Stanley College of Engineering & Technology for Women

Department of ECE
Experiment-1
STUDY OF ELECTRONIC AND ELECTRO MECHANICAL COMPONENTS
AIM: (a) To study Resistors, Inductors, Capacitors, Switches and Relays.
(b) To verify theoretical and practical values of resistance in series and resistance in parallel.
(c) To draw symbols for various electronic components.
APPARATUS:
1. Resistors
2. Inductors
3. Capacitors
4. Switches
5. Relays
THEORY:
RESISTORS:
Types of Resistors:
a. Carbon Composition:
It is a combination of carbon particles and a binding resin with different proportion for
providing desired resistance. Attached to the ends of the resistive element are metal caps
which have axial leads of tinned copper wire for soldering the resistor into a circuit. The
resistor is enclosed in a plastic casing to prevent entry of moisture and other elements
from outside. These are available in , , 1 and 2 watt ranges.
b. Deposited Carbon:
Deposited carbon resistors consist of ceramic rods which have a carbon film deposited on
them. They are made by placing a ceramic rod in a methane filled flask and heating it
until, by a gas cracking process, a carbon film is deposited on them. A helix grinding
process forms the resistive path. These are an improvement on the former type of
resistors.
c. Metal film:

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Department of ECE
Metal film resistors are made by depositing abeledd metal in vaccum on a ceramic rod.
The resistive path is helix ground as in the case of deposited carbon resistors. These are
suitable for high grade applications as they are costly.
d. Wire wound resistors:
Wire wound resistors are different from the above as there is no coating or deposition on
them. They consist of ceramic core wound with a drawn wire having accurately
controlled characteristics. Different alloys are used for providing different resistance
ranges. These resistors have highest stability and high power rating. These are bulky in
size and require large areas to radiate heat.
Examples: Rheostats, Dumping resistors for breaking of motors and etc.
e. Ceramet (Ceramic metal):
These are made by firing certain metals blended with ceramic substrate. The value of
resistance depends on the type of mix and thickness. Usually they are produced as small
rectangles having leads for soldering on to a printed circuit board.
OBSERVATIONS:
RESISTOR COLOUR CODING:
Black

- 0

Brown

- 1

Red

- 2

Orange

- 3

Yellow

- 4

Green

Blue

- 6

Voilet

- 7

Grey

- 8

White

- 9

To find the resistor value:

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Stanley College of Engineering & Technology for Women

Department of ECE
R1
220

If Resistor contains Red, Red and Brown colour, then its value is
2

2 x 10^1

= 22 x 10
= 220 .
INDUCTOR:
An Inductor(or reactor) is a passive electrical component that can store energy
in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through it. An inductors ability to
store magnetic energy is measured by its inductance, in units of henries. Typically an inductor is
a conducting wire shaped as a coil; the loops help to create a strong magnetic field inside the coil
due to amperes law. Due to the time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a voltage is induced,
according to Faradays Law of electromagnetic induction, whichby Lenzs Law opposes the
change in current that created it. Inductors are one of the basic components used in electronics
where current and voltage change with time, due to the ability of inductors to delay and reshape.
An inductor is usually constructed as a coil of conducting material, typically copper wire,
wrapped around a core either of air or of ferromagnetic or ferromagnetic material. Core materials
with a higher permeability than air increase the magnetic field and confine it closely to the
inductor, thereby increasing the inductance. Low frequency inductors are constructed like
transformers, with cores of electrical steel laminated to prevent eddy currents. Soft ferrites are
widely used for cores above audio frequencies, since they do not cause the large energy losses at
high frequencies that ordinary iron alloys do. Inductors come in many shapes. Most are
constructed as enamel coated wire (magnet wire) wrapped around a ferrite bobbin with wire
exposed on the outside, while some enclose the wire completely in ferrite and are reffered to as
shielded. Some inductors have an adjustable core, which enables changing of the inductance.
Inductance used to block very high frequencies is sometimes made by stringing a ferrite cylinder
or bead on a wire.
Small inductors can be etched directly onto a printed circuit board by laying out the trace in a
spiral pattern. Some such planar inductors use a planar core.
Small value inductors can also be built on integrated circuits using the same processes that are
used to make transistors. Aluminium interconnect is typically used, laid out in a spiral coil
pattern. However, the small dimensions limit the inductance, and it is far more common to use a

