of light pass through it.
(a) What are the values being displayed by Nitin here?
(b) When the plastic sheet is stretched in one direction, some light
Passes through the crossed polarizer. What is happening?
Ans.
(a)
Power of observation and curiosity.
(b)
When the sheet is stretched the polymer molecules in it make it
Polaroid having its axis between the axes of the two outer Polaroid. That
is why some light is transmitted in this case.
An
s
28
y = y 1 + y2
from (1) and (2)
y = a sin t + a (sin t cos cos t sin)
y = a sin t (1 + cos ) a cos t sin
[sin (A B) = sinA cosB cosA sinB]
y = [a (1 + cos )] sin wt [a sin] cos wt
Let
a (1+ cos ) = A cos
-- -- -- (3)
& a Sin = A Sin
-- -- -- (4)
Then y = A cos sin t - A sin cos t
y = A [sin t cos cos t sin ]
Hence
A = a sin
(t ) -------- (5)
This eq. represents electric field vector of new at any instant, where A is
amplitude of the wave.
Squaring and adding eq. (3) and (4) a 2(1+ cos )2 + a2 sin2 = A2 cos2
+ A2 sin2
a2[(12 + 2 cos + cos2 ) + sin2 ] = A2 [cos2 + sin2 ]
a2[ 1 + 2 cos +1 ] = A2 [1 ]
Hence A2 = 2 a2[ 1 + cos ]
- (6)
Intensity of light I = k (amplitude) 2
where K is constant
2
I = 2 k a (1+ cos ) - -- -- - -- (7)
For constructive interference: - The resultant intensity is maximum i.e.
I = 2Ka2 (1+ cos ) = maximum
It the possible only when cos = maximum
i.e. cos
= +1
It the possible only when phase difference = 0, 2, 4, 6 - 2n
OR path difference x = 0, , 2, 3, - - - n.
Since path
x
2
difference
For constructive interference the phase difference between the waves should
be even integral multiple of
or path difference between the waves should be equal to integral multiple
of wavelength.
Imax = 2 k a2 ( 1+ 1)
Hence Imax = 4 k a2
I K a12 a 22 2 a1 a 2 cos
So
Imax = K (a1 + a2)2
For Destructive Interference: - Interference fringes are dark so intensity
I = 2 K a2 (1+ cos ) = minimum
It is possible only when cos = minimum = - 1
So Imin = 0.
It is possible only when = =, 3, 5 - (2n 1)
OR path difference x = /2, 3/2, 5/2, - - - (2n 1)/2
Here
n = 1, 2, 3, 4 - - -.
Hence interference will be destructive when the phase difference between the
waves should be equal odd integral multiple of or path difference
between them should be equal to odd integral multiple of half the
wavelength.
Imin = K (a1 a2)2
30
( c ) The two bright fringes will coincide at the least distance x from the
central maximum if
D
D
= ( n+1 )
X=n1 d
2 d
n1 ( n+1 ) 2
n x800 = (n+1) 600
4n=3n+3
n=3
D1
3 X 3.14 X 800 X 109
X=3 d
=
m
0.28 X 103
3
=12x 10 =12mm
2 State the principle which helps us to determine the shape of the wavefront
at a later time from its given shape at any time. Apply this principle to(i) show that spherical/ plane wave front continues to propagate forward as a
spherical / plane wavefront
(ii) Derive Snells law of refraction by drawing the refracted wavefront
corresponding to a plane wavefront incidence on the boundary separating a
rarer medium from denser medium.
An
s
31
...(iii) &
In
...(iv)
32
An
s
a) State the essential condition for the diffraction of light to take place.
Explain the formation of secondary maximum and minimum on
diffraction at a single slit. .
(b) Diffraction defines the limit of ray optics. Give brief explanation of
the statement.
(a) The essential condition for the diffraction of light to take place is that size
of the aperture or the
obstacle must be comparable to the wave length of light used.
Diffraction at a single slit:-. Source S of monochromatic light is placed at
a distance equal to focal length of convex lens L so that a parallel beam of
light is obtained. The plane wave fronts are allowed to fall on a very narrow
slit AB = d such that d . Diffraction pattern are obtained on the screen by
focusing with the help of lens L .The diffraction pattern on the screen consists
of a central bright band with alternate dark and weak light (nearly dark)
bands of decreasing intensity on both sides called secondary maxima and
secondary minima.
A
d
B
Plane wave front
Slit
xnDd
Formation of secondary minima: - (a) First secondary minima If path
difference BN = then P will have minimum intensity and called first
secondary maxima. In this case the whole wavefront (slit) can be considered
to be divided into two equal strips AC and CB. If path difference between the
wavelets emitted from A and B is then the path difference between the
secondary wavelets from A and C or from C and B will be 2. Therefore path
difference between the wavelets emitted by the two strips is 2 .i.e phase
difference 2. Thus destructive interference takes place at point P because
crest from one strip reaches at P with a trough from the other, and first
minima is observed.
(b) Second secondary minima : If path difference BN = 2 then P will
have minimum intensity . The path difference between the extreme
wavelets from A & B is 2 so the slit may be divided into four equal
strips AC1, C1C, CC2 and C2B . The wavelets from the correspond points
in the two parts AC1 & C1C or CC2 and C2B etc. will have path
difference /2 i.e. phase difference T1 and cancel each other in effect
due to destructive interference. So the point have minimum intensity
called second secondary minima.
Similarly formation nth secondary minima. can be dividing slit into 2n
equal strips. From equation (1)
Angular separation of first secondary minima. 1= /d
Angular separation of second secondary minima. 2 = 2/d
For nth secondary minima, the Angular separation n = n/d ______________ (2)
n = 1,2,3------- x = , 2, 3 , 4-------Formation of secondary maxima: First secondary maxima: If path
difference BN = 3/2 then P will be bright . In this case the slit may be
divided into three equal strips path difference between the secondary
wavelets from corresponding points of strips AC1 and C1C2 will be /2
They will give rise to destructive interference. However the secondary
waves from the third part remain unused, since they are in same
phase So they reinforce each other and produce First secondary
34
maxima.
When a parallel beam of monochromatic light incident the grating
diffraction pattern of alternate bright and dark fringes of varying
intensities are obtain. With central maxima of max. intensity . If waves
are diffracted by n then path difference x = d sin n . For conservation
interference x = n Where n = 1,2,3-----------.
So n= d sin n -------- (1)
For Ist order maxima angle of diffraction 1 , = d sin1
1=
/d
For IInd order maxima angle of diffraction 1 , 2 = d sin2
2 =
2/d etc.
For nth order maxima from equation (1)
n =
n/d
If we use white light then due to different value of for different
colored light. The gravity will send different colours in different
direction and we obtain a coloured diffraction pattern.
36