the World

Scholar’s Cup®
 ART
®
CRAM KIT
I. WHAT IS A CRAM KIT?................................................................. 2
II. CURRICULUM OVERVIEW............................................................ 2
III. ART FUNDAMENTALS................................................................... 3
IV. THE ROCOCO AND 18TH-CENTURY NATURALISM............... 10
V. THE EMERGENCE OF THE CLASSICAL IDEAL……....................20
VI. ROMANTICISM……………………...................................................... 28
VII. PORTRAITURE……………………........................................................ 35
VIII. INDEPENDENT RESEARCH TOPICS............................................ 39
IX. CRUNCH KIT……………………........................................................... 41
X. ABOUT THE AUTHOR.................................................................... 46

BY EDITED BY
ROBERT DOOLING SOPHY LEE
ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HARVARD UNIVERSITY
BURKE HIGH SCHOOL PEARLAND HIGH SCHOOL

DEDICATED TO COACH JUDY KENNEDY

© 2009 DEMIDEC
DemiDec, The World Scholar’s Cup, Power Guide, and Cram Kit are registered trademarks of the DemiDec Corporation.
Academic Decathlon and USAD are registered trademarks of the United States Academic Decathlon Association.
DemiDec is not affiliated with the United States Academic Decathlon.
 Art Cram Kit | 2

WHAT IS A CRAM KIT?

A Word from the Editor
COMPETITION IS NEARING… STRUCTURE OF A CRAM KIT
The handful of days before competition can be the The main body of the Cram Kit is filled with charts and
most overwhelming. You don’t have enough time to diagrams for efficient studying. You’ll also find helpful
review everything, so a strategic allocation of your quizzes to reinforce the information as you review.
resources is crucial. Cram Kits are designed with one
The Crunch Kit condenses the entire subject into five
goal in mind-----to provide you with the most testable
pages or less of must-know facts. At the very end of the
and most easily forgotten facts.
Crunch Kit, you’ll find a series of glossary-like lists to help
As the highest scorer in his state, Robb Dooling will you distinguish among different names and terms.
give you the facts and tools you need to sharpen your
Last, but not least, remember to relax. In the final
mind to a precise 0.5mm-point by competition day.
moments before you open your test booklet, confidence is
He’s condensed the Art Fundamentals and your most important asset.
Independent Research Topics to the absolute
Good luck and happy cramming!
essentials that you’ll need to know for the exam, and
he’s provided summaries of each primary artwork and
artist for your cramming pleasure.

Sophy Lee

CRAMMING FOR SUCCESS

A Word from the Author
ART: AN OVERVIEW

SUMMARY PIECES OF THE ART PIE

th th
18 and 19 century French art centers on three
distinct styles: rococo, neoclassical, and romantic. The Rococo
Even the fourth section (portraiture) and the
Independent Research Topic relate to neoclassicism. Neoclassicism
20%
You should master these three styles: understand 25%
their differences, remember the medium that each Romanticism
artist preferred, and recognize how the artists from 5%
each era affected French history. Portraiture
15%
As you read about the selected artists, pay special 20%
attention to how their pieces adhered to or detracted IRT
from the style of their time. 15%

If you are short on time, you may want to study Art

portions of the curriculum in the following order: The
Rococo, Neoclassicism, Portraiture, Romanticism,
Art Fundamentals, and finally, the Independent
Research Topic.
Portraiture covers six pages of curriculum while
Romanticism covers 10-----both sections constitute
15% of the test. Art Fundamentals calls for mastery
of a gargantuan glossary of terms and is one of the
most unpredictable portions of the Art test. Finally,
the Independent Research Topic should only appear
in two to three questions per test.
Fundamentals
TIME IS TICKING!
Groups of four facts provide rich fodder for NOT and
EXCEPT questions, so I have placed these in horizontal
groups of four blocks.
Wherever space allows, I have provided thumbnails of
the selected artworks. I recommend scrutinizing the Art
Reproductions Booklet because USAD test writers do not
limit themselves to the artwork details mentioned in the
resource guide.
 Art Cram Kit | 3

ART FUNDAMENTALS
Elements of Art
LINE, SHAPE, SPACE, TEXTURE, PERSPECTIVE COLOR

LINE: THE MOST BASIC ELEMENT OF ART Hue: Name of a color

Type Example Effect Neutral: Black, white, or a shade of gray
Implied line; Value: Lightness (tint) or darkness (shade) of a color
To create the
NOT illusion of a line
continuous
Move eyes
Gothic
Vertical line upward; create
cathedrals
sense of awe
Horizontal line The horizon Peaceful

SHAPE (2-D) AND FORM (3-D)

Geometric: Freeform: conveys rhythm and
convey order movement; often found in nature;
and stability also called biomorphic or organic

SPACE
Positive space: The objects in an
artwork; here, the alpaca Hues in additive color wheels mix to create white.
Negative space: Empty areas; here, Hues in subtractive color wheels mix to create black
the black background
Color scheme Description Example
Artists can use open space or closed
space to affect the mood of a work Complementary Opposite hues Blue, orange
Open space: Closed space:
Analogous Adjacent hues Red, violet
Feels light/airy Feels stable/solid
Evenly spaced Red, yellow,
TEXTURE Triadic
hues and blue
Actual texture: Can be touched and felt; i.e., an
alpaca fleece rug or impasto (thick layers of paint) Different shades
Dark green,
Monochromatic and tints of one
Visual texture: Illusion of texture; i.e., photo of light green
hue
sandpaper
PERSPECTIVE: ILLUSION OF DEPTH Grisaille Shades of gray Light gray

Intuitive: Smaller objects LIGHTNING QUIZ

are further away
QUESTIONS ANSWERS
Isometric: Same size
1. The color of this 1. neutral (white)
regardless of distance
question box is a 2. line
(neutral/hue).
Aerial: Smoke or fog 3. objects appear the
2. What is the most same size, regardless of
basic element of art? distance
Linear: Orthogonal lines
meet at a vanishing point 3. Describe isometric
perspective.
 Art Cram Kit | 4

ART FUNDAMENTALS
Principles of Composition and Techniques
PRINCIPLES OF COMPOSITION DRAWING AND PAINTING TECHNIQUES

RHYTHM: MOVEMENTS AND PATTERNS Hatching: Parallel lines

create shading
A motif (each shape below) is an element of a pattern.
Crosshatching:
Perpendicular lines
Regular rhythm
create shading
Placing lines closer
Alternating rhythm together results in
darker shades
Random rhythm
ANCIENT GREEK STANDARDS
 Golden mean: the ratio of a smaller part of an artwork
CONTRAST, EMPHASIS AND VARIETY to the larger part is approximately 3:5
Contrast: Examples include chiaroscuro (light and  The ratio of the larger part to the sum of both parts is
dark) and tenebrism (extreme chiaroscuro) also 3:5
Emphasis: The focal point of an artwork may draw
 A typical male figure is seven-and-a-half-heads tall
attention through contrast or other methods
Variety: Created through contrast and emphasis

BALANCE: DISTRIBUTION OF VISUAL WEIGHT

 Eyes: halfway between chin and top of head
Symmetrical balance
(similar on both sides)  Nose: halfway between chin and eyes
 Lips: halfway between chin and nose
Approximate balance
DON’T PLAY WITH MATCHES
Asymmetrical balance
1. Gestalt principles A. Parallel lines create
(balances unlike objects)
2. Hatching shading
3. Three types of balance B. Baroque concept
PROPORTION: RELATIONSHIP OF SIZE 4. Motif C. Proximity, similarity,
continuity
Scale: Refers to either one part’s relationship to 5. Crosshatching
D. Ancient Greek idea
the whole or the actual size of an artwork 6. Tenebrism
E. Extreme chiaroscuro
7. Proximity
Hierarchical perspective: Size signifies importance F. Distance between
8. Golden mean
objects
9. Chiaroscuro
UNITY: OVERALL HARMONY G. Element of a pattern
H. Perpendicular lines
Gestalt principles: create shading
Proximity, similarity, ANSWERS
continuity A(2),B(9),C(1), I. Symmetrical,
approximate,
D(8),E(6),F(7),
asymmetrical
Proximity: Similarity: Continuity: G(4),H(5),I(3)
Distance Similar Implied line
between elements in an guides the
objects artwork viewer’s eye
 Art Cram Kit | 5

ART FUNDAMENTALS
Drawing and Painting
MEDIA MANIA PIGMENTS + BINDERS + SOLVENTS = PAINT