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Department of ECE
circuit called a gyrator that uses a capacitor and active components to behave similarly to an
inductor.
TYPES OF INDUCTOR:
Air core inductor:
The term air core coil describes an inductor that does not use a magnetic core made of a
ferromagnetic material. The term refers to coils wound on plastic, ceramic, or other nonmagnetic
forms, as well as those that actually have air inside the windings. Air core coils have lower
inductance than ferromagnetic core coils, but are often used at high frequencies because they are
free from energy losses called core losses that occur in ferromagnetic cores, which increase with
frequency. A side effect that can occur in air core coils in which the winding is not rigidly
supported on a form is microphony: mechanical vibration of the windings can cause variations
in the inductance.
Radio frequency inductor:
At high frequencies, particularly radio frequencies (RF), inductors have higher resistance and
other losses. In addition to causing power loss, in resonant circuits this can reduce the Q factor of
the circuit, broadening the bandwidth. In RF inductors, which are mostly air core types,
specialized construction techniques are used to minimize the losses.
COLOUR CODING OF INDUCTOR:
L
1

Colour

1st Band

2nd Band

Tolerance

3rd Band
multiplier
1=10^0

Black

Brown

10=10^1

1%

Red

100=10^2

2%

Orange

1000=10^3

3%

Yellow

10000=10^4

4%

Green

Blue

Violet

Grey

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20%

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Stanley College of Engineering & Technology for Women

Department of ECE
White

None

20%

Gold

5%

Silver

10%

Result is in micro henries.

Example:
1st band colour: Red
2nd band colour: Blue
3rd band colour: Yellow
Then the value of the inductor is:
2 6 *10^4= 260000 H = 260 Mh.
CAPACITOR:
A capacitor (some times also called as condenser) is a passive element that
stores energy in electric field, often treated as a linear element.
An electrolytic capacitor is a type of capacitor with a larger capacitance per unit volume than
other types, making them valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical
circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply filters, where they store charge needed to
moderate output voltage and current fluctuations, at the frequency or twice the frequency of AC
input power, in rectifier output, and especially in the absence of rechargeable batteries that can
provide similar low frequency current capacity.
Electrolytic capacitors may explode if connected wrongly. Polarities are included on the external
casing and should be wired accordingly.
TYPES OF CAPACITOR:
Practical capacitors are often classified according to the material used as the dielectric, with the
dielectrics divided into two broad categories: bulk insulators and metal-oxide films (so called
electrolytic capacitors).
Capacitor have thin conducting plates (usually made of metal), separated by a layer of dielectric,
then stacked or rolled to form a compact device.
Capacitor Symbols:
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Department of ECE
C

Capacitor :

Polarised capacitor:

Variable capacitor:
Capacitors may be marked with 3 or more coloured bands or dots. 3-colour coding encodes most
significant digit, second most significant digit and multiplier. Additional bands have meanings
which may vary from one type to another. Low tolerance capacitors may begin with the first 3
(rather than 2) digits of the value. It is usually, but not always, possible to work out what scheme
is used by the particular colours used. Cylindrical capacitors marked with bands may look like
resistors.
Colour

Black

Signifi
cant
digits
0

Multipli
er

Capacitan
ce
tolerance

Characteristi
cs

20%

DC
workin
g
voltage
-

Operating
temperatu
re

EIA/
Vibratio
n

-55 C to
+70 C
-

10 to55
Hz
-

-55 C to
+85 C
-

- 55 C to
+125 C
-

10 to
2000 Hz
-

Brown

10

1%

100

Red

100

2%

Orange

1,000

300

Yellow

10,000

Green

5%

500

Blue

Violet

-55 C to
+150 C
-

Grey

White

EIA

Gold

0.5%*

1000

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Department of ECE
Silver

10%

*Or 0.5 Pf, whichever is greater.

SWITCHES:
Selecting a switch:
There are three important features to consider when selecting a switch:
1. Contacts (eg. Single pole, double throw)
2. Ratings (maximum voltage and current)
3. Method of operation (toggle, slide, key etc)
Switch Contacts:
Several terms are used to describe switch contacts:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Pole number of switch contact sets.

