TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT TEST REPORT

1. Objectives

2.

To expand the test scope from previous tests carried out in 1994-96
To obtain comprehensive temperature profile information, in order to evaluate the
fire-retardant properties of this helideck
To measure temperature distribution when the Helideck is subjected to a hydrocarbon pool
fire;
To understand the thermal behavior of the Helideck when the deck fire is extinguished using
a water spray system;
To collect data and analyze the temperature changes in the different structural layers of the
decking and girders, so as to obtains temperatures : time change curve at the designated test
points, temperature distribution on top surface of the decking and in the vertical direction of
the structure

Test model

The test model is a square helideck of size 12m x 12m. The material used for both decking and girder
is AA6082-T6. All fasteners are SS316 (A4-70).
A Helifire water spray system was installed into the helideck. This consisted of a sensor, an
activation mechanism for the water spray and pop-up nozzles in the helideck.
Refer to Fig 1 for general understanding and details.

3.

Test equipment

Thermocouples, Type K, diameter 1mm, made from nickel chromium-nickel silicon, which
can withstand high temperature up to 1300C. Protective sheathing was installed near sensor
contact points, to isolate high temperature flame radiation created during the fire at the
locations, and therefore minimize temperature measurement errors.
A processing module (ADMS): 8 units of the module were used. Each module has eight A/D
switches, through which data is collected and sent to a data server (computer)
Page 1 of 7
15 Nov 2004

4.

Data server: desk top computer

Data processing programme: this is a specially designed programme for data collecting,
recording, processing & real-time display during temperature measurement. It incorporates
other functions such as data storage, playback, etc. (Refer to Fig 2).
Other equipment used: video camera to record the test; height measurement bars around
the deck to measure flame height.

Thermocouple layout and installation

Locations of thermocouples are shown in Fig 3; the choice of their locations was based on where the
fire area would be and possible temperature distribution in the area. According to the test
requirements, the following four methods were used to lay the thermocouples:

At all locations not subject to high temperature: three thermocouples on the top surface,
mid-web and bottom of the decking;
At all locations subject to high temperature: four thermocouples on top surface, mid-web
and bottom of the decking, and one the mid-web of girder beam which is placed below
decking;
At locations near high temperature areas: two thermocouples on the top and bottom surface
of the decking;
At locations outside the above areas: one thermocouple on top surface of decking

Labelling and Identification of thermocouples: To avoid confusion in testing & installation, all
thermocouples are labelled and installed as per Fig 3, and their connections to the modules are also
checked.

5.

Fire Tests

Temperature measurements were carried out for two tests, in accordance with the fire test programme:
Test A Un-manned platform scenario/completely passive operation: 200L of Jet Fuel would be
ignited on the Helideck; no fire-fighting equipment was to be used. The Helideck would retard the fire
working on a purely passive basis. Temperature changes with time, height of flames and area of fire
spread would be recorded simultaneously. Unburned fuel collected would be measured.

Page 2 of 7
15 Nov 2004

Test B Manned platform scenario with Helifire water spray system: 200L of Jet Fuel would be
ignited on the Helideck and the Helifire water spray system would be activated immediately to
extinguish the fire. Temperature changes with time, height of flames and area of fire spread would
be recorded simultaneously.

6.

Observations

The behaviour of the fires in both tests were recorded via the abovementioned measurement
equipment and also captured by video camera. Significant temperature/time observations:
Test A (refer to Fig 4)
Max Temperature
Recorded

Time

Description

17:10:00

Preparation completed, temperature recording

commences, ambient temperature recorded.
Fuel ignited, flame spreads very quickly along the
Helideck camber, flame height is about 2.5m
Fuel is channeled away by the drainage holes on the
Helideck, flame height is reduced to approx 0.5m, area
of fire burn is now localized
Both flame height and fire area are now largely reduced,
flame height is now approximately 0.2m.
Fire is centred around test points 2, 3 and 4 only, fire in
other areas have been extinguished.
95% of fuel recovered unburned, 2 litres of water are
used to extinguish the remaining vapour burn.
Natural cooling
Duration of the test

