CAD Slides 07

F.
Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC
Slide Set
Data Converters
High-Order, CT Converters and DAC
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Summary
SNR Enhancement
High Order Noise Shaping
Continuos-Time Modulators
Band-Pass Modulators
Oversampling DAC
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
SNR Enhancement
Many quantization levels augments the SNR . However, a many levels DAC
is problematic.
The SNR enhancement techniques aim at using many levels (n) in the
ADC and less levels (m) in the DAC.
Possible solution (Leslie Sing)
X
IN
DAC
SD
X
m
Y1
DAC
eQ,n
ADC
IN
DAC
Y2D
TRUNC
YD
Y1D PROC
(a)
SD
eQ,m
Y1
(b)
Y2
Y
Y1
PROC
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Two quantization errors

Y1 = X ST F + Q,m N T F
(1)
Y2 = Y1 Q,m + Q,n
(2)
the processing in the digital domain cancels the contribution of Q,m
Y2 N T F + Y1(1 N T F ) = X ST F + Q,n N T F.
(3)
That relies on a well predicted NTF as determined by the analog circuit to

be used in the digital processor. Any difference leads to a Q,m leakage.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Shaping of the truncation error

X +
1-z-1
S
-
z-1
1-z-1
n-bit
ADC
DAC
S
m-bit
DAC
Y1
Y+eT(1-z-1)k
Digital
SD
eT(1-z-1)k-1
Y
The shaped error due to truncation is predictable and can be compensated

for at the input of the second integrator.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
The output of the digital whose input is the main output Y results
Y1 = Y + T (1 + z 1)p
(4)
Since Y = P + Q,n, the signal feed back at the input of the sigma delta
(T Q,m) is
Y1 = P + Q,n + Q,m(1 + z 1)p
(5)
The output of the modulator becomes

Y2 = X ST F + Q,n N T F + Q,m ST F (1 + z 1)p.
Assume that Q,m ST F (1 + z 1)p is negligible.
(6)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
High Order Noise Shaping

Many integrators in the feedback loop give rise to high-order architectures.
Shaping of the quantization noise more effective but difficulty in designing
a stable modulator with many integrators around the loop.
Often, configurations that ensure stability bring about an extra denominator
in the STF and the NTF
N (z)
ST F (z) =
;
D(z)
(1 z 1)L
N T F (z) =
.
D(z)
(7)
If D = 1 we would have
2
Vn2 = Vn,Q
2L
"
fB
2L + 1 fs/2
#2L+1
2
= Vn,Q
2L
OSR(2L+1)
2L + 1
(8)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
The signal-to-noise ratio for an L-the order modulator with unity denominator in the STF and NTF is
SN R,L =
12 2 2L + 1
2L+1
k
OSR
8
2L
(9)
that, in dB, is
i
0
SN R,L = 1.78 + 6.02n +
h
2L
10log
+ 3.01(2L + 1) log2(OSR).
2L + 1
(10)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
SNR versus the OSR for different Modulator Order

180
N=8
140
SNR (dB)
N=4
N=7
N=6
160
N=3
N=5
120
N=2
100
N=1
80
60
40
20
0
10
OSR
100
1000
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Example 7.1
The denominator of STF and NTF has two poles that located at fp1= 4fB
and fp2 = 8fB in the frequency domain. Determine the effect of D(z) on
the NTF.
The positions of the poles in the z-plane are
zp1 = e/16 = 0.822,

on the real axis not so far from z=1
zp2 = e/8 = 0.675.
(11)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Effect of the denominator on the NTF

(notice that the region that matter is the one at low frequency).
0
20
NTF
40
NTF [dB]
60
without
D(z)
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07
Normalized frequency [f/fs]
0.08
0.09
0.1
10
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
11
Single Stage Architectures

Many integrators in a architecture obtains high-order noise transfer functions but, at
the same time, poses special challenges for designing a stable architecture.
Well known stability criteria are not definite conditions for modulators. A stable linear
architecture becomes unstable when the quantizer is inserted into the loop.
Y
DAC
DAC
DAC
S
_
DAC
X+
(a)
eQ
X
S
_
Y
H(z)
(b)
ADC
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
12
with the simple scheme of a single feedback form output to input