DRAWING MEDIA Pigment: Colored, powdered substances used to

make paint
Hard pencils: thin, precise, light
Graphite Binder: Substances that synthesize pigments;
Soft pencils: thick, messy, dark fixatives prevent paint from smearing
Extreme version of a soft pencil; Solvent: Thickens or thins paint; increases or
Charcoal decreases drying time; turpentine is a solvent used in
smears easily and requires a fixative
oil painting
Soft, easily blended sticks of color;
also requires a fixative (to stick
FRESCOES
together)
Pastels
Popular in portraiture: Chardin
turned to this media late in his life BUON FRESCO FRESCO SECCO
as his vision declined ‘‘True’’ fresco: Artists mix Dry fresco: The artist paints
pigment with water and on dry plaster instead; paint
Pen and ink Only wet drawing media apply the mixture to wet binds permanently to wet
plaster on a wall or ceiling plaster but not dry plaster
Pointed piece of silver; often used in
Silverpoint
hatching and crosshatching OTHER TYPES OF PAINTINGS

PAINTING MEDIA
If You Paint… The Style Is Called…
Oil-based
Outside En plein air
Oils Glazes: transparent, thinned oils
Slow drying time
In one sitting Alla prima
Using small dots of
Water-based Pointillist
colors
Watercolor Transparent: Washes: diluted,
lighter With molten wax Encaustic
Water-based
Opaque: Undiluted, not transparent RAPID REVIEW
Gouache
Dries faster than watercolor
QUESTIONS
Creates precise details
1. The ancient Egyptians used a molten wax paint called
Water-based ______.
Easily thinned 2. Later in his life, Chardin created ______ with pastels.
Tempera
Cannot mix; limited range of hues 3. What kind of paint is often thinned to make a glaze?
Also dries quickly 4. Gouache paint is (opaque/translucent).
5. (Soft/hard) pencils create dark lines.
Invented after WWII; most recent
6. (Soft/hard) pencils create messy lines.
Synthetic materials: plastics,
Acrylic polymers ANSWERS
Water-resistant if dried 1. encaustic
Popular media for murals 2. portraits
3. oil
PAPER 4. opaque
5. soft
Parchment Sheep skin  yellowish color
6. soft
Vellum Calf skin  white color
 Art Cram Kit | 6

ART FUNDAMENTALS
Photography, Mixed Media, and Sculpture
PHOTOGRAPHY MIXED MEDIA

Process Materials Notes Collage Assemblage

Daguerreotype Copper plate Everyday

coated with silver Newspaper materials
First Only one
iodide and clippings, For example, a box
photography copy possible
exposed to Media photographs, filled with
process mercury vapors textures, and common materials
other materials that form a
Low cost and
durable metaphor
Tintype Iron plate coated
(ferrotype) with collodion Appears Famous Robert
Joseph Cornell
‘‘flipped,’’ like Artist Rauschenberg
a reflection
TYPES OF SCULPTURES
Calotype Paper coated with
N/A
(talbotype) silver iodide
Paper coated with
Albumen print N/A
egg whites
Paper coated with
Gum print Gum Arabic and N/A
dichromate
Glass plate coated
Autochrome N/A
with potato starch Low relief: Only slightly High relief: Protrudes
protrudes from the further from the carrier
carrier surface surface
ARE YOU POSITIVE?
In negative images, colors become inverted; for Unlike the relief sculptures in the illustrations above,
example, white becomes black freestanding sculptures, such as Michelangelo’s David, do
The daguerreotype and tintype processes create not protrude from a base surface and are visible from all
NEGATIVE images, but they appear as POSITIVE angles.
images
The autochrome process creates NEGATIVE
image before colors are restored, which creates
the final POSITIVE image

Creates a Creates a Negative Image

Positive Image Daguerreotype
Gum print Tintype
Schiacciato: Low relief; Sunken relief: Inverse of
Autochrome Calotype image seems chiseled a low-relief sculpture;
and not painted carrier surface is the
PHOTOGRAPHY AS AN ART FORM highest point
Portraitists initially used photography as a secondary tool to
create accurate painted portraits. Carving: a subtractive method of sculpture that
Late 19th century: involves chisels, hammers, and files
Photograph portraits gained popularity Modeling: an additive method of sculpture that can
Photographers emulated paintings through soft, fuzzy involve wax, clay, paper, and paper-mâché
photos, creating the pictorialism movement
 Art Cram Kit | 7

ART FUNDAMENTALS
Printmaking
MISCELLANEOUS PROCESSES INTAGLIO PRINTMAKING

DEFINITION
Artists draw on a stone, zinc, or
aluminum plate with a waxy Intaglio printmaking: Opposite of relief printmaking
Lithography crayon or pencil
ENGRAVING VERSUS ETCHING
After the plate is dipped in water,
ink is applied directly to the plate Engraving Etching
Ink adheres to waxy areas
Wood or soft metal
Copper plate
Results in a unique image plate
Artists must draw or paint Cuts made on a layer
Monoprinting additions to a complete monoprint Cuts made into plate
of wax
Includes lithography, woodcut
relief, and etching Plate immersed in
acid; ink forced in
Results in a unique image grooves
Monotyping Ink forced into
Involves the manipulation of ink on Shorter exposure to
grooves
a plate acid: softer lines
Involves a wood, linoleum, or Longer exposure to
synthetic plate acid: heavier lines

Phototype: Metal relief plates Paper and plate run through a press
for reproducing photographs
Halftone: Shading technique AQUATINT VERSUS MEZZOTINT
using dots
Relief Aquatint Mezzotint
Brayer: Tool to ink the plate
Acid used to shape Toothed metal tool
Burnisher: Tool to transfer ink the plate rubbed on the plate
from the plate to paper
Both processes are tonal
Woodblock: Ink in grooves
color the paper pressed to the Tonal: acid-resistant resin creates various shades
wood plate of ink

Artists transfer images to a silk or

polyester screen stretched across PHOTOGRAPHY, SCULPTURES, AND
a frame PRINTMAKING
Stencils of the screen stretched
Screen across the frame are negatives QUESTIONS
Printing (inverses) of the image 1. What printmaking process relies on the principle that
Artists use a squeegee to apply ink oil repels water?
through the screen 2. A sculpture’s inner framework is called the ______.
Also known as silk screening and 3. Which printmaking process uses negatives?
serigraphy 4. Which photography process can only create one
unique image?
PRINTMAKING POTPOURRI
ANSWERS
 Planographic: Printmaking process that involves
flat surfaces; i.e., lithography 1. lithography
2. armature
 Matrix: The printmaking plate
3. screen printing
 In register: Term that indicates the plate, press,
and paper are aligned and ready to print 4. daguerreotype
 Art Cram Kit | 8

ART FUNDAMENTALS
Architecture (Page 1 of 2)
ARCHITECTURE TRIVIA COLUMN ORDERS

Entablature: Includes the cornice, frieze, and architrave IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER

Cornice: Elongated triangle; edges usually jut out Doric, Ionic, Corinthian
Frieze: Located beneath Doric: Has fluting (stripes up a column); no base
the cornice; alternates Tuscan: Roman version of Doric; no base or fluting
between triglyphs
(decorative columns) and
metopes (square spaces)
Ionic: Fluting; scroll-like capitals
Architrave: Located called volutes
beneath the frieze; also
called the epistyle
Capital: Tops the shaft; Corinthian: Capital based on the
topped by an abacus acanthus, a prickly Mediterranean
(slab) plant
Base: Present in every
column order EXCEPT
Doric and Tuscan Composite: Combines Ionic and
Corinthian capitals
Stylobate: Flat foundation
under the base

Pilaster: column
Caryatid: female Atlantid: male
flattened against a
column column
wall CONCRETE ANSWERS

QUESTIONS
Arcade: walkway Entasis (technique):
Colonnade: row of 1. Female columns are called ______, while male
covered by a series Column appears
columns
of arches wider at the middle columns are called ______.
2. What are pilasters?
3. Walkways covered by a series of arches supported by
ROMAN ARCHITECTURAL INNOVATIONS
columns are called ______.
4. What is a colonnade?
5. Architraves belong above ______ and below ______.
Arch Supports weight
6. Metopes and triglyphs make up a ______.
7. What technique involves making a column wider at
the middle?
8. From which two orders does the Composite order
Barrel Connected arches form borrow?
vault a semicircular tunnel
ANSWERS
1. caryatids; atlantids
Intersection of two 2. columns flattened against a wall
barrel vaults; also called
Groin 3. arcades
double barrel vault;
vault 4. row of columns
stronger than a barrel
vault 5. capitals; friezes
6. frieze
Ingredients: water,
Concrete stone, gravel, and a 7. entasis
binder (lime or clay) 8. Ionic and Corinthian
 Art Cram Kit | 9

ART FUNDAMENTALS
Architecture (Page 2 of 2)
MISCELLANEOUS STRUCTURES GREEK AND ROMAN STRUCTURES

