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Content
0.
Abstract
I.
Introduction
3
4
5
5
5
6
6
7
8
9
IV. Conclusions
V.
References
12
dietmar.retzmann@siemens.com
I. INTRODUCTION
The electric power supply is essential for life of a society,
like the blood in the body. Without power supply there are
devastating consequences for daily life. However,
deregulation and privatization are posing new challenges to
the transmission systems. System elements are going to be
loaded up to their thermal limits, and wide-area power trading
with fast varying load patterns will contribute to an increasing
congestion [1, 2].
In addition to this, the dramatic global climate
developments call for changes in the way electricity is
supplied. Environmental constraints, such as loss
minimization and CO2 reduction, will play an increasingly
important role. Consequently, we have to deal with an area of
conflicts between reliability of supply, environmental
sustainability as well as economic efficiency [3, 4]. The power
A. HVDC Developments
In general, for transmission distances above 600 km, DC
transmission is more economical than AC transmission
( 1000 MW). Power transmission of up to 600 - 800 MW
over distances of about 300 km has already been achieved
with submarine cables, and cable transmission lengths of up to
approx. 1,000 km are at the planning stage. Due to these
developments, HVDC became a mature and reliable
technology.
During the development of HVDC, different kinds of
applications were carried out. They are shown schematically
in Fig. 1.
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
AC
DC Line
DC Cable
a)
Can be
connected
to long AC
Lines
b)
The major benefit of the HVDC, both B2B and LDT, is its
incorporated ability of fault-current blocking which serves as
an automatic firewall for Blackout prevention in case of
cascading events, which is not possible with synchronous AC
links [10-13], ref. to Fig. 3.
Fault-Current
Blocking
a) Back-to-Back Solution
c)
V1
G~
I1
V2
I2
G~
Slow Functions
Slow Functions
Q1 and Q2
The first commercial applications were cable transmissions,
Classic
Classic
for AC cable transmission over more than 80-120 km is
L and C
L and C
only
only
Fast Functions
technically not feasible due to reactive power limitations.
Then, long distance HVDC transmissions with overhead lines
Benefits of
The Firewall
HVDC in a
were built as they are more economical than transmissions
for Blackout
synchronous
with AC lines [5]. To interconnect systems operating at
Power & Voltage Control
Prevention
AC
System
Fault-Current Blocking
different frequencies, Back-to-Back (B2B) schemes were
applied. B2B converters can also be connected to long AC
lines (Fig. 1a). A further application of HVDC transmission Fig. 3: Benefits of HVDC - it makes Power flow
B. FACTS Developments
Since the 1960s, Flexible AC Transmission Systems have
been evolving to a mature technology with high power ratings
[6, 7, 9]. The technology, proven in various applications,
became first-rate, highly reliable one.
Fig. 4 shows the basic configurations of FACTS.
FACTS Flexible AC Transmission Systems: Support of Power Flow
z SVC Static Var Compensator (The Standard of Shunt Compensation)
z STATCOM Static Synchr. Compensator, with VSC)
z FSC Fixed Series Compensation
and SCCL for
Short-Circuit
z TCSC Thyristor Controlled Series Compensation
Current
z TPSC Thyristor Protected Series Compensation
Limitation
z UPFC Unified Power Flow Controller (with VSC)
AC
AC
AC
UPFC
FSC
SVC / STATCOM
AC
AC
AC
/ TPSC
TCSC/TPSC
V1 , 1
V2 , 2
G~
G~
XC
VL
Series Compensation
P =
V2
X - XC
where V1 =
V1
sin
VC
V2
V1
V2 , = 1 - 2
without Compensation
Benefits
Reduction in Transmission Angle
Increase in Transmission Capacity
V2
with Compensation
Load
230 kV - 300 km
Grid
System Conditions:
a) Heavy Load
b) Light Load
V2
V1
c) Outage of 1 Line
(at full Load)
SVC
a)
b)
c)
d) Load Rejection
at Bus 2
d)
1.2
V2
V2N
1.1
without SVC
1.0
with SVC
(var. Slope)
0.9
0.8
2005
Customer:
Neptune RTS
End User:
Location:
Benefits
of HVDC
(LIPA)
Improvement of Power
Quality
Improvement of local
Infrastructures
Atlantic Ocean
Development:
Supplier:
NTP-Date:
07/2005
PAC:
07/2007
Consortium
Siemens / Prysmian
Transmission:
Power Rating:
600/660 MW monopolar
flexible
Plus Wind
Power
Neptune HVDC
successfully
supported Long
Islands Power
Supply 700,000
Households
could be saved
Long Island: Duffy Avenue
fuzzy
Benefits of HVDC:
Clean Energy
CO2 Reduction
Cost Reduction
Both Victoria and Tasmania profit from the interconnection of their networks:
During times of peak load, Tasmania delivers green
energy from its hydro power stations to Victoria, while
Tasmania can cover its base load demands from the grid of
Victoria during dry sea-sons when water reservoirs are not
sufficiently filled. Furthermore, the island of Tasmania
receives access to the power market of the Australian
continent.