17:11:28
17:14:30

17:15:00
17:16:00
17:18:08
17:40:00

6 M 39 S

33C
330C

280C

260C
270C
100C
160C
Max Temperature
280C

In the above test, the fuel was burning as it spilled onto the test deck. A surface fire was quickly
established although there was a delay in temperature rise in the structure. This can be attributed
to the higher specific heat characteristic of aluminium alloys. It was also observed that the fire
reached a peak and began attenuation when unburned fuel commenced discharge at the drain
point. No flames were seen coming through drain gutter & fuel collection tank. The fire was
contained in a localised area and no re-ignition occurred after fire die down.
Jet Fuel recovered after test was more than 190 litres, or about 95% of the initial burn volume.
Page 3 of 7
15 Nov 2004

Test B (refer to Fig 5)

Max Temperature
Recorded

Time

Description

17:40:00

Fuel ignited, flame spreads very quickly along the

Helideck camber, flame height is about 1.0m
Helifire water spray system activated, fire is
extinguished within 15 seconds with continuing minor
vapour burn under the fuel container
Helifire water spray system de-activated
Duration of the test

17:40:32

17:40:50

Below 70C

115C
Below 50C
Max Temperature

0 M 50 S

115C

As the water spray system was activated before the fire reached its full intensity, the temperatures
and flame heights recorded were much lower than those in Test A.
Details of temperatures measured at each testing point can be found in Figs 6 to 30.

7.
7.1.

Analysis of Results
Temperature gradients caused by the deck-based fire

Test A: 200 litres of Jet Fuel were ignited and the fire was left to attenuate on a purely passive
basis. The total duration was about 6 minutes 40 seconds, of which, fire spread took about 2
minutes. The fire was into stable burning for about 4 minutes and 10 seconds. The rationale for
letting the fire burn until it self-extinguished was to observe any structural changes in the
helideck after the fire.
It can be seen from Fig 4 of temperature distribution that the fastest temperature rise occurs at
test points 2 and 3 at a speed of approx 1.5C to 2C per second. Only these two test points (2
& 3) reached temperatures above 250C and for a duration of about three and half minutes.
During this period, temperatures measured at all the other test points were below 250C. The
highest temperature measured on the helideck was 280C; at 2 minutes 40 seconds from ignition.
After the fire was seen to be abating, temperatures decreased with the only exceptions at test
point 2 & 3. This shows that the fire was greatly reduced, not only in its intensity but also in
area. When the fuel on the surface had disappeared, i.e. fire had extinguished itself,
temperatures on the deck started to fall. There was a sharp temperature drop at 17:18:08, which
was caused by the use of 2 litres water at test points 2, 3, 5, 6 and 7. However, the temperatures
rose again at these points after the water had evaporated. For test points not affected by the
water, there was no sharp temperature drop observed, i.e. the deck in the area was under a natural
cooling process.
Page 4 of 7
15 Nov 2004

Test B: The test was conducted about 22 minutes after the above test, and the deck
temperatures were higher than ambient temperatures. As this test was conducted mainly to test
the effectiveness of the pop-up water spray system, the fire centre was shifted to the centre of 4
numbers of pop-up nozzles. In this area, there were less thermocouples installed and therefore,
less data were collected. As shown in Fig 5, after ignition, the temperatures at test points 18 &
19 were quickly increased. The water spray system was manually activated 32 seconds after
ignition of fire. Once the water spray commenced, deck temperatures dropped almost
immediately. The one exception was at test point 18, which was directly under the fuel tank and
an area difficult for water to reach. From the measured results, it can be seen that there was no
further increase in temperature after the water spray system was activated, and the highest
temperature was only 115C.
The overall temperature distribution at the different layers of the deck is shown in Figs 6, 7, 8 &
9.
From these figures, it can be seen:
Temperatures at cross section of decking -2 & -3 were influenced by the surface
temperature -1. As surface temperature increased in -1, both -2 & -3 were increased,
even though the temperatures measured were much lower in comparison to the surface
temperature. For example, at test point 2, when its surface temperature at 2-1 was
measured at 280C, the temperature at 2-2 mid-web of decking was 200C and at 2-3
bottom was 150C. Therefore, the gradient of temperature is considerably large.
Similarly, the gradient of temperature across girder beams was also examined, and the
influence of heat on the girder is much smaller than that of decking. The max
temperature rise here was about 35C, and average temperature change is within 15C.
7.2.