Peristyle: Cella:
Post and lintel: Temple entrance A temple's interior chamber
Stonehenge uses this
technique Pantheon:
Domus:
A temple devoted to all
Aristocratic home gods
Geodesic dome:
Interlocking pattern of
triangles MODERN ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS

Balustrade:
Pendentives: The Railing around a balcony
triangular supports of
a dome
Corbel:
Stone that juts out to
support weight

CATHEDRAL CORNUCOPIA Belvedere:

Structure that takes
advantage of a scenic
view

Cantilever:
Balcony that lacks
support underneath

MATCHBOX
1. Clerestory A. Includes an interlocking
2. Geodesic dome pattern of triangles
Cruciform: Cross-shaped church; transept and 3. Cella B. Railing around a balcony
nave form the arms of the cross C. A temple’s interior
4. Balustrade
Narthex: Entrance; also called vestibule chamber
5. Peristyle
Clerestory: Row of windows above the aisle; D. Row of windows above
6. Narthex
allows light into the nave the aisle
7. Flying buttress
Triforium: Arcaded gallery above the arches of the E. Stonehenge uses this
8. Cruciform arms technique
nave
9. Hagia Sophia F. Space between
Predella: Altarpieces rest on these narrow ledges
10. Cromlech horizontal and sloping
Wing: Panel of an altarpiece 11. Pediment portions of a cornice
Triptych: Three-paneled carved work G. Also known as a
vestibule
Cloister: Open space in a monastery surrounded
ANSWERS H. Seen in Gothic
by an arcaded walkway
A(2),B(4),C(3), cathedrals
Flying buttresses: External arches that allow for
greater height D(1),E(10),F(11), I. Example of pendentive
G(6),H(7),I(9), J. Temple entrance
Reliquary: Container for a saint’s remains
J(5),K(8) K. Transept
 Art Cram Kit | 10

THE ROCOCO AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NATURALISM

Ancien Régime
LOUIS XIV (1638 --- 1715) A PALACE FIT FOR A KING

THE SUN KING’S REGIME THE PALACE OF VERSAILLES

 Louis XIV supported intellectuals, literary figures,
musicians, and artists
 The Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture was
established in 1648
 A building named Les Invalides accommodated
many wounded veterans
 Louis XIV restructured the Louvre art museum
 He also expanded the Palace of Versailles
The Palace of Versailles echoed Louis XIV’s supremacy as
the most dominant ruler of his time.
Over a quarter mile wide
Acres of formal and informal gardens
Hundreds of elaborately designed rooms
Used the most expensive materials available:

Absolute Monarch
A monarch who rules by divine right
and exercises unquestionable authority.
Louis XIV ruled as an absolute monarch.
EPIC EPITHET
 Louis XIV’s supporters referred to him as the Sun
King
 The French government revolved around him as
the planets revolve around the sun
CONSTRUCTION OF THE PALACE
1. In 1624, royal builders began to construct a hunting
lodge for Louis XIII
2. Unsatisfied with this “simple” royal retreat, Louis
hired new architects, landscapers, painters, sculptors
and decorators
3. Le Vau, Le Brun, and Le Nôtre lead this team of
artists in a massive expansion to create the Palace of
Versailles

THE KING’S LACKEYS POLITICAL PURPOSES

Louis XIV forced nobles to reside at Versailles for part of
Builders: Portraitist: Advisor: the year to increase his own dominance.
Louis Le Vau, Hyacinthe Jean-Baptiste
Charles Le Rigaud Colbert: used Government
Brun, and art to reinforce offices
André Le Nôtre the regime’s
agenda Versailles

The royal Landed

court nobles
Louis XIV (1701) by Hyacinthe Rigaud

LIGHTNING QUIZ

QUESTIONS
1. In which year was the Royal Academy founded?
2. Why was Les Invalides built?
3. What four lavish materials does Louis XIV’s palace
feature?
ANSWERS
1. 1648
This piece symbolizes absolutism and inspired later 2. to house wounded veterans
leaders.
3. glass, gold, mirrors, and luxury fabrics
 Art Cram Kit | 11

THE ROCOCO AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NATURALISM

Ancien Régime
LOUIS XV (1710 --- 1774) THE ENLIGHTENMENT

LOUIS XV: TYPICAL SEQUEL MEDIOCRITY OVERVIEW

 Louis XV was Louis XIV’s great-grandson
 He inherited a financial crisis but nevertheless
fought wars
 His taxes on the lower class created
anti-monarchial sentiments
 Louis XV spent much of his time with women
THE TWO KINGS: A COMPARISON
Louis XIV Louis XV
The royal court returns to
Paris in 1715, initiating
Forced the royal court the rococo era
to reside at Versailles Aristocrats also return to
Paris and enjoy renewed
power
Nobles sponsored the
fine arts
The king sponsored Artists explored new
the fine arts styles and subjects
Intellectual and artistic
freedom
Aristocrats lived in the
Nobles lived in intimate,
formal, imposing frivolous, ornate
palace of Versailles townhouses
Orderly and Vibrant, lighthearted,
repressive court life intellectual culture in
Paris
SALONS: TWO DEFINITIONS
th
This philosophical movement developed in the 18
century and affected the French Revolution.
CAUSES
 Social salons
 Nobles’ patronage of progressive thought
EFFECTS
 Shaped modern Western thought
 Political and intellectual independence
ENLIGHTENMENT PHILOSOPHES (PHILOSOPHERS)
 François-Marie Arouet (pen name of Voltaire)
 Denis Diderot
 Thomas Jefferson, an American statesman and
political philosopher who traveled to France
Promoted empirical Disdained the “natural
knowledge based on order” of unscientific
observation ideas
Questioned the
Attacked frivolous,
social structure of
decadent rococo art
the ancien régime
COMPLEX SOCIAL CLIMATE
 Despite differences in their ideologies, nobles and
philosophes often came from the same social class
 Many philosophes were also aristocrats who
socialized with rococo artists and nobles

1. Decorated parlors in nobles’ townhouses that
enhanced social life
2. High-class social gatherings in these parlors
SOCIAL SALONS
Involved witty conversation centered around art,
philosophy, current events, and literature
Aristocrats often invited eminent intellectuals to
their salons
Educated, well-mannered women usually hosted
salons
 Nobles funded philosophes and rococo artists
READING REVIEW
QUESTIONS
1. Who usually hosted social salons?
2. Which event initiated the rococo era?
3. The “natural order” of knowledge included ______,
______, ______, and ______ ______.
ANSWERS
1. educated, well-mannered women
2. the royal court’s return to Paris in 1715
3. religion, superstition, emotion, unchallenged beliefs
 Art Cram Kit | 12

THE ROCOCO AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NATURALISM

The Rococo
ROYAL ACADEMY OF PAINTING AND SCULPTURE

YOU’RE MY INSPIRATION THE ROYAL ACADEMY’S CONSERVATISM

 The Royal Academy of Painting and Sculpture was Stylistic standards changed little from the time of the
th th
modeled after the Accademia di San Luca Royal Academy’s founding and through the 18 and 19
(Academy of Saint Luke) and other Italian centuries. For example, the Academy consistently favored
institutions the linear style.
 It inspired similar institutions in Europe and the
Americas
 The Royal Academy trained artists and guided Linear style Coloristic style
them toward their professional careers Carefully delineated Colors mix to convey
forms forms

Apprenticeship System
Before the Royal Academy’s founding, novice STRICT TRAINING
artists studied in the workshops of older artists.
Students sketched art from the Renaissance and ancient
The Academy did not replace, but rather
Greece or Rome. Advanced students polished their skills
functioned alongside, this apprenticeship system.
by carefully studying the human nude because classical
Greek and Roman art glorified the ideal nude form.
HIERARCHY OF MEMBERS
History painting required the study of male nudes, an
A hierarchy distinguished Academy members just as activity perceived as inappropriate for female artists.
Estates divided France’s social structure. Female artists were disadvantaged in the Royal Academy
because they could not pursue this advanced training.
Rank Description
THE ROYAL ACADEMY’S EXHIBITIONS
Artists entered the Academy
at this level  Students competed for prizes, especially the Prix de
Agréé Rome, in the Royal Academy’s exhibitions
Wealth and an academy
‘‘Accepted’’
member’s approval were
required to join Prix De Rome (Rome Prize) Competition
Agréé students earned this rank
after painting or sculpting a  Painters and sculptors competed separately
morceau de reception (reception  The Royal Academy selected a historical or
Academician Biblical subject, which artists depicted on a
piece) to prove their artistic
‘‘Full abilities massive scale
member’’
The Royal Academy admitted  They were judged on four criteria:
these members based on the 1. Technical mastery
genre of their specialty
2. Adherence to the academic style
Officier 3. Interpretation of a complex topic
Only highly talented or well-
‘‘Officer’’ or connected artists earned this title 4. Sophisticated treatment of the subject
administrator
 Prix de Rome winners received agréé status
and a scholarship to study in Rome
HIERARCHY OF GENRES
1. History paintings of the Bible, Greek or Roman FRENCH ACADEMY IN ROME
mythology, battle scenes, and contemporary
events  A branch of the Royal Academy in Paris
2. Portraits  Trained Prix de Rome winners
3. Genre scenes  New artworks demonstrated their progress
4. Landscapes and still lifes  Influential directors shaped these artists’ careers
 Art Cram Kit | 13

THE ROCOCO AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NATURALISM

The Rococo
18TH-CENTURY ART SCENE

PATRONS SALON EXHIBITIONS

th
Like modern artists, 18 -century artists relied on  Salons were sponsored by the Royal Academy
patrons. These patrons chose popular styles.  The Louvre hosted Salons annually or biannually
Artists received commissions through the Royal  Salons allowed art students to attract patrons
Academy. Patrons of Academy artists generally
 Artworks were arranged in a layout different from
favored large oil paintings and bronze or marble
modern art museums
sculptures.