Tasmania intends to install additional wind farms to
increase its share in regenerative energy production. The
figure shows that hydro power is perfectly suitable to be
supplemented with the rather fuzzy wind energy in terms
of base load as well as through its ability to store energy for
peak load demands. So far, the DC-link can do much more to
reduce CO2 by the combined use of regenerative energies.
C. Prospects of HVDC in India
The HVDC East-South interconnection in India
(commercial operation in 2003) uses both advantages, the
avoidance of transmission of additional power through the AC
system and the interconnection of power areas which can not
be operated synchronously. A view of the HVDC northern
terminal in the state of Orissa is given in Fig. 9.
In April 2006, Powergrid Corporation of India decided to
increase the transmission capacity of the East-South DC
transmission from 2,000 MW to 2,500 MW. As the upgrade is
now completed, it is possible to make maximum use of the
systems overload capacity. To increase the capacity of the
2500 MW
RAI & LFL: full Use of
Overload Capacity
without additional
Thyristors
2007
2003
2000 MW
2009
DC versus AC
*2,500
2,500MW
MW
2 x 3-ph AC 400 kV
2004
800 km
India
1 x +/- 500 kV
Example of HVDC
Ballia-Bhiwadi:
Reduction in CO2:
688,000 tons p.a.
through 37 % less
Transmission
Losses at*
2,500 MW
2003 / 2007
Rating:
Voltage:
3000 MW
500 kV
in CO2:
Commercial Operation:
2009 Pole 1
1,418 Km
5,000 MW
2010 Pole 2
+/- 800 kV DC
Source:
Reduction in CO2
32.9 m tons p.a. by using Hydro Energy and HVDC for Transmission
The Solution
2004
2010
Energy Exchange
by Sea Cable
~ ~ ~
= = =
= = =
= = =
~ ~ ~
No Increase in
Short-Circuit Power
= = =
P = 400 MW,
200 kV DC
Cable
Converter:
Converter: Modular
Modular Multilevel
Multilevel HVDC
HVDC PLUS
PLUS Converter
Converter
Rated
Rated Power:
Power: 400
400 MW
MW @
@ AC
AC Terminal
Terminal receiving
receiving End
End
DC
DC Voltage:
Voltage: 200
200 kV
kV
Submarine
Submarine Cable:
Cable: Extruded
Extruded Insulation
Insulation DC
DC Cable
Cable
b)
PG&E
Potrero
Substation
San
Francisco
PG&E
Pittsburg
Substation
Pittsburg
53 miles
1 mile
AC
AC
Cables
Submarine
DC Cables
Cables
AC/DC
Converter
Station
< 3 miles
115 kV
Substation
AC/DC
Converter
Station
230 kV
Substation
Significant
Improvements
HVDC PLUS makes it feasible
Fig. 16: Benefits of HVDC PLUS for Trans Bay Cable Project
IV. CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion to the previous sections, Table 1 summarizes the
impact of FACTS and HVDC on load flow, stability and
voltage quality when using different devices. Evaluation is
based on a large number of studies and experiences from
projects. For comparison, mechanically switched devices
(MSC/R) are included in the table.
Principle
Devices
Scheme
Load Flow
Variation of the
Line
Impedance:
Series
Compensation
FSC
zzz
zzz
zz
zzz
zz
zz
zzz
zz
zzz
zzz
zzz
zzz
zz
zzz
zzz
TPSC
(Thyristor
Protected Series
Compensation)
(Thyristor
Controlled Series
Compensation)
MSC/R
{
z
zz
zzz
no or low
small
medium
strong
* Based on Studies
& practical
Experience
Voltage
Control:
Shunt
Compensation
(Mechanically
Switched Capacitor /
Reactor)
SVC
(Static Var
Compensator)
STATCOM **
(Static Synchronous
Compensator)
Load-Flow
Control
** = SVC PLUS
System
G
System
A
System
B
System
C
System
D
System
E
System
F
Countermeasures
against large
Blackouts
Fig. 17: Hybrid System Interconnections Supergrid with HVDC and FACTS
10
Voltage
Quality
(Fixed Series
Compensation)
TCSC
Influence: *
Stability
Micro Grid
C
Smart Grid
Super Grid
C
C
C
C
CA
CA
C
C
CA
C
C
CA
C
C
CA
= Cell Agent
CA
G
C
CA
C
C
C
C
C
C
Storage
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C Cell
Generation
AC
DC
[4]
[3]
[5]
[4]
[6]
[5]
[7]
[8]
[6]
[9]
[7]
[8]
[10]
[9]
[11]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
[12]
[13]
[14]
V. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[15]
[16]
M.
