Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Metacentric
- The type of chromosomes in which the centromere is
located at the central part giving two equal arm of the
chromosome.
- Centromere - constriction found in a particular
chromosome. It is due to a special segment in the DNA
structure called the CEN sequence. This sequence will
be patched combined with protein and then becomes
constricted to allow chromatin materials to condense.
2. Submetacentric - the centromere is displaced from
the center giving a short arm and a long arm.
3. Acrocentric - the centromere is more displaced from
the center which gives a very short and a very long arm.
4. Telocentric - the chromosomes split into half.
(centromere and arm)
Prophase
- The assumption of the normal form of the
chromosomes.
- disappearance of the nuclear envelope - they form
small vesicles within the cytoplasm.
- The self replicative organelle which is the centriole
(9+2 pairs of microtubules) and centrosome (the space
that surrounds it) move towards the opposite pole
leaving spindle fibers as footprints.
3 Types of Spindle fibers
1. Kinetochore microtubules
- the kind of microtubule that is attached to the
centromere of the chromosomes.
2. Spindle microtubules
- arising from the opposing centrioles. Meet with another
spindle fiber at the center and then joined by motor
proteins.
- the centriole is not responsible for the assembly of
spindle fibers.
- the function of the centriole is only to serve as baseline
for the construction of cilia and flagella.
- only in plant cells can the centriole take part in the
assembly of spindle fibers.
3. Astral microtubules
- does not radiate towards the center but rather it just
radiate from the centrosome and attach to the plasma
membrane. It anchors to the plasma membrane to secure
the cetriole in place.
Spindle fibers - has inherent polarity, the end of the
microtuble away from the centriole is considered to be
the addition unit of the tubulin protein hence it is the
positive end. The ones located nearest to the vicinity is
the negative end.
Once the spindle fibers are taken a particular segment, it
will become tight. As it adds, the addition unit grows
long. The addition and subtraction units allow the
microtubule to lengthen and shorten.It is the reason why
the chromosomes move in opposite directions.
Equatorial plane - chromosomes align at a region equal
in distance from the opposite pole as all of the
Spindle fibers have tightened.
- Signal of another phase (Taking place
of metaphase)
Metaphase
- Spindle fibers will exert pulling forces tearing the
chromosomes into half particularly at the centromere.
- Tug of war
Anaphase
- splitting of chromosomes forming sister chromatids.
- as the chromatids continue to move towards the
opposite pole, the sister chromatids will arrive at the
opposite pole - cytoskeleton (specifically intermediate
filament) will help reconstruct two new nuclear envelope
which were the vesicles left behind in the cytoplasm.
Telophase
- arrival of sister chromatids on the opposite pole with
the formation of subsequent nuclear envelope.
- during these stage the chromosome will regress back
into fine structure called chromatin materials.
Prophase 2
Metaphase 2
Anaphase 2
Telophase 2
3. Pachytene
- crossing over of the telomere happen during this
stage.Exchange of portion of the telomere. Resemble the
small letter x (chiasma/chiasmata - derived from the latin
word letter x 'chi').
- It is significant since traits and characteristics are
inside the chromosomes and exchanged.
- responsible for varied lineage
4. Diplotene
- the synaptonemal complex protein disappear, but the
chromosomes are not completely separated because the
two homologous chromosomes are still joined together
by the chiasmata.
5. Diakinesis
- elongation of chromosomes