Modern art museum 18th-century Salon

Commissioned intimate artworks
Nobles History paintings received the prime spots, such as the
for social salons
middle of the wall. Salon organizers paced less favorable
paintings from other genres near the ceiling or the floor.
Louis XIV, Louis XV, and Louis XVI
sponsored their favorite Academy
artists and Prix de Rome winners
The state ART CRITICS
Commissioned royal portraits,
 Art critics wrote pamphlets evaluating Salon pieces
large history paintings, sculptures,
and architectural projects  After the Salon of 1746, La Font de Saint-Yenne
wrote a pamphlet, Reflections on the Current State
Other Hoped the work of famous French of Painting in France
European artists would add prestige to their  La Font criticized decadent and erotic rococo art
monarchs palaces  He asserted the superiority of classical art

The Catholic Paintings, sculptures, church

church renovations and expansions MATCHMAKER
Merchants These patrons gained influence 1. Church and state A. Art historian; notes
th
and bankers during the 18 century 2. La Font de Saint-Yenne critics’ use of
gendered terms
3. Denis Diderot
B. Implied rationality
4. Merchants, bankers
MADAME DE POMPADOUR and the linear style
5. Melissa Hyde
 Also known as Jeanne-Antoinette Poisson C. Wrote the first
6. “Feminine” modern art criticism
 Louis XV’s advisor and favorite mistress 7. “Masculine” D. All Academy artists
 Hosted lively social salons 8. Jean-Baptiste Colbert studied this
 Patronized both rococo artists and intellectuals 9. Nudes E. Patrons who gained
 Favored the rococo artist François Boucher 10. Classical art influence during the
th
 Sponsored Diderot and other philosophes 18 century
Answers: F. Wrote Encyclopédie
A(5),B(7),C(2), G. Most influential
PUBLIC ACCESS TO ART patrons
D(10),E(4),F(3),
 Only the upper class and some merchants or G(1),H(6),I(8),J(9) H. Implied immorality
bankers could afford artworks and frivolity
 The public could, however, attend the Royal I. Established the
Academy’s exhibitions or purchase prints French Academy in
 Several printmakers specialized in reproducing Rome in 1666
famous masterpieces J. Advanced Academy
artists studied these
 Art Cram Kit | 14
THE ROCOCO AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NATURALISM
The Rococo
STYLE
ROCOCO ORIGINS
‘‘Rococo’’ derives from the French word ‘‘rocaille,’’
which means shell and pebble designs
in gardens or grottoes.
Several elements of baroque art and the Palace of
Versailles influenced rococo art:
Direct, emotional
Theatricality Lavish taste
appeal
Coloristic, spontaneous works by earlier artists such
as Peter Paul Rubens also inspired rococo painters,
especially Jean-Antoine Watteau.
ROCOCO ARTWORKS
 Intimate, playful, and sometimes sensual
 Happier, carefree subjects
 Smaller and lighthearted as opposed to larger,
solemn baroque artworks
 Distinct set of colors:
Frothy Light Pastel
Whites
colors colors hues
Rococo artists abandoned the Royal Academy’s linear
style and painted in a coloristic style.
Nevertheless, they continued to explore classical
subjects. Their Greco-Roman artworks, however,
differed because they chose tales of love between
mythological gods over battle scenes or dutiful
citizens.
ROCOCO RESISTANCE: NATURAL GENRE SCENES
 Critics such as Denis Diderot denounced
decadent, dreamlike rococo art and advocated
‘‘natural’’ art

th
These critics’ writings popularized 17 -century
Dutch and Flemish genre scenes
 Upper-class patrons liked domestic scenes
featuring the peasantry and the middle class
 They believed the lower classes were more
religious because they did not lead decadent lives
 Genre scenes matched Enlightenment ideology
This period featured complex relationships between
artists and patrons.
Aristocrats patronized rococo artists but also
naturalist painters such as Chardin and Greuze.
KEY ARTISTS
JEAN-ANTOINE WATTEAU: ROCOCO LEADER
 Jean-Antoine Watteau is considered the first rococo
painter
 He opened the Royal Academy to new genres,
enabling the high rococo period
 Watteau also founded the painting genre fête
galante,
 In these paintings, nobles enjoy in outdoor activities
Pilgrimage to the Island Of Cythera (1717)
by Jean-Antoine Watteau
Nobles in lavish clothes visit a mythological
island associated with the birthplace of Venus,
the Roman goddess of love
The nobles dance before a statue of Venus
This piece was unconventional
It introduced fête galante, a new genre based
on the pleasures of everyday life
Pilgrimage shows Watteau’s creativity
Ironically, Watteau submitted it to the
Academy as a reception piece to secure
Watteau’s status as a history painter
JEAN-HONORÉ FRAGONARD & FRANÇOIS BOUCHER
 Most prominent high rococo artists
 Produced increasingly decorative works
 Painted aristocrats’ favorite subjects: scenes of
nobles’ lives, idealized scenes of peasants, and
classical mythology
NANO REVIEW
QUESTIONS
1. How is Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera similar to
history paintings?
2. Which belief triggered an interest in genre scenes?
3. Name three baroque characteristics that inspired
rococo art.
ANSWERS
1. Both are painted on a large scale.
2. that lower-class individuals held more religious faith
3. theatrical; lavish; direct emotional appeal
 Art Cram Kit | 15

THE ROCOCO AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NATURALISM

Mezzetin by Jean-Antoine Watteau
JEAN-ANTOINE WATTEAU (1684 --- 1721) MEZZETIN (C. 1718 --- 1720)

EARLY LIFE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND: THE POPULAR THEATER

 Jean-Antoine Watteau was born in Valenciennes Comédie Italienne catered to commoners, unlike other
in northern France forms of theater performed for royal courts.
 He first trained under Jacques-Albert Gérin, a Accessible Comédie Italienne
Popular Engaging
provincial painter
•Physical •1500s: Orginated in •Skilled actors
 In 1702, he moved to Paris for training and humor: props Italy •Improvised
patronage and •1600s-1700s: Swept performances
acrobatics France and England •Humorous
•Standardized •1697: Banned by and tragic
plotlines Louis XIV, who
WHAT HAPPENS IN PARIS STAYS IN PARIS •Simple, disliked the actors;
 Watteau copied Dutch and Flemish religious outdoor sets the genre prospered
paintings and genre scenes after his death

 c. 1703 --- 1704: Claude Gillot trained and inspired

Watteau with his interest in popular theater
COMÉDIE ITALIENNE STOCK CHARACTERS:
 By 1708 --- 1709: Worked for the ornamental
painter Claude Audran; attended Royal Academy Clever,
classes Miserly Pompous Ill-fated
mischevious
merchant doctor lovers
 1709: Won runner-up in the Rome Prize servant
competition; strangely, he did not receive a
French Academy scholarship MEZZETIN
 By 1712: Became agréé in the Royal Academy A Comédie Italienne stock character known for his
 1717: Submitted Pilgrimage to the Island of musical talents
Cythera; strangely, the Academy allowed Costume: loose clothing, huge hat, wooden sword
Watteau to choose the subject for his reception
piece He skillfully sang, danced, and played instruments
Mezzetin could play a loyal or traitorous servant
He could also play a deceitful or hapless husband
WATTEAU’S ARTWORKS
Smaller genre scenes of aristocrats’ lives-----
Visual Analysis
unusual for his time
Fête galante scenes, portraits, and theater images Surreal garden-like landscape: Blue, green, and
yellow; resembles a
theater backdrop
INFLUENCES Mezzetin: Watteau
 Flemish painters such as Peter Paul Rubens delineates his figure in
inspired Watteau’s reception piece and coloristic, contrast to the coloristic
delicate landscapes landscape
 Valenciennes, Watteau’s hometown, retained her Recognizable costume:
Flemish identity even after France annexed the Rose-colored cap and
area cape, pantaloons, silvery-
gray tights, pantaloons,
and silk blouse
LEGACY Human nature, isolation, and love: Mezzetin gazes
 July 18, 1721: (Age 36) Watteau died from upward with a bereft expression as he plays his
tuberculosis in the countryside, where he lived guitar for a statue; this statue of a woman looks
during his illness away in the opposite direction
 Dutch genre scenes also used music as a metaphor
th th
He inspired many 18 - and 19 -century artists
for romance.
 Art Cram Kit | 16