Surface temperature distribution along longitudinal & transverse directions

The longitudinal direction of decking is along the decking extrusion direction, and it is also the
direction in which the fuel is channelled away. The transverse direction is perpendicular to the
longitudinal direction.
Test A: The fire centre was around Test point 2, and it was where the maximum temperature
was measured. From Fig 10, it can be seen that the longer the distance from the fire, the smaller
the temperature changes were. Referring to Fig 11, the graphs show temperature distribution
along test points 2, 3 & 4. Temperature changes at Test points 2 & 3 are similar, but
temperature at test point 4 was much lower, which means that fire did not spread in same
intensity to nearby areas.
Test B: As the fire centre was shifted toward the centre of the deck, the max temperature
measured was 115 0C at test point 18, and temperature changes in other areas are negligible.
Page 5 of 7
15 Nov 2004

7.3.

Temperature distribution along vertical direction of the structure (Figs 15 to 30)

There were two to three testing points on the decking and two on the girder in selected locations
in order to examine the gradient of temperature across the structure. It is observed that the
surface temperature is normally the highest, and, logically, temperature would reduce from top to
the bottom of the deck structure.

8. Significant Findings
Test A:
1.

2.
3.

4.

When 200 litres of jet fuel was ignited & left to burn until self-extinguished, more than
95% of the fuel was channelled away through the decking and recovered unburned.
Less than 5% of the fuel remained on the surface and burned in a localised area. The
special configuration of the decking suppressed the fire immediately, reduced the area
of fire spread and resulted in lower temperatures in the structure as a whole. From the
test data collected, only two small areas reached temperatures of 280C and this lasted
for 2 minutes and 40 seconds. The temperature was less than 250C in all other areas.
During the fire, the speed of temperature rise was faster than that of natural cooling
after the fire was extinguished.
On the deck surface, there were temperature gradients along both longitudinal &
transverse directions. In the areas which were distant from fire centre, there was very
little temperature change.
Across the deck structure, temperature gradient was larger near the fire centre. Taking
test point 2 as an example (Fig 16), the temperature on the surface (2-1) is 280C, at
mid web (2-2) was 200C and at bottom (2-3) was 150C. The temperature difference
of the top and bottom surface is 130C, and this gap is close when the test points are far
away from the fire centre.

Test B:
1.

2.

In comparison to the Test A, the maximum temperature and flame height were greatly
reduced. Apart from the fire centre, temperature rise in the whole deck is very
minimal.
The use of water is very effective in extinguishing a fire on this helideck.

Page 6 of 7
15 Nov 2004

Preamble

The undersigned has been commissioned by Aluminium Offshore Pte Ltd, Singapore, to conduct
various tests on the fire-suppression capability of the Astech aluminium enhanced safety helideck
and the efficiency of the Helifire water spray system. This is an independent report on the tests
carried out on 21st to 23rd September 2004 with our technical team.

Professor Jiang Nan

College of Industrial Equipment and Control Engineering
South China University of Technology
15th November 2004

Page 7 of 7
15 Nov 2004

Fig 2 Data Processing Software Programme Setting

280

17:10:39
17:11:20
17:12:00
17:12:40
17:13:21
17:14:02
17:14:44
17:15:25
17:16:06
17:16:47
17:17:27
17:18:08
17:18:48
17:19:29
17:20:09
17:20:49
17:21:29
17:22:10
17:22:50
17:23:31
17:24:11
17:24:51
17:25:31
17:26:11
17:26:51
17:27:31
17:28:11
17:28:51
17:29:31
17:30:11
17:30:51
17:31:30
17:32:10
17:32:50
17:33:30
17:34:10

Temperature ( C)
300

Igniting
Watering
1st Test_Upper Surface

Extended Limited
Natural Cooling

260

240

220

200

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

Time (hh:mm:ss)

Fig 4 Surface Temperature Measured in Test A

25-1
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-1
5-1
6-1
7-1
8-1
9-1
10-1
11-1
12-1
13-1
14-1
15-1
16-1
17-1
18-1
19-1
20-1
21-1
22-1
23-1
24-1