ST F =
H(z)
;
1 + H(z)
NT F =
1
1 + H(z)
(12)
Assume that H(z) is given by

H(z) =
ST F =
P (z)
;
P (z) + Q(z)
P (z)
Q(z)
NT F =
(13)
Q(z)
.
P (z) + Q(z)
(14)
The goal is to have P(z) low-pass like; Q(z) high-pass (high-order) like and to have a
minimum degradation caused by P(z)+Q(z).
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Stability Analysis
Stability is the main issue. Having the quantizer makes the study problematic.
ADC
ADC
P
k
DAC
DAC
+Vref
+Vref
-Vref
a)
eQ
P
S
b)
-Vref
c)
eQ
P
k
S
d)
An amplifier before a 1-bit quantizer is irrelevant. Instead, the small signal model ...
13
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
14
The root locus technique is used to determine the stability limit. The gain can be assoe is reached, the unbounded nodes of the
ciated to the quantizer; when the limiting gain k
modulator can experience large and uncontrolled transients.
Indeed the quantizer sticks to one binary level for many clock periods causing low frequency oscillations (and tones in the signal band).
The key point is to find a meaningful definition of the quantizer gain. That is an opened
point, interesting from an academic point of view.
Warning!
What is important is to be aware of the .... ....
The study of the stability of a highorder modulator must be followed

by extensive time-domain simulations
with different amplitudes and frequencies of the sine wave input.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Weighted Feedback Summation

A possible scheme of single loop high-order modulator.
X +
S
-
z-k1
z-k2
z-k3
z-k4
z-kp
1-z-1
1-z-1
1-z-1
1-z-1
1-z-1
a1
a2
a3
a4
eQ
Integrators with or without delay.
P
S
ap
15
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
16
Estimation of the loop transfer function
Pp
ki
1
z (k1 +k2 )
z
z k1
a1 +
a2 + +
ap
Hp (z) =
1 z 1
(1 z 1 )2
(1 z 1 )p
Hp (z) =
P (z) = 1 z
+ 2 z
P (z)
(1 z 1 )p
+ + p z
(15)
(16)
p
X
1
i z i
(17)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
17
The STF and the NTF are
Pp
ST F = Pp
1 i z
1 i z
+ (1 z 1 )p
(1 z 1 )p
N T F = Pp
.
i + (1 z 1 )p
z
i
1
D(z) =
p
X
1
i z i + (1 z 1 )p = 1 + 1 z 1 + 2 z 2 + + p z r
(18)
(19)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
18
D(z) determine the poles of the STF and NTF. Moreover, the stability requires that the
poles be inside the unity circle
D(z) =
r
Y
(1 zi z 1 )
|zi | < 1.
(20)
Assuming that D(z) almost equals D(1) in the signal band, it results
N T Fid
N T Fid
N T F = Qr
=
.
(1
z
)
K
p
i
1
(21)
SN R|dB = SN Rideal |dB 20log10 Kp .
(22)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
19
Example 7.2
Study of a third order modulator with weighted feedback summation and all delayed
integrators. Estimation of the quantizer resolution and ADC dynamic range.
1 + (a1 3)z 1 + (a2 2a1 + 3)z 2 + (a1 a2 + a3 1)z 3

resulting in a1 = 3, a2 = 3 and a3 = 1.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
20
Modulator with Local Feedback

Zeros of the NTF at z = 1 give rise to an optimum noise shaping for large OSRs.
Complex conjugate zeros on the z-circle obtains low noise around the zeros at the expense of a less effective shaping at z = 1. Therefore, we can increase the usable
frequency range.
(a)
(b)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
21
The use of local feedback obtains complex conjugate zeros as is achieved by the following
fifth-order modulator.
g1
X +
-
z-1
1-z-1
X1
+
a1
g2
Y1
-
z-1
1
1-z-1
1-z-1
a2
X2=Y1
S
a3
P
S
1-z-1
resonators obtained by closing loops of two integrators.
Y2
1-z-1
a4
eQ
z-1
ap
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
22
Transfer function of the first resonator loop.