THE ROCOCO AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NATURALISM

Soap Bubbles by Jean-Siméon Chardin
JEAN-BAPTISTE-SIMÉON CHARDIN SOAP BUBBLES
(1699 --- 1779) (c. 1734)

BRIEF BIOGRAPHY
Visual Analysis
 Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin was born to a
middle-class Parisian cabinetmaker Young man: visible from chest up, blows bubbles
 He briefly studied under Pierre-Jacques Cazes and through a straw, leans over the edge of a stone wall
Noel-Nicolas Coypel, but was mostly self-trained Younger boy: occupies lower right portion of the
 He received the most commissions from painting, nearly hidden behind the wall, struggles to
merchants and bankers, who viewed his work at glimpse the soap bubble
Salons Soap bubble: Swells, about to pop, holds the two
 He almost never left Paris; died there at age 80 boys spellbound
Setting: Blue-green foliage frames
ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE the right side of the painting, glass
 In 1728, the Royal Academy granted Chardin on the left side of the ledge holds
membership after he submitted two still life soapy water and a second straw
paintings
 Chardin took on the role of treasurer in 1755 and
became Salon organizer in 1761
 Chardin could never create history paintings due Symbol Purpose
to his lack of formal training The young
Cause the patron to
 He remained in the position of still life painter man’s
contemplate
undersized,
working-class life
ARTWORKS torn clothes
Still lifes: household items, animals, and fruit Fragile human condition; like a
Soap bubbles
Genre scenes: domestic settings in which women house of cards
cook, clean, and care for children
Does not teach engineering
Blowing
Chardin’s favorite subject: children relaxing and principles, unlike a house of
bubbles
playing games cards
Descriptive, sometimes moral text accompanied Children at Appeal to busy upper-class
print reproductions of Chardin’s genre scenes play patrons
Print reproductions increased Chardin’s popularity
Decorative rococo art extolled nobles’ lifestyles, Provenance records show that the pendant of Soap
but Chardin’s art featured commoners’ simple Bubbles is a painting of a boy building a house of cards.
lives
Louis XV and aristocrats still patronized him QUICK QUIZ
Diderot praised Chardin’s didactic, realistic art
QUESTIONS
INSPIRATIONS 1. Mezzetin derives from a stock villain named ______.
2. Which art historian describes Chardin’s genre scenes
Dutch baroque painters' simple, subtle colors as moralizing but not narrative?
3. What does Mezzetin’s name mean?
Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin's balance and texture ANSWERS
1. Brighella
19th-century French artists: Manet and Cezannne 2. Michael Levey
3. “Half-measure” (of liquor)
 Art Cram Kit | 17
THE ROCOCO AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NATURALISM
Wine Cooler by Vincennes Porcelain Factory
VINCENNES PORCELAIN FACTORY (EST. 1740)
HISTORY OF FRENCH PORCELAIN
Ceramic production peaked in Renaissance France but
then declined as France imported Chinese porcelain.
1690s: Artisans in Rouen and Saint-Cloud experiment
with soft-paste porcelain
European models inspired a new French porcelain
style.
Factory Notes
Saint-Cloud Mimicked Chinese porcelain
The Vincennes factory emulated
Meissen
Meissen’s hard-paste porcelain
The Vincennes factory dominated competitors due to
royal patronage and its superior soft-paste porcelain.
VINCENNES PORCELAIN FACTORY TIMELINE
1740 Established in the town of Vincennes
Hired rococo goldsmith Jean-Claude
1748
Duplessis, who designed Wine Cooler
Appointed Jean-Jacques Bachelier as
director; prospered and expanded from
dinner service pieces to other products
1752
Large Floral
Sculptures
vases
Urns
centerpieces
Madame de Pompadour helped the
factory relocate to Sèvres, near the
1756
Palace of Versailles; the factory was
now known as the Sèvres Manufactory
Louis XV acquired and nationalized the
factory; he selected all porcelain designs
1759
and supervised the sale of royal
porcelain
French Revolution: during this period,
ownership transferred to the French
1789
government, which still owns the
factory
New administrator Alexandre
1800 Brongniart introduced neoclassical,
Gothic, and Empire Style-based designs
WINE COOLER (1753)
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Wine Cooler belongs to a set of almost 500 table
service pieces, including plates, platters, serving
dishes, and wine coolers
Wine Cooler is a soft-paste porcelain piece that uses
less clay but breaks easily during firing
French manufacturers could not create sturdy hard-
paste porcelain until the discovery of a vital white
clay, kaolin, in 1768
Alexandre Brongniart may have destroyed the
formula for ineffective soft-paste porcelain
Visual Analysis
Shape: Short, stocky, cylindrical
Upper rim: Slight incision creates
a border
Small base: A gold band
separates the foot from the
vessel
White panel: Roughly heart-
shaped, gold foliage border, contains a floral still-
life of pink, blue, and violet flowers as well as
grapes and grape leaves
Paint: Bleu céleste, a turquoise-colored paint
developed at Vincennes in 1753
Bottom side: ‘‘Double-Louis’’ mark
th
(identifies late 18 -century
Vincennes porcelain)
Overall design: Simple and
naturalistic; similar to rococo art in its soft pastel
hues
NANO QUIZ
QUESTIONS
1. Which new patrons purchased Vincennes porcelain
th
in the 19 century?
2. To whom is Wine Cooler’s design attributed?
3. Why did the porcelain business dwindle during the
French Revolution?
ANSWERS
1. the middle class, Napoleon, other European rulers
2. goldsmith Jean Claude-Duplessis
3. loss of upper-class patronage
 Art Cram Kit | 18

THE ROCOCO AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NATURALISM

Broken Eggs by Jean-Baptiste Greuze
JEAN-BAPTISTE GREUZE (1725 --- 1805) BROKEN EGGS (1756)

THE MAN BEHIND THE GENRE SCENES

 Jean-Baptiste Greuze was born to an artisan in Visual Analysis
Tournus, France
Modest household and furnishings
 1749: First trained under Charles Grandon
Cracked, unpainted walls serve as a backdrop;
 1755: (Age 30) Left Grandon for classes at the the dull, brown floor matches these walls
Royal Academy in Paris; named agréé based on
four works he submitted to the Academy Simple wooden
door frames the
 Lecture de la Bible was one of these works
painting’s right
side; light flows
WHEN IN ROME, ACT LIKE THE ROMANS from a window
in the upper left
 Louis Gougenot patronized Greuze and funded his
studies at the French Academy in Rome
 They traveled to Italy between 1755 and 1757
 Greuze painted Broken Eggs and its pendant The
Neapolitan Gesture in Italy
THE CHARACTERS (EGG CARTON STYLE):
 Both works feature the same characters in Italian
clothing but narrate different tales Young girl
Young man
Stares downwards mournfully
Removes his hat as he
GREUZE’S PROFESSIONAL CAREER Clasps her hands in her lap looks at the old woman
 Upon his return to Paris, Greuze exhibited four Her hat on the floor indicates she Bewildered expression
pieces at the Salon of 1757, including Broken Eggs has just returned from selling
eggs Dressed for travel

th
In the late 18 century, Greuze reached the peak
of his career as a respected genre scene painter Young boy Elderly woman
 With Diderot’s critical support, Greuze was wildly Looks at viewer innocently Seizes the young man's hand
successful at Salons in the 1760s and points at the eggs
Attempts to fix a broken egg
 Greuze painted narrative, moralizing genre scenes Angry, accusing expression
Provides comic relief
Dressed for chores
The th
In 1769, he Greuze’s work lost popularity in the 20 century for
Academy its theatricality and symbolism
Greuze submitted
accepted Greuze
hoped a history
him as a refused to In Greuze’ time, broken eggs indicated lost virginity
to painting
member exhibit at
become that failed Contemporary viewers would have deduced the
but as a Salons for
a history to impress
painter the Royal
genre 30 years situation based on the girl’s shame and broken eggs
scene
Academy
painter QUICK QUIZ