Fig 5

Time (hh:mm:ss)

Surface Temperature Measured in Test B

18:00:21

17:59:41

17:59:01

17:58:21

17:57:41

17:57:01

17:56:20

17:55:40

17:55:00

17:54:20

17:53:38

17:52:58

17:52:16

17:51:35

17:50:54

17:50:14

110

17:49:34

17:48:54

17:48:14

17:47:34

17:46:54

W atering

17:46:12

17:45:32

17:44:52

17:44:12

17:43:32

17:42:52

17:42:12

17:41:32

17:40:52

Igniting

17:40:12

17:39:32

17:38:51

Temperature ( C)
130

2nd Test. Upper Surface

Stop W atering

120

C ooling

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20
25-1
1-1
2-1
3-1
4-1
5-1
6-1
7-1
8-1
9-1
10-1
11-1
12-1
13-1
14-1
15-1
16-1
17-1
18-1
19-1
20-1
21-1
22-1
23-1
24-1

10

180

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
210

200

190

Test.1-2 No.2pt Layer

170

160

150

140

130

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

Time (hh:mm:ss)

Fig 6 Temperature Measured at Mid Web of Decking

1-2
2-2
3-2
4-2
5-2
6-2
7-2
8-2
9-2
10-2
12-2
13-2
14-2
15-2
16-2
17-2
18-2
19-2
20-2
22-2

50

40

30

20

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
160

150

140

130

Test.1-2:No.3pt Layer

120

110

100

90

Time (hh:mm:ss)

Fig 7 Temperature Measured at Bottom of Decking

1-3
2-3
3-3
4-3
12-3
13-3
14-3
15-3
17-3
18-3
22-3

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
60

55

50

6-4
7-4
8-4
20-4

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

Test.1-2: No.4 pt Surface

Time (hh:mm:ss)

Fig 8 Temperature Measured at Girder Beam Upper Surface

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:29
17:15:38
17:16:46
17:17:54
17:19:01
17:20:08
17:21:15
17:22:23
17:23:30
17:24:37
17:25:44
17:26:50
17:27:57
17:29:03
17:30:10
17:31:16
17:32:23
17:33:30
17:34:36
17:35:43
17:36:49
17:37:57
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:34
17:44:41
17:45:48
17:46:56
17:48:03
17:49:10
17:50:16
17:51:23
17:52:33
17:53:40
17:54:49
17:55:55
17:57:03
17:58:09
17:59:16
18:00:23
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:43
18:04:50
18:05:57
18:07:03

Temperature ( C)
65

60

20-5
6-5
7-5
8-5

55

Test.1-2: No.5 pt Layer

50

45

40

35

30

25

Time (hh:mm:ss)

Fig 9 Temperature Measured at Girder Beam Lower Surface

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)

300

280

260

240

220

200

180

160
2 5 -1
1 -1
2 -1
6 -1
1 3 -1
1 7 -1
2 0 -1
2 2 -1
2 3 -1

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

Tim e (h h :m m :s s )

Fig 10 Surface Temperature Measured in Longitudinal Direction

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
300

280

260

240

220

200

2 -1
3 -1
4 -1

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

T im e (h h :m m :s s )

Fig 11 Surface Temperature Measured in Transverse Direction

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)

260

240

220

200

180

160

140
5 -1
6 -1
7 -1
8 -1
9 -1
1 0 -1
1 1 -1

120

100

80

60

40

20

T im e (h h :m m :s s )

Fig 12 Surface Temperature Measured in Transverse Direction

200

180

160

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)

240

220

1 2 -1
1 3 -1
1 4 -1
1 5 -1
1 6 -1

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

T im e ( h h : m m : s s )

Fig 13 Surface Temperature Measured in Transverse Direction

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
130

120

110

100

1 7 -1
1 8 -1
1 9 -1

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

T im e ( h h : m m : s s )