z 1
= Y1 (z)
[X1 (z) g1 Y1 (z)]
(1 z 1 )2
(23)
Y1
z 1
=
.
X1
1 (2 g1 )z 1 + z 2
(24)
giving a pair of zeros on the unity circle that, using the z s relationship, are at

g1
1
g1
1p = arccos 1
'
Ts
2
Ts
(25)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
23
Chain of Integrators with Distributed Feedback

It is a generalization of the already studied second-order modulators (with two feedbacks
from the digital output to the inputs of the integrators).
eQ
X +
a1
z-1
1-z-1
a2
z-1
1-z-1
a3
z-1
1-z-1
a4
ap
p
X
Xz p
z i
P =
Y
api+1
.
1
p
1
i
(1 z )
(1 z )
1
z-1
1-z-1
S
P
(26)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Y = P + Q .
D(z) = (1 z 1 )p +
p
X
api+1 z i (1 z 1 )pi .
24
(27)
(28)
Observe that the input of the generic integrator is always given by the subtraction of two
terms
Vin,i = Vout,i1 ai Vout
(29)
where Vout is the analog conversion of Y . Since Vout,i1 is very close to ai Vout , the maximum amplitude of the (i-1)-th integrator output is approximately ai times the reference.
If necessary adjust the dynamic range of the integrators by using scaling.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
25
Cascaded Modulator
Is the alternative solution to high-order architectures (obtains high-order noise shaping
without incurring in stability troubles).
e1
X
SD-1
Order p1
Y1
e2
SD-2
Order p2
Y2
Signal
Processing
Y
Order
p1+p2
Each modulator provides, in addition to the digital output an analog signal: the quantization error.
The quantization error of the last modulator in not used.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
26
Study of a cascade of two modulators.

Y1 = X ST F1 + Q1 N T F1 = Xz r1 + Q1 (1 z 1 )p1
(30)
Y2 = Q1 ST F2 + Q2 N T F2 = Q1 z r2 + Q2 (1 z 1 )p2
(31)
It is possible to eliminate the quantization error of the first modulator in the digital domain.
Yout = Y1 ST F2 Y2 N T F1
(32)
Notice that the cancellation relies on the knowledge of the STF and NTF of the second
and first modulator respectively.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
27
Assume that the orders are p1 and p2 : N T F1 = (1 z 1 )p1 and

N T F2 = (1 z 1 )p2 ); moreover, ST F1 = z r1 , ST F2 = z r2 .
Yout = Y1 z r2 Y2 (1 z 1 )p1 = Xz (r1 +r2 ) Q2 (1 z 1 )p1 +p2
(33)
The STF is a delay; Q2 is shaped by an NTF of order (p1 + p2 ).

Possible op-amp non-idealities and component mismatches can make the actual NTF
different from the ideal one. The cancellation of Q1 is incomplete.
n,out = (N T Freal N T Fideal )Q1
(34)
If the N T F is [1 (1 I )z 1 ] (first order with zero shifted by I ) the residual noise is

n,out,1 = I z 1 Q1
The spectrum is white and only reduced by the oversamping ratio.
(35)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
28
If the number of bits of 1 and 2 are equal the spectra of the quantization noise
are also equal, therefore
I2
2L
1
; L = p1 + p2 .
<
OSR
(2L + 1) OSR2L+1
(36)
With a second order sigma delta in the first cell of the MASH
and N T F = [1 (1 I )z 1 ]2
(1 z 1 )2 [1 (1 I )z 1 ]2
= I2 z 2 + 2I z 1 (1 z 1 )
(37)
the residual is represented by two terms: I2 (the square of the first order counterpart) and
2I passed through a first order shaping function.
Use a second-order modulator (which is the maximum order that does not create stability
problems) in the first cell of the MASH.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
29
The inaccuracy in generating the quantization error