Luther,
U. Radtke,
und Planung von Planung
Netzen mit
DENA
Study
Part 1,Betrieb
Energiewirtschaftliche
frhoher
die
Windenergieeinspeisung,
ETG Kongress,
October an
23-24,
Netzintegration
von Windenergie
in Deutschland
Land 2001,
und
Nuremberg,
Offshore
bis Germany
zum Jahr 2020, February 24, 2005, Cologne, Germany
Economic
Assessment
of HVDC
CIGRE
Brochure
M. Luther, U.
Radtke, Betrieb
undLinks,
Planung
von Netzen
mitNr.186
hoher
(Final
Report of WG14-20) ETG Kongress, October 23-24, 2001,
Windenergieeinspeisung,
N.G.
Hingorani,
Flexible AC Transmission, IEEE Spectrum, pp. 40Nuremberg,
Germany
45,
April 1993
Economic
Assessment of HVDC Links, CIGRE Brochure Nr.186
FACTS
Overview,
IEEE and CIGRE, Catalog Nr. 95 TP 108
(Final Report
of WG14-20)
Working
Group B4-WG
37AC
CIGRE,
VSC Transmission,
May pp.
200440N.G. Hingorani,
Flexible
Transmission,
IEEE Spectrum,
L.
45,Kirschner,
April 1993D. Retzmann, G. Thumm, Benefits of FACTS for Power
System
IEEE/PES
T & Catalog
D Conference,
August
FACTSEnhancement,
Overview, IEEE
and CIGRE,
Nr. 95 TP
108 14-18,
2005,
Dalian,
China
Working
Group
B4-WG 37 CIGRE, VSC Transmission, May 2004
G. Kirschner,
Beck, D. D.
Povh,
D. Retzmann,
E. Benefits
Teltsch, Global
Blackouts
L.
Retzmann,
G. Thumm,
of FACTS
for Power
Lessons
Learned, PowerGen Europe,
28-30, 2005,August
Milan,14-18,
Italy
System Enhancement,
IEEE/PES
T &June
D Conference,
G.
Beck,
D. China
Povh, D. Retzmann, E. Teltsch, Use of HVDCand
2005,
Dalian,
FACTS
Interconnection
and Global
Grid Enhancement,
G. Beck,forD.Power
Povh, System
D. Retzmann,
E. Teltsch,
Blackouts
Power-Gen
MiddlePowerEast, January
30 June
February
1, 2005,
2006,Milan,
Abu Dhabi,
Lessons Learned,
Gen Europe,
28-30,
Italy
United
Arab
G. Beck,
D.Emirates
Povh, D. Retzmann, E. Teltsch, Use of HVDCand
W.
Breuer,
Povh,
D. Retzmann,
E. Teltsch,
Trends
for future
FACTS
for D.
Power
System
Interconnection
and Grid
Enhancement,
HVDC Applications,
16th
CEPSI,
2006,
Mumbai,
Power-Gen
Middle East,
January
30 November
February6-10,
1, 2006,
Abu
Dhabi,
India
United Arab Emirates
G. Beck,
W. D.
Breuer,D.
Retzmann,
Use of Trends
FACTS for
W.
Breuer,
Povh, Povh,D.
D. Retzmann,
E. Teltsch,
forSystem
future
HVDC Applications, 16th CEPSI, November 6-10, 2006, Mumbai,
India
G. Beck, W. Breuer,D. Povh,D. Retzmann, Use of FACTS for System
Performance Improvement, 16th CEPSI, November 6-10, 2006,
Mumbai, India
J. M. Prez de Andrs, J. Dorn, D. Retzmann, D. Soerangr, A. Zenkner,
Prospects of VSC Converters for Transmission System Enhancement;
PowerGrid Europe 2007, June 26-28, Madrid, Spain
J. Dorn, H. Huang, D. Retzmann, Novel Voltage-Sourced Converters
for HVDC and FACTS Applications, Cigre Symposium,November 14, 2007, Osaka, Japan
W. Breuer,D. Povh, D. Retzmann, Ch. Urbanke, M. Weinhold,
Prospects of Smart Grid Technologies for a Sustainable and Secure
Power Supply,The 20TH World Energy Congress, November 11-15,
2007, Rome, Italy
11
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