Fig 14
Surface Temperature Measured in Transverse Direction

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:29
17:15:38
17:16:46
17:17:54
17:19:01
17:20:08
17:21:15
17:22:23
17:23:30
17:24:37
17:25:44
17:26:50
17:27:57
17:29:03
17:30:10
17:31:16
17:32:23
17:33:30
17:34:36
17:35:43
17:36:49
17:37:57
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:34
17:44:41
17:45:48
17:46:56
17:48:03
17:49:10
17:50:16
17:51:23
17:52:33
17:53:40
17:54:49
17:55:55
17:57:03
17:58:09
17:59:16
18:00:23
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:43
18:04:50
18:05:57
18:07:03

Temperature ( C)
150

140

130

120

110

100

1 -1
1 -2
1 -3

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

T im e ( h h : m m : s s )

Fig 15 Temperature Distribution on Decking at Test Point 1

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:29
17:15:38
17:16:46
17:17:54
17:19:01
17:20:08
17:21:15
17:22:23
17:23:30
17:24:37
17:25:44
17:26:50
17:27:57
17:29:03
17:30:10
17:31:16
17:32:23
17:33:30
17:34:36
17:35:43
17:36:49
17:37:57
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:34
17:44:41
17:45:48
17:46:56
17:48:03
17:49:10
17:50:16
17:51:23
17:52:33
17:53:40
17:54:49
17:55:55
17:57:03
17:58:09
17:59:16
18:00:23
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:43
18:04:50
18:05:57
18:07:03

Temperature ( C)
300

280

260

240

220

200

180

2 -1
2 -2
2 -3

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

T im e ( h h : m m : s s )

Fig 16 Temperature Distribution on Decking at Test Point 2

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:29
17:15:38
17:16:46
17:17:54
17:19:01
17:20:08
17:21:15
17:22:23
17:23:30
17:24:37
17:25:44
17:26:50
17:27:57
17:29:03
17:30:10
17:31:16
17:32:23
17:33:30
17:34:36
17:35:43
17:36:49
17:37:57
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:34
17:44:41
17:45:48
17:46:56
17:48:03
17:49:10
17:50:16
17:51:23
17:52:33
17:53:40
17:54:49
17:55:55
17:57:03
17:58:09
17:59:16
18:00:23
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:43
18:04:50
18:05:57
18:07:03

Temperature ( C)
300

280

260

240

220

200

3 -1
3 -2
3 -3

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

T im e ( h h : m m : s s )

Fig 17 Temperature Distribution on Decking at Test Point 3

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:29
17:15:38
17:16:46
17:17:54
17:19:01
17:20:08
17:21:15
17:22:23
17:23:30
17:24:37
17:25:44
17:26:50
17:27:57
17:29:03
17:30:10
17:31:16
17:32:23
17:33:30
17:34:36
17:35:43
17:36:49
17:37:57
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:34
17:44:41
17:45:48
17:46:56
17:48:03
17:49:10
17:50:16
17:51:23
17:52:33
17:53:40
17:54:49
17:55:55
17:57:03
17:58:09
17:59:16
18:00:23
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:43
18:04:50
18:05:57
18:07:03

Temperature ( C)
200

190

180

170

160

150

140

130

4 -1
4 -2
4 -3

120

110

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

T im e ( h h : m m : s s )

Fig 18 Temperature Distribution on Decking at Test Point 4

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:29
17:15:38
17:16:46
17:17:54
17:19:01
17:20:08
17:21:15
17:22:23
17:23:30
17:24:37
17:25:44
17:26:50
17:27:57
17:29:03
17:30:10
17:31:16
17:32:23
17:33:30
17:34:36
17:35:43
17:36:49
17:37:57
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:34
17:44:41
17:45:48
17:46:56
17:48:03
17:49:10
17:50:16
17:51:23
17:52:33
17:53:40
17:54:49
17:55:55
17:57:03
17:58:09
17:59:16
18:00:23
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:43
18:04:50
18:05:57
18:07:03

Temperature ( C)
260

240

220

200

5 -1
5 -2

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

T im e ( h h : m m : s s )