Q1 is the difference between the input of ADC 1 and its DAC conversion
Both DAC and subtractor can give rise to inaccuracies. Namely, gain errors of the DAC,
D , gain error of subtractor, S
The error in the quantization error, 0Q,1 is
0Q,1 = [(1 + D )Y1 P1 ] (1 S )
(38)
0Q,1 = Q,1 + Q,1 S + Y1 D (1 + S ).
(39)
Giving rise to a total error equal to

out ' X(D N T F1 ) + Q,1 (S N T F1 + D N T F12 )
(40)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Warning
All the above helps in the design; the key ...
The cascade of modulators relies on the exact knowledge of the

noise transfer function and the exact generation of the quantization
error to be cancelled. Errors disputing the assumptions can greatly reduce the achievable SNR!
30
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7

Cascaded 2+1+1 MASH
eQ1
X +
1-z
-1
1-z
eQ1
1-z-1
k2
+
eQ2
S
-
-1
eQ3
z-1
1-z-1
+
S
Y1
S
I
G
N
A
L
+
S
eQ2
-1
k1
z-1
+
S
Y2
+
S
Y3
P
R
O
C
E
S
S
I
N
G
31
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
32
The three outputs are

Y1 = Xz 1 + Q,1 (1 z 1 )2
Y2 = 1 z 1 + Q,2 (1 z 1 )
(41)
Y3 = 2 z 1 + Q,3 (1 z 1 )
the signal processing that cancels the rst and second quantization noises for obtaining
the output Y is
Y = Y1 z 2 Y2 z 1 (1 z 1 )2 + Y3 (1 z 1 )3 .
(42)
Y = Xz 3 + Q,3 (1 z 1 )4
(43)
that obtains
order of the shaping: 2+1+1
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
33
Dynamic range for MASH

The dynamic range of the op-amps and the amplitude of the quantization errors are critical
design issues especially with 1-bit quantizers.
First Order
Amplitude
500
1000
Normalized time
Second Order
1500
3
2000 0
500
1000
Normalized time
1500
Signal and Quantization noise
Possible problem due to excessive amplitudes of the quantization noise.
2000
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
An input (quantization noise) that exceeds the dynamic range is a problem.

High Resolution MASH
Therefore, remember, for ... ........................
For a high resolution MASH it is

recommended always using multibit modulators to limit the dynamic
range of the op-amps and reducing
the amplitude of quantization errors
to be cancelled out.
The linearity of the DACs must be
enhanced by trimming or dynamic
matching of elements.
34
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
35
Example 7.3
Study a 2-1-1 MASH 1-bit modulator. Plot of SNR as a function of the input amplitude.
Effect of the finite gain of the op-amps and possible clipping.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
with
Chapter 7
36
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
37
Continuous-time Modulators
A continuous-time (CT ) modulator moves the interface between continuous-time and
sampled-data inside the feedback loop.
Continuous
Time
Discrete
Time
X
Y
Continuous
Time
IN
H (z)
DAC s
YD
P
ADC
Yc
Discrete
Time
P
IN
Hc(s)
DAC
DAC
(a)
ADC
YD
DAC
(b)
Sampler of a CT modulator inside the loop non-ideal operation attenuated with NTF.
Slew-rate: continuous-time input and DAC steps distributed over the clock period T.
Supply voltage of a CT can be lower than its SD counterpart.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
38
S&H Limitations
The DAC is the key (and difficulty) block of the CT modulator.
More specifically, the S&H of the DAC is the fundamental block as jitter and the finite rise
and fall-time of the generated waveforms limit the S&H linearity.
VDAC,ji
VDAC,rf
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
0 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0
erf
eji
(a)
(b)
The clock jitter gives errors made by pulse with random duration tj,i.
The finite rise and fall time gives errors made by pseudo-exponential pulses.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
39
Assume a fraction tr of 0 1 or 1 0 transitions.