Throw number of conducting positions, single or double.
Way number of conducting positions, three or more.
Momentary switch returns to its normal position when released.
Open off position, contacts not conducting.
Closed on position, contacts conducting, three may be several on positions.

For example: the simplest on-off switch has one set of contacts (single pole) and one switching
position which conducts (single throw). The switch mechanism has two positions: open (off) and
closed (on), but it is called single throw because only one position conducts.
Standard switches:
Type of Switch

Circuit Symbol

Example

ON-OFF
Single Pole, Single Throw = SPST
A simple on-off switch. This type can be
used to switch the power supply to a circuit.
When used with mains electricity this type
of switch must be in the live wire, but it is
better to use a DPST switch to isolate both
live and neutral.
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SPST toggle switch

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Department of ECE
(ON)-OFF
Push-to-make = SPST Momentary
A push-to-make switch returns to its
normally open (off) position when you
release the button, this is shown by the
brackets around ON. This is the standard
doorbell switch.

Push-to-make switch

ON-(OFF)
Push-to-break = SPST Momentary
A push-to-break switch returns to its
normally closed (on) position when you
release the button.

Push-to-break switch

ON-ON
Single Pole, Double Throw = SPDT
This switch can be on in both positions,
switching on a separate device in each case.
It is often called a changeover switch. For
example, a SPDT switch can be used to
switch on a red lamp in one position and a
green lamp in the other position.
A SPDT toggle switch may be used as a
simple on-off switch by connecting to COM
and one of the A or B terminals shown in the
diagram. A and B are interchangeable so
switches are usually not abeled.
ON-OFF-ON
SPDT
Centre
Off
A special version of the standard SPDT
switch. It has a third switching position in
the centre which is off. Momentary (ON)OFF-(ON) versions are also available where
the switch returns to the central off position
when released

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SPDT toggle switch

SPDT slide switch

(PCB mounting)

SPDT rocker switch

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Stanley College of Engineering & Technology for Women

Department of ECE
Dual ON-OFF
Double Pole, Single Throw = DPST
A pair of on-off switches which operate
together (shown by the dotted line in the
circuit symbol).
A DPST switch is often used to switch
mains electricity because it can isolate both
the live and neutral connections.

DPST rocker switch

Dual
ON-ON
Double Pole, Double Throw = DPDT
A pair of on-on switches which operate
together (shown by the dotted line in the
circuit symbol).
A DPDT switch can be wired up as
a reversing switch for a motor as shown in
the diagram.
ON-OFF-ON
DPDT
Centre
Off
A special version of the standard SPDT
switch. It has a third switching position in
the centre which is off. This can be very
useful for motor control because you have
forward, off and reverse positions.
Momentary (ON)-OFF-(ON) versions are
also available where the switch returns to
the central off position when released.

DPDT slide switch

Wiring
Switch

for

Reversing

RELAYS:
A Relay is an electrically operated switch. Many relays use an electromagnet to
operate a switching mechanism mechanically, but other operating principles are also used.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by a low power signal (with complete
electrical isolation between control and controlled circuits), or where several circuits must be
controlled by one signal. The first were used in long distance telegraph circuits, repeating the
signal coming in from one circuit and re-transmitting it to another. Relays were used extensively
in telephone exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.

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Department of ECE

Circuit symbol for Relay

A type of relay that can handle the high power required to directly control an electric motor is
called a contactor. Solid state relays control power circuits with no moving parts, instead using
a semiconductor device to perform switching. Relays with calibrated operating characteristics
and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits from overload or
faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by digital instruments
still called protective relays.
Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of switch contacts, for
example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are readily available.
Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can solder wires directly to the pins
providing you take care to avoid melting the plastic case of the relay.
Reed Relays:
Reed relays consists of a coil surrounding a reed switch. Reed switches are normally operated
with a magnet, but in a reed relay current flows through the coil to create a magnetic field and
close the reed switch.
Reed relays generally have higher coil resistances than standard relays (1000 for example) and
a wide range of supply voltages (9-20 V for example). They are capable of switching much more
rapidly than standard relays, up to several hundred times per second; but they can only switch
low currents (500Ma maximum for example).

Reed Relay

RESULT: Different electronic and electro mechanical components are studied.

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Department of ECE

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