 By 1805, Greuze lost all of his critical acclaim QUESTIONS

 He died in poverty
ALBERT BOIME
 The art historian Albert Boime identifies Greuze
as a transitional figure between the rococo and
neoclassical eras
 Greuze’s linear, didactic art seems neoclassical
 Greuze’s art resembles that of the neoclassical
master Jacques-Louis David in its parental themes
th
1. What features of the young girl meet 18 -century
standards of beauty?
2. Which Dutch work may have inspired Broken Eggs?
3. Compare Broken Eggs and The Neapolitan Gesture
ANSWERS
1. small chin and fine skin
2. Broken Eggs by Francis van Mieris the Elder
3. same characters; different scene
 Art Cram Kit | 19

THE ROCOCO AND EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY NATURALISM

Shepherd’s Idyll by François Boucher
FRANÇOIS BOUCHER (1703 --- 1770) SHEPHERD’S IDYLL (1768)

EARLY LIFE
 François Boucher was born to a Parisian artisan Visual Analysis
 Age 17: Studied under François Lemoyne, an Overall, worn
academic history painter for a few months architecture
 Trained under engraver Jean-François Cars
Putti (stone statues of
 1723: Won the Prix de Rome infants) top a decaying
 1727---1731: Studied at the French Academy in yet picturesque stone
Rome monument
A tiny, simple cottage
MATURE CAREER sits in the background
 1734: Named academician and professor of A rugged shack shelters the animals
history painting; taught David, Fragonard, and Prix
de Rome winners BOUCHER’S FANTASY STYLE
 Later served as Director of the Academy The characters’ modest yet attractive garments and fair
 1765: Louis XV named Boucher his First Painter skin add to the scene’s idealism. Aristocrats
commissioned works like Shepherd’s Idyll and its
 Boucher was also de Pompadour’s favorite painter pendant, Washerwoman, to fantasize about frolicking in
the countryside.
Boucher’s contemporaries admired and collected his
Shepherd: Prepares to play a tune on his flute, sits on a
works. Compared to his predecessor Watteau, red cloak in the center of an adoring, reverent circle
Boucher relied much more on nobles’ patronage. including three women, his children, and eight animals

Gallant History paintings of love affairs Shepherd’s son: Chubby toddler:

Three women:
mythologies between ancient gods Interrupt the Playful expression, Behind the
shepherd’s curly hair, the woman on the
Pastoral Influenced by Watteau’s fête music and gaze woman on the upper right, this
scenes galante paintings at him; offer him upper right child plays with a
delicate, pale encircles this small black and
Decorative pink roses toddler with her white dog
For nobles’ townhouses arms
schemes
Porcelain Boucher and Chardin were artistic opposites. Chardin
For the Vincennes factory portrayed the working class realistically. Unlike the
designs
women in Shepherd’s Idyll, peasants led difficult lives.
Boucher directed Gobelins’
Tapestries
Royal Tapestry Manufactory BOUTCHER THIS QUIZ
Boucher etched dozens of QUESTIONS
Prints
original prints
1. The pendant of Shepherd’s Idyll is most likely ______.
Religious paintings, portraits, 2. Why did Diderot criticize Boucher despite his nearly
genre scenes, stage sets, universal artistic success?
Other works
costumes, prayer books, and 3. The Royal Academy categorized Boucher as a
royal Easter eggs painter of (history/religion/mythology).
ANSWERS
Painterly Style
1. Washerwoman
Boucher liberally applied bright whites and pastel 2. He represented the indulgent aristocracy.
hues. In the painterly style, artists ignore outlines 3. history
and execute visible brushstrokes.
 Art Cram Kit | 20

THE EMERGENCE OF THE CLASSICAL IDEAL

Neoclassicism
HISTORICAL CONTEXT: THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

LOUIS XVI REIGN OF TERROR (1793 --- 1794)

 In 1774, Louis XV died from smallpox and his  Without a legitimate head of state, France slid into
grandson Louis XVI ascended to the throne chaos
 Both rococo and neoclassical art thrived during  Various factions clamored for power
Louis XVI’s reign  Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobin club seized
 Like Louis XV, Louis XVI led a decadent royal control during the Reign of Terror
court  Robespierre executed tens of thousands of people
 To starving French commoners, he and his wife, for political reasons
Marie Antoinette, epitomized rococo indulgence
 Louis XVI’s imprisonment of political opponents
aggravated unrest, especially in urban areas THE DIRECTORY (1795 --- 1799)
Under this government, political factions struggled to
seek compromise.
Mounting social and
Corruption in political unrest
the ancien Enlightenment NAPOLEON BONAPARTE
régime philosophy
First Republic: Napoleon succeeds as a general
Wealth in the 1800: Napoleon appoints himself First Consul, and
hands of a small, Revolution The democratic
decadent model of the commits himself to government reform and territorial
of 1789
aristocracy United States expansion
1802: A national referendum names Napoleon First
Consul for Life
FRENCH REVOLUTION TIMELINE 1804: Napoleon declares himself Emperor of France
Louis XV called the Estates General FINDING YOUR PERFECT MATCH
May 5, to Versailles to validate his tax
1789 increase, which he hoped would 1. National Assembly A. Director of the King’s
remedy French economic woes 2. Consulate Buildings; patronized
art serving Louis XVI’s
The Third Estate (commoners) 3. Comte d’Angiviller
agenda
gathered at an indoor tennis court in 4. Girondists
June 20, B. Abolished the
Versailles; they swore an oath to 5. National Convention
1789 absolute monarchy
unite and write a new French
6. Third Estate C. Established the First
constitution
7. Constituent Republic
The Constituent Assembly created Assembly D. Took the Tennis Court
August 4, by Louis XVI abolished the absolute 8. Maximilien Oath
1789 monarchy, hoping to create a Robespierre
weaker constitutional monarchy E. Leader of the Jacobin
club
The Constituent Assembly issued ANSWERS: F. Represented the
the Declaration of the Rights of Man A(3),B(7),C(5), common people of
August 27, and of the Citizen, which promised France
1789 equality and liberty for all French D(5),E(8),F(6),
G. Opposed the Jacobin
citizens; Louis XVI refused to ratify G(4),H(2) club
the document
H. Napoleon established
The National Convention this government
September established the First Republic,
1792 rendering Louis XVI powerless and
causing riots
 Art Cram Kit | 21

THE EMERGENCE OF THE CLASSICAL IDEAL

Neoclassicism
OVERVIEW OF THE ART SCENE HISTORY OF NEOCLASSICISM

ACADEMIA TIMELINE
 In 1793, revolutionaries abolished the Royal Neoclassic art emerged
th
Academy, an icon of the ancien régime Mid-18
century All neoclassical works allude to
classical art in different ways

The Academy serves Reflections on the Imitation of

The ancien régime the ancien régime by Greek Works in Painting and
patronizes the fine supporting the social 1755
Sculpture by Johann
arts and funds Prix order and providing
control over the art Winckelmann glorified classicism
de Rome winners
scene
Patrons commissioned educative
Shortly and historical artworks
before the
Revolution Defied rococo; symbolized a new
 In 1795, David and other artists introduced a new form of government
academy
Napoleon failed to invade Egypt,
 Surprisingly, this academy featured a similar, even
but brought back Egyptian culture
more elitist structure that favored neoclassicism 1798 - 1801
Roman, Greek, and Egyptian art
inspire the Empire Style
STATE COMMISSIONS Revolution;
State commissions establish
Political and financial instability decreased state Napoleonic
neoclassicism as a dominant style
commissions. In addition, a secularized French state era
left several religious artists jobless. Artists replied by th
promoting their artworks in new ways. Late 19 A critic coins the term
century ‘‘neoclassical’’

MIDDLE CLASS PATRONAGE

The Intervention Of The Sabine Women (1799)
by Jacques-Louis David
First privately exhibited artwork in France
Completed over years of labor without
commissions
The middle class increased demand for portraits,
genre scenes, and landscapes after the Revolution
Influenced prints, popular decorative arts, ceramics,
tapestries, wallpapers, and small-scale statues

David charged viewing fees for this Roman
history painting
Political message: Opposing French factions
could compromise as the Romans and Sabines
had done
Neoclassical styles replaced rococo interior design
The elite, however, still held the most influence over
the majority of art forms
READING REVIEW