2 with Gaussian distribution
Assume the variance of the clock jitter ji
2
Pn,DAC,j = 4Vref
tr
2
ji
8Ts2
(44)
The noise power in the signal band must be smaller than the power of the shaped quantization noise.
2
ji
2L
(45)
<
OSR2L
2
Ts
6tr (2L + 1)
a very demanding request at high resolution.
With fs = 40 M Hz, = 0.25 L = 4 and OSR = 32, ji < 0.63 ps!!
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
The difference between rise and fall time matters because the error occurs randomly.
Key Limits
A possible remedy to the .... ........................
The clock jitter and the asymmetrical rise and fall response of the
DAC are the most relevant concerns in CT DAC design. Using
RTZ-DAC gives time for the ADC
operation and resolves the latter
limit but the jitter remains the critical issue.
40
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
41
CT implementations
Different methods implement a CT integrator:
an active RC circuit using an op-amp or an OTA; employing a MOS transistor with controlled equivalent resistance, use transconductors for realizing gm C schemes.
Various combinations of the above approaches lead to the following design solutions:
Use of all RC integrators to implement low-voltage low-pass modulators.
Use of Mosfet-C integrators with on-line tuning capabilities.
Use of gm C integrators with current steering DACs for low-power, medium order
modulators used in the audio band.
Mixed use of RC and gm C integrators: the use of a first RC stage and the remaining
gm C makes the architecture suitable for high-resolution audio band applications.
Use of current-mirror based integrators for very low-power.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
MOSFET-C Integrator
There are many technique to make linear the equivalent resistance of the MOSFET.
VC1 VC2
M1
CI
Vin+
M2
M'2
VinM'1
Vout-
+
_
Vout+
CI
42
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
43
Use of V-to-I converter

The transconductance gain is well controlled with resistors. The tunability can be ensured
by replacing resistors with MOS.
I+
I-
I+
Vin+
VinM1
Rs
IB
Vbias
IVin+
Vin-
M2
M1
IB
IB
M2
IB
Vcm
(a)
(b)
Injecting the current on a capacitance obtains a continuous-time integrator.
Gm =
gm
;
2 + Rs gm
r
gm =
2Cox
W
IB .
L
(46)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
44
Use of transistors in the linear region

The drain voltage is controlled and kept constant by the feedback loop. The transconductance is tuned by changing Vd .
Vd
Iout+
Iout-
Vd
Vin,d
Gm
Vout,d
C
Vcm- Vin
Vcm+ Vin
(a)
(b)
Iout = Iout,q Cox
W
Vd Vin
L
(47)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
45
Fully differential current-mode integrator for very-low voltage and low power.
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
IB
Iin+
IinM1
M4
M2
C
Iout- Iout+
HI (s) =
1
.
1 + sC/gm
(Id,in + Id,out )HI (s) = Id,out

Id,out =
Id,in
sC/gm
M3
C
(48)
(49)
(50)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
46
Design of CT from Sampled-Data Equivalent

The design of CT architectures is critical: the interface between continuous-time and
sampled-data processing is inside the loop filter.
eQ(z)
X(s)
X(z)
+
S
-
Hs(z)
eQ(z)
Y(z)
X(s) +
S
-
Hc(s)
HDAC(s)
(a)
Critical is also the type of waveform generated by the DAC:

non-return-to-zero, NRTZ ), or return-to-zero, RTZ.
(b)
Y(z)
S
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
47
The design of CT modulator by using an already designed sampled-data prototype.

Identification of a corresponding CT architecture with an equal or very close noise transfer
function.
The loop transfer function of the discrete-time model is Hs (z).
The CT counterpart includes the response of the DAC.
Gc = Hc (s) HDAC (s).
(51)
Hs (z) = Z{Hc (s) HDAC (s)}
(52)
1 es
HDAC (s) =
s
n H (s) o

c
/Ts
Hs (z) = Z Gc (s) = (1 z
)Z
s
(53)
(54)
and, in the time-domain

Z 1 [Hs (z)] = L1 {Hc (s) HDAC (s)}
(55)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
48
How to estimate the STF and the NTF