Fig 19 Temperature Distribution on Decking at Test Point 5

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:29
17:15:38
17:16:46
17:17:54
17:19:01
17:20:08
17:21:15
17:22:23
17:23:30
17:24:37
17:25:44
17:26:50
17:27:57
17:29:03
17:30:10
17:31:16
17:32:23
17:33:30
17:34:36
17:35:43
17:36:49
17:37:57
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:34
17:44:41
17:45:48
17:46:56
17:48:03
17:49:10
17:50:16
17:51:23
17:52:33
17:53:40
17:54:49
17:55:55
17:57:03
17:58:09
17:59:16
18:00:23
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:43
18:04:50
18:05:57
18:07:03

Temperature ( C)
260

240

220

200

180

160

6 -1
6 -2
6 -4
6 -5

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

T im e ( h h : m m : s s )

Fig 20 Temperature Distribution on Decking at Test Point 6

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:29
17:15:38
17:16:46
17:17:54
17:19:01
17:20:08
17:21:15
17:22:23
17:23:30
17:24:37
17:25:44
17:26:50
17:27:57
17:29:03
17:30:10
17:31:16
17:32:23
17:33:30
17:34:36
17:35:43
17:36:49
17:37:57
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:34
17:44:41
17:45:48
17:46:56
17:48:03
17:49:10
17:50:16
17:51:23
17:52:33
17:53:40
17:54:49
17:55:55
17:57:03
17:58:09
17:59:16
18:00:23
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:43
18:04:50
18:05:57
18:07:03

Temperature ( C)
260

240

220

200

7 -1
7 -2
7 -4
7 -5

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

T im e (h h :m m :s s )

Fig 21 Temperature Distribution on Decking at Test Point 7

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
62

60

58

56

54

52

50

48

8 -1
8 -2
8 -4
8 -5

46

44

42

40

38

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

T im e (h h :m m :s s )

Fig 22 Temperature Distribution Across the Section at Test Point 8

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
240

220

200

180

160

1 2 -1
1 2 -2
1 2 -3

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

T im e ( h h : m m : s s )

Fig 23 Temperature Distribution Across the Section at Test Point 12

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
240

220

200

180

160

140

1 3 -1
1 3 -2
1 3 -3

120

100

80

60

40

20

T im e (h h :m m :s s )

Fig 24 Temperature Distribution Across the Section at Test Point 13

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
240

220

200

180

160

140

1 4 -1
1 4 -2
1 4 -3

120

100

80

60

40

20

T im e (h h :m m :s s )

Fig 25 Temperature Distribution Across the Section at Test Point 14

42

40

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)

50

48

46

44

1 5 -1
1 5 -2
1 5 -3

38

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

T im eDistribution
(h h :m m
:s s )the Section at Test Point 15
Fig 26 Temperature
Across

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
54

52

50

48

46

1 7 -1
1 7 -2
1 7 -3

44

42

40

38

36

34

32

30

28

26

24

22

20

T im e ( h h : m m : s s )

Fig 27 Temperature Distribution Across the Section at Test Point 17

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
130

120

110

100

90

1 8 -1
1 8 -2
1 8 -3

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

T im e ( h h : m m : s s )

Fig 28 Temperature Distribution Across the Section at Test Point 18

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
36

34

2 0 -1
2 0 -2
2 0 -4
2 0 -5

32

30

28

26

24

22

T im e (h h :m m :s s )

Fig 29 Temperature Distribution Across the Section at Test Point 20

17:11:06
17:12:13
17:13:21
17:14:30
17:15:39
17:16:47
17:17:55
17:19:02
17:20:09
17:21:16
17:22:23
17:23:31
17:24:38
17:25:44
17:26:51
17:27:58
17:29:04
17:30:11
17:31:17
17:32:24
17:33:30
17:34:37
17:35:43
17:36:50
17:37:58
17:39:07
17:40:14
17:41:21
17:42:28
17:43:35
17:44:42
17:45:48
17:46:57
17:48:04
17:49:10
17:50:17
17:51:24
17:52:33
17:53:41
17:54:49
17:55:56
17:57:03
17:58:10
17:59:17
18:00:24
18:01:30
18:02:37
18:03:44
18:04:51
18:05:57
18:07:04

Temperature ( C)
34

32

2 2 -1
2 2 -2
2 2 -3

30

28

26

24

T im e (h h :m m :s s )

Fig 30 Temperature Distribution Across the Section at Test Point 22