The First Republic, the Consulate, and Napoleon
commissioned paintings, sculptures, and
architecture to deliver political messages
Rococo art served a similar purpose under the
ancien régime
Napoleon linked himself to ancient Roman leaders
These artworks also celebrated French
revolutionary heroes and a new form of
government
QUESTIONS
1. Why did Napoleon link himself to Roman leaders?
2. In what historical context did David paint The
Intervention of the Sabine Women?
ANSWERS
1. to emphasize his power
2. France transitioning to a stable state under Napoleon
 Art Cram Kit | 22
THE EMERGENCE OF THE CLASSICAL IDEAL
Neoclassicism
ARCHAEOLOGY AND THE GRAND TOUR
NOTHING ORIGINAL
Like Renaissance and baroque artists, neoclassicists
th
studied ancient sculptures. 18 -century
archaeological discoveries, however, set them apart
from their predecessors.
EXCAVATIONS: THE DIRTY DETAILS
1. Mount Vesuvius’ eruption in A.D. 79 buried the
ancient Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum
2. Refugees never returned, concealing the cities’
location for centuries
th
3. In the mid-18 century, workmen stumbled upon
the two cities
4. At Pompeii and Herculaneum, archaeologists
recovered well-preserved ancient artworks:
Interior Vibrant
Sculptures Architecture
design frescoes
5. Even though the archaeologists initially restricted
access, sketches of the sites circulated through
Europe and impacted neoclassicism
6. The sites also enabled archaeologists to explore
the evolution of ancient Roman painting
GRAND TOUR: PRE-MODERN COLLEGE ROAD TRIP
This year-long journey through continental Europe
was a key step in the education of wealthy aristocrats.
Study western art, literature, and history!
Travel to Italy (especially French travelers)
o Visit Naples, near Pompeii and
Herculaneum
o Visit Rome and Florence
o Sketch Renaissance masterpieces!
o Experience short classes, formal tours, and
museum visits
o Socialize with other Grand Tour travelers!
Gather souvenirs:
o Portraits featuring ancient artworks
o Replicas of ancient artworks
o Neoclassical art, such as Josiah
Wedgewood’s pottery
ANGELICA KAUFFMANN (1741 --- 1807)
BIOGRAPHY
Born in
Switzerland Grew up in Developed
Austria
her career in
Italy
 In Italy, befriended Sir Joshua Reynolds, a founding
member of the Royal Academy of Arts in England
 Kauffmann earned membership at the Royal
Academy of Arts in England
 Famous as a skilled portraitist and history painter
Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi, Pointing to Her
Children As Her Treasures (1785)
by Angelica Kauffmann
Three elements identify this work as
neoclassical: restrained theatricality, subject
matter, and classical formal vocabulary
Classical costumes and architecture as well as
the linear style inspired Kauffmann
She also glorified ancient civilizations’ values
A female friend asks to see Cornelia’s jewels
Cornelia points to her sons, Tiberius and Gaius
Gracchus; she values her family over jewels
Her sons later became eminent political
figures
Political message: The state is superior to
luxury
In ‘‘Why Have There Been No Great Women Artists?’’
(1971) Linda Nochlin blames art institutions for limiting
formal training and inhibiting women artists’ success.
Kauffmann only succeeded because she trained under her
father, who worked as an artist.
RAPID REVIEW
QUESTIONS
1. For what was the wealthy Cornelia known?
2. Why was Pompeii so well preserved?
3. Where did Kauffmann first develop her career?
ANSWERS
1. her modest choices in clothes and jewelry
2. the city was buried under ash for centuries
3. Italy
 Art Cram Kit | 23

THE EMERGENCE OF THE CLASSICAL IDEAL

Modern Rome by Giovanni Paolo Panini
GIOVANNI PAOLO PANINI (C. 1691 --- 1765) MODERN ROME (1757)

ARTISTIC EXPERIENCE
Visual Analysis
1711: Moved
Giovanni Taught art at Panini skillfully portrayed such imaginary art
to Rome;
Paolo Panini the galleries as Modern Rome.
worked as a
designed Accademia
painter and
theater sets in di San Luca Arches: Supported by rose-colored columns;
decorator;
his birth town and the recede into the distance, ending at an opening
continued his
of Piacenza, French
artistic in the far background
Italy Academy
studies
Red curtains: Frame the scene

 Panini’s vivid colors and concise drawings
influenced his students
 The rococo painter Fragonard trained under
Panini
Vedute (‘‘Views’’)
 Panini mastered vedute, or large-scale, realistic
paintings of famous sites.
 He specialized in popular Grand Tour
destinations such as the Pantheon, the
Colosseum, and St. Peter’s Basilica.
 Panini sometimes populated his paintings of
famous sites with enthusiastic tourists in
contemporary clothes, such as Interior of the
Pantheon.
 Panini often created imaginary settings
featuring several popular monuments from
different locations.
 For example, Panini’s Roman Capriccio: The
Pantheon and Other Monuments depicts:
1. A statue of Marcus Aurelius
2. The sarcophagus of Constantine
3. The Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli
4. The Maison Carée at Nimes
5. The Pantheon
 Many Grand Tour travelers, especially those
from England, purchased Panini’s vedute to
serve as souvenirs.
 They also appreciated his realism and attention
to detail.
ART FUNDAMENTALS APPLICATION
Artists paint highly realistic trompe l’oeil (trick of
the eye) paintings using techniques to make them
appear as real-life objects. Examples of trompe
l’oeil paintings include Panini’s vedute.
Sculptures: Michelangelo’s Moses, Bernini’s
David, and Bernini’s Apollo and Daphne
Six men: Represent tourists and students of the
classics, including Panini himself, who wears
gray and sits in an armchair
Paintings: Cover the walls from floor to ceiling
These paintings are vedute of ‘‘modern’’ Rome’s
buildings and monuments, including:
Religious Civic
Palaces Fountains
architecture architecture
In this painting’s title, ‘‘modern’’ refers to the
Renaissance and baroque periods.
ANCIENT ROME (1757)
Ancient Rome, the pendant painting of Modern
Rome, also features art and architecture popular
among Grand Tour travelers
The wall paintings, however, exhibit ancient Roman
buildings such as the Pantheon and the Colosseum
Panini again depicted himself but also included his
patron, Count de Staínvílle, holding a guidebook
Count de Staínvílle was the French ambassador to Rome;
he most likely commissioned Modern Rome and Ancient
Rome to serve as souvenirs.
LIGHTNING QUIZ
QUESTIONS
1. What was Panini’s first experience with art?
2. Whom do the six men in Modern Rome represent?
3. Which high rococo painter trained under Panini?
ANSWERS
1. designing theater sets
2. tourists and students of the classics
3. Jean-Honoré Fragonard
 Art Cram Kit | 24

THE EMERGENCE OF THE CLASSICAL IDEAL

The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David (Page 1 of 2)
JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID (1748 --- 1825) WALLET PORTFOLIO: DAVID’S FINEST ART

UPBRINGING
Depicts the fate of a general
 1748: Jacques-Louis David was born into a wrongly accused of treason;
wealthy merchant family Belisarius relates to the corrupt ancien
 Raised by uncles after his father died in a pistol Begging for régime; proves David’s
duel Alms (1781) mastery of the neoclassical
 Studied classics at the College des Quatre- linear style, restrained action,
Nations and narrative tension
 François Boucher, who was related to David, sent No intended political message;
him to Joseph-Marie Vien for artistic training The Lictors
depicts Brutus, a founder of
Returning to
the Roman Republic, after his
ACADEMIC EXPERIENCE Brutus the
decision to execute his sons,
Bodies of his
 1766: David matriculated at the Royal Academy who were planning the return
Sons (1789)
of a corrupt monarch
 1770: Judges eliminated his first submission for
the Prix de Rome in the first round of competition Pen and ink drawing of the
 He tried to starve to death after several failed The Tennis Estates General; never
attempts Court Oath completed due to political
(1791) conflicts; proves David’s ability
 1775: David’s fifth submission won the Prix de
Rome to treat a contemporary event

 1775 --- 1780: David’s approach to painting

Napoleon
Commissioned by King Charles
transformed at the French Academy in Rome, IV of Spain, shows Napoleon as
Crossing the
under Vien as director a highly capable commander,
Alps at the
engraved rocks link him to
Studied the Inspired by the baroque Sketched
Saint-Bernard
Hannibal and Charlemagne, two
Renaissance artist Caravaggio's use of ancient Roman Pass (1800-01)
master Raphael light and dark ruins other great military leaders
David painted portraits and
DAVID’S MATURE CAREER The Coronation images of military victories for
of Napoleon Napoleon; he received this
 1780s: Completed history paintings and (1805-07) commission when Napoleon
influenced numerous students named him his First Painter
 By 1781: Apprenticed several students, who aided
him in his many commissions for monumental QUICK QUIZ
history paintings
 1782: Moved into an artist’s studio in the Louvre QUESTIONS
and married a wealthy woman soon afterwards 1. As a member of the National Convention, David
 1790s: Attacked the Royal Academy demanding voted to ______.
reform; voted to execute Louis XVI; supported the 2. Due to the political conflicts of the 1790s, David
Jacobin Club; developed propaganda for the First never completed ______.
Republic: 3. Why did David go into exile in Brussels?
Directed Planned festivals Crafted 4. In Rome, David studied the Renaissance artist ______
funerals for celebrating the symbols of the and the baroque artist ______.
revolutionary republic's secular new French
martyrs heroes state ANSWERS
1. execute Louis XVI, his former patron
 1814: Louis XVIII ascended to the throne, an event
known as the Bourbon Restoration 2. The Tennis Court Oath
3. David had served Napoleon.
 1816: David went into exile in Brussels due to his
association with Napoleon. There, he continued 4. Raphael; Caravaggio
painting until his death in 1825
 Art Cram Kit | 25