eQ(z)
Hd(z)
X(z)
+
S
-
Y(z)
Hd(z)
(a)
eQ(z)
+
Hc(s)
Y(z)
S
Hc(s)
HDAC(s)
(b)
1
1 + Hd (z)
(56)
n
o
1
= Z L [Hc (s)HDAC (s)]
(57)
1
(z)
1 + HCT
(58)
N T Fd =
(z)
HCT
N T Fc =
ST Fc (s) =
Hc (s)
1 + Hd (esT )
(59)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
49
Band-Pass Modulator
If the loop filter has a resonance at a center frequency f0 , then the quantization noise is
strongly attenuated in that bandwith band-pass converter .
X
ADC
H(z)
Y
YD
NTF
STF
DAC
f0
(a)
(b)
H(z)
1
; NT F =
(60)
1 + H(z)
1 + H(z)
The digital filter after the modulator must rejects the noise outside the band interval.
ST F =
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
50
To obtain a band-pass move the poles of H(z) from z = 1 to complex conjugate

positions on the z-unity circle.
z 1 cos0 z 2
z
1 z 1 cos0
At the resonation frequency the NTF is zero while the STF is 1.
1
(61)
Far from the resonation frequency the module of H(z) becomes small (and possibly lower
than 1) the out-of-band input components can be attenuated and the noise amplified.
For the design of band-pass modulators start from a low-pass prototype and use a suitable
transformation.
If 0 = /2, then zbp = j or fbp =fs /4, which is half of the Nyquist frequency. The
corresponding transformation is z 1 z 2 .
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
51
Use of the transformation z 1 z 2 : a double delay and a subtracter replace the

single delay and the adder.
X -
0.5
S
-
P+
z -1
R +
+
2
YD
z -1
ADC
+
Y
DAC
(a)
-X -
0.5
S
-
P+
z -2
R +
+
2
S
+
-YD
z -2
ADC
-Y
DAC
(b)
(P R)z
=R
P z 2
R=
1 + z 2
(62)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Implementation details: double chopping and two-path scheme

1,1, -1, -1, ....
P+
R
S
-
z-2
R'
S
z-2
(a)
(b)
1,0, -1, 0, ....
x
Ro'
S
+
z-2
x
R
S
0,1, -1, 0, ....
+
x
S
z-2
+
(c)
+
Re'
52
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
R0 (n + 1) =
R0 (n + 2) =
R0 (n + 3) =
R0 (n + 4) =
P (n 1) + R0 (n 1)
P (n) + R0 (n)
P (n + 1) + R0 (n + 1)
P (n + 2) + R0 (n + 2).
R(n 1) = R0 (n 1); R(n) = R0 (n);

R(n + 1) = R0 (n + 1); R(n + 2) = R0 (n + 2);
R(n + 3) = R0 (n + 3); R(n + 4) = R0 (n + 4);
R(n + 1) =
R(n + 2) =
R(n + 3) =
R(n + 4) =
P (n 1) R(n 1)
P (n) R(n)
P (n + 1) R(n + 1)
P (n + 2) R(n + 2)
53
(63)
(64)
(65)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
54
Interleaved N-Path Architecture

The method is a viable solution for band-pass converters by using two or more paths.
The analog input of each path is every third input sample decimation by 3 before the
.
F1
fs/3
fs/3
fs
Ts
SD
F1
F2
Vin
SD
M
U
X
F2
F3
F3
SD
zk =
i e(2k+i )/N
k = 0, , (N 1)
(66)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
55
NTF generated by applying a z 1 z 3 transformation to an NTF with two zeros at

z = 1.
1
3
z1 = 1; z2,3 = j
.
(67)
2
2
1
20
Magnitude (dB)
Imaginary Part
40
60
80
2
1
1
20
Real Part
100
0.2
0.4
0.6
Normalized Frequency (Nyquist)
(a)
0.8
(b)
amplification caused by the other zeros

ki = |zin zi |;
zin = e2fin T
(68)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Example 7.4
Three path sigma-delta modulator with second order 1-bit modulators.
PSD of a 3Path SigmaDelta Modulator
PSD [dB]
50
100
150
Frequency [Hz]
10
15
5
x 10
56
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7

Offset 10 mV
50
Gain error 0.01
PSD [dB]
PSD [dB]
50
100
100
150
0.9
0.95
1
Frequency [Hz]
1.05
x 10
(a)
1.1
150
0.9
0.95
1
Frequency [Hz]
1.05
(b)
Clock misalignment 0.005 rad
50
1.1
6
x 10
All the errors
PSD [dB]
PSD [dB]
50
100
150
0.9
100
0.95
1
Frequency [Hz]
(c)
1.05
1.1
6
x 10
150
0.9
0.95
1
Frequency [Hz]
(d)
1.05
1.1
6
x 10
57
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
58
Synthesis of the NTF

Inband tones are a limiting factor in the performance of an N-path .
Tones must be pushed to frequencies that are well outside the band of interest.
Possible solution: syntesis of the NTF by adding extra terms to an NTF close to the
desired function.
Suppose to apply z 1 z 2 to a second-order NTF
N T F 0 = (1 z 2 )2 = 1 2z 2 + z 4
(69)
which has the same order as the fourth order noise transfer function
N T F4 = (1 z 1 )4 = 1 4z 1 + 6z 2 4z 3 + z 4
missing terms to be synthesized are 4z 1 , 8z 2 , and 4z 3 .
The method is convenient for band-pass responses.
(70)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
59
Two-path sigma-delta modulator with 1/(1+z 2 ) loop gain that, with the addition of extra
noise terms to obtain the (1 + z 1 + z 2 ) band-pass NTF.
fck/2
Vin
F1
z-2
fck/2
F2
fck
F1 fck/2
1
1+z-2
F1 fck/2
z-1
F1
M
U
X
fck
fck/2
z-2
1
1+z-2
e1
Vin
1
1+z-2
(a)
fck/2
F2
M
U
X
z-2
z-1
1
1+z-2
e2
(b)
Ye = Xe z 2 + 1 (1 + z 2 ) + 2 z 2
Yo = Xo z 2 + 2 (1 + z 2 ) + 1 .
Y = Ye + Yo z 1 = Xz 1 +
1
(1 + 2 )(1 + z 1 + z 2 )
2
(71)
(72)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
As expected the tones caused by mismatch fall out of the band of interest.
The signal band is tone free.
0
Spectrum [dB]
-20
-40
-60
-80
-100
-120
0
10
20
30
40
Frequency [MHz]
50
60
60
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
61
Oversampling DAC
Oversampled DACs work very similarly to the oversampled ADC.
The difference between analog and digital oversampling converters is where the processing is performed and where is the interface between continuous-time and sampled-data.
M x fs
n
bit
n
bit
M x fs
2k
Binary
to
Thermometric
Digital
Modulator
Interpolator
fs
k
bit
M x fs
DAC
Reconstruction
Filter
M x fs
The interpolator is critical: small margin fB to fs fB normally used for storing or transmitting digital data.
Use high order filter to reject very close images without altering the signal band.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
62
1-bit DAC
1-bit digital modulators employ a 1-bit DAC followed by either a switched-capacitor and/or
continuous-time analog filters.
The noise specifications of the DAC and filter can be challenging for very high resolution because for a desired SNR the amount of noise power in the signal band must be
Pmax,in /SN R. For example,
2kT
;
(73)
OSR C
OSR = fs /(2fB ); a switched capacitor is equivalent to a resistance Req = 1/(Cfs )
2
Vn,R
= 4kT RfB ,
2
Vn,R
= 4kT RfB ,
2
Vn,SC
=
2
Vn,SC
= 4kT Req fB .
(74)
There is an upper limit to the value of R or Req .

Suppose = 1/(16 fB ); fB = 10 kHz; OSR = 128; SNR 100 dB. Rmax = 7.5 k,
C = 266 pF .
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Leading to th following ... ......................
Obvious Note
The noise contributed by the reconstruction filter must be lower than
the quantization noise falling in the
signal band. For high-resolution
this constrain requires to use large
area-consuming capacitances!
63
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
64
Possible reconstruction filters

C1
IB /2
C2
IB /2
R1
Vout+
_
R1
R2
D
C1
R3
_
C1
D
R2
R1
R3
C2
R1
_
Vout-
IB
(a)
(b)
The key limit can be (again) the clock jitter.

Pn,ji =
2
Vref
tr
2
ji
2 OSR
Ts2
(75)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
65
Example 7.5
Reference voltage 1 V ; signal band 22 kHz; 128 OSR. SNR=110 dB with 99.9% yield.
tr = 0.25.
-
tr
2
ji
Ts2
= 1011
4 OSR
fck = fs = 2 128 22 kHz = 5.63 M Hz leading to Ts = 0.18 s.
The jitter power must be 110 dB below the power of the full scale signal.
(76)
ji < 25.7 ps. For a 0.999 yield it is necessary that 25.7 ps is 3.3 ji < 7.8 ps.
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
Return-to-zero DAC
Sensitivity to the difference in rise and fall times.
Use of return to zero
0
Ideal
DAC
Real
DAC
Ideal RTZ
DAC
Real RTZ
DAC
tr
tf
66
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
67
Double Return-to-zero DAC

f r
) = Vref pT (1 + p )
(77)
2
The error is linear but he spectrum is not optimum because tones fall closer to the signal
band.
ADAC (p) = Vref (pT +
2fck
RTZ1
RTZ2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
Out
S
1-bit
DAC
(a)
RTZ1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
1-bit
DAC
2fck
RTZ1
IN
(b)
F. Maloberti
DATA CONVERTERS
Springer
2007
Chapter 7
68
Wrap-up
Techniques useful for improving the modulator performances have been studied.
A shaping with order higher than 2 has been analyzed, also considering the problems
caused by stability (that, remember, is a more complex issue than a linear filter).
The cascade scheme (called MASH) resolves the problem of stability but relies on the
accuracy of the analog response of integrators that give rise to accurate NTF and STF.
Continuous-time modulators offer benefits with respect to the sampled-data counterpart, especially when low power and high sampling rate are required. For high resolutions
the sampled-data version is preferred.
Band-pass modulators are used in many applications for reducing the power. Various
scheme and solutions have been discussed.
The DAC is finally studied.

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F.

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

High-Order, CT Converters and DAC

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

Two quantization errors

the processing in the digital domain cancels the contribution of Q,m

That relies on a well predicted NTF as determined by the analog circuit to

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

Shaping of the truncation error

The shaped error due to truncation is predictable and can be compensated

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

The output of the modulator becomes

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

High Order Noise Shaping

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

SNR versus the OSR for different Modulator Order

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

The positions of the poles in the z-plane are

zp1 = e/16 = 0.822,

zp2 = e/8 = 0.675.

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

Effect of the denominator on the NTF

Normalized frequency [f/fs]

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

Single Stage Architectures

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

with the simple scheme of a single feedback form output to input

Assume that H(z) is given by

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

The study of the stability of a highorder modulator must be followed

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

Weighted Feedback Summation

Integrators with or without delay.

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

Estimation of the loop transfer function

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

The STF and the NTF are

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

SN R|dB = SN Rideal |dB 20log10 Kp .

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

1 + (a1 3)z 1 + (a2 2a1 + 3)z 2 + (a1 a2 + a3 1)z 3

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

Modulator with Local Feedback

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

resonators obtained by closing loops of two integrators.

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

Transfer function of the first resonator loop.

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

Chain of Integrators with Distributed Feedback

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

Study of a cascade of two modulators.

Y2 = Q1 ST F2 + Q2 N T F2 = Q1 z r2 + Q2 (1 z 1 )p2

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

Assume that the orders are p1 and p2 : N T F1 = (1 z 1 )p1 and

The STF is a delay; Q2 is shaped by an NTF of order (p1 + p2 ).

n,out = (N T Freal N T Fideal )Q1

If the N T F is [1 (1 I )z 1 ] (first order with zero shifted by I ) the residual noise is

HIGH-ORDER CT SD AND SD DAC

the processing in the digital domain cancels the contribution of Q,m

Y2 = Q1 ST F2 + Q2 N T F2 = Q1 z r2 + Q2 (1 z 1 )p2

The STF is a delay; Q2 is shaped by an NTF of order (p1 + p2 ).

n,out = (N T Freal N T Fideal )Q1

0Q,1 = Q,1 + Q,1 S + Y1 D (1 + S ).