THE EMERGENCE OF THE CLASSICAL IDEAL

The Death of Socrates by Jacques-Louis David (Page 2 of 2)
THE DEATH OF SOCRATES (1787) DEVELOPMENT

SOCRATES SUMMARY
Socrates, a Greek democratic philosopher and  The Trudaines commissioned The Death of Socrates
influential teacher, died in 399 A.D. The Athenian  David attended the family’s salons, where
government had accused him of defiling young men’s philosophes likely discussed details of this painting
minds and failing to respect the gods. Rather than
exiling himself or renouncing his ideas, Socrates  Example: André Chénier suggested Socrates’s pose
accepted his execution by drinking poisonous hemlock, NOT YOUR TYPICAL HISTORY PAINTING
which killed him slowly. Plato described this event in
the Phaedo. Unlike most of David’s history paintings, The Death of
Socrates is a small work meant to inspire discussion
among an intellectual audience.
Visual Analysis
DAVID’S NEOCLASSICAL STYLE
This painting takes place in a stone cell reminiscent
of the Bastille-----a prison in which Louis XVI held David minimized settings to highlight human action, a
political opponents. technique visible in The Death of Socrates
His stage-like setting defies lavish rococo taste
Chains and shackles on the floor add gravity to
the solemn scene Dramatic lighting underscores the central action
Socrates sits on a bed, speaks to his students, David borrowed the restrained theatricality and
and points towards the heavens to symbolize idealized naturalism visible in The Death of Socrates
his immortal soul from ancient Greek and Roman sculptures
His other arm reaches casually for a goblet of UNFAIR POLITICAL CONNECTIONS
hemlock
Match each piece with its political meaning or purpose:
He appears muscular and youthful
David contrasts Socrates’s confidence with 1. Cornelia, Mother of the A. No intended political
the emotional reactions of his disciples Gracchi, Pointing to her message
Children as her Treasures
 Plato appears aged despite his youth at the 2. The Death of Socrates B. Indicates that French
time; this look represents Socrates’s influence political factions can
 Unlike the other students, Crito sits next to reconcile differences
Socrates and listens to his master’s last words
3. Belisarius Begging for C. Portraits of members
 Human action centers in the foreground Alms of the Constituent
 In the background, however, servants guide Assembly at Versailles
Socrates’s wife away
4. The Lictors Returning D. Meant to inspire
 She attempts to glimpse her husband to Brutus the Bodies of his discussion among
Sons liberal thinkers

5. The Tennis Court Oath E. Implies that the state

is superior to luxury

6. The Intervention of the F. Shows a righteous

Sabine Women citizen victimized by a
corrupt government

ANSWERS:
A(4),B(6),C(5),
D(2),E(1),F(3)
 Art Cram Kit | 26

THE EMERGENCE OF THE CLASSICAL IDEAL

The Triumph of Aemilius Paulus by Carle Vernet
CARLE VERNET (1758 --- 1835) THE TRIUMPH OF AEMILIUS PAULUS (1789)

NANO BIO AEMILIUS PAULUS

 Carle Vernet was born in Bordeaux, France Roman historian Livy describes the Roman general
Aemilius Paulus’s victory over King Perseus of
 Trained under his father, Claude Joseph Vernet Macedonia. Enthusiastic crowds greeted Paulus and his
troops upon his return to Rome.

1782 Won the Prix de Rome Visual Analysis

- Attended the French Academy Enormous history painting; all large-scale
human figures on one primary plane
1787 Returned to Paris shortly before the
Revolution Aemilius Paulus: Sits calmly in a golden
chariot on the right side of the painting, stands
1787 - Painted his reception piece, The out due to Vernet’s dramatic lighting
1789 Triumph of Aemilius Paulus
White horses: Appear naturalistic; illustrate
Vernet’s skill in painting horses

 Vernet’s fame in the Academy derived from his Prisoners of war: Walk behind Paulus’ chariot
history paintings Temple of Jupiter: Dominates left background
 But he was most popular for images of horses and Middle zone and background: Classical
sporting events architecture/monuments; harkens to vedute
 Unlike his contemporaries, Vernet expressed Illustrates blurred boundaries between
romantic tendencies neoclassicism and romanticism

VENI, VIDI, VICI Neoclassical Romantic

Depicts Roman history This work's heightened
drama and rich
As in The Death of landscape later
Claude-Joseph •Father of Carle Vernet and Socrates, human
Vernet: grandfather of Horace developed into
action centers in the common characteristics
I came Vernet foreground
•Trained Carle Vernet of romantic art
(first famous
Vernet artist) •Famous painter

ART FUNDAMENTALS APPLICATION

Freestanding arches featuring relief sculptures like
Antoine Charles
Horace Vernet: •Also known as Carle Vernet that in the left foreground of this piece are called
I saw •Son of Claude-Joseph Vernet and triumphal arches.
(neoclassical father of Horace Vernet
artist who was •Studied under Claude-Joseph QUICK QUIZ
also a forerunner Vernet
to romanticism) QUESTIONS
1. What type of arch is visible in Vernet’s painting?
Émile-Jean- 2. Carle Vernet won the Prix de Rome thanks to his
Horace Vernet: •Also known as Horace
I conquered Vernet training under ______.
(extremely •Son of Carle Vernet and 3. How is Aemilius Paulus similar to Death of Socrates?
popular romantic grandson of Claude-Joseph
artist; painted Vernet ANSWERS
Napoleonic •Famous romantic painter 1. triumphal
battles)
2. his father
3. human action centers in the foreground
 Art Cram Kit | 27

THE EMERGENCE OF THE CLASSICAL IDEAL

Minerva Protecting the Young King of Rome by Joseph-Antoine Romagnési
JOSEPH-ANTOINE ROMAGNÉSI MINERVA PROTECTING THE YOUNG KING OF ROME
(1782 --- 1852) (1811)

NANO OVERVIEW BACKGROUND

Romagnési’s sculptures represent later developments  Napoleon commissioned Minerva Protecting the
in neoclassicism. He was a generation younger than Young King of Rome to celebrate the birth of his son
the other neoclassical artists
 Dubbing his son ‘‘the king of Rome’’ reinforced
propaganda comparing Napoleon to Roman leaders
Pierre Cartellier  Napoleon also commissioned The King of Rome
Sleeping, a painting by Pierre Paul Prud’hon
 Romagnési trained under the famous
neoclassical sculptor Pierre Cartellier  Prud’hon’s naturalistic painting excluded symbols
 Romagnési’s use of classical symbols in glorifying France or ancient Rome
Minerva Protecting the Young King of Rome
most likely resulted from his training under Visual Analysis
Cartellier Minerva Napoleon II
Takes up the entire left Stands atop a low
Minerva She-wolf half of the sculpture platform
Roman goddess of Symbolizes the
war and wisdom foundation of Rome Shelters the child; Turns his head and
looks down toward the gazes into the distance
Ancient Roman symbols
child
Tall, graceful figure Typical toddler features:
 After the French Revolution, Cartellier worked round cheeks, tiny feet,
with a team of sculptors to transform the chubby thighs
Church of Ste. Geneviève into the Panthéon
 The Panthéon still stands as a secular Contrapposto Adult-like contrapposto
monument for French heroes (S-curve) pose derived pose; subtly shifts his
from classical weight to one leg
sculptures
FAST FACT
Romagnési executed Minerva, the she-wolf, and the
Art historians know little about Romagnési’s early child in quiet, restrained poses reminiscent of
career. In 1808, he began to present his sculptures classical sculptures
at Salons.
PLASTERED
Unknown Sculpture Royal Academy patrons favored bronze and marble
by Joseph-Antoine Romagnési sculptures

Most of Romagnési’s surviving works are
portrait busts
He crafted a small relief sculpture of a nude
child and she-wolf during Napoleon’s rule
This small plaster work may relate to Minerva
Protecting the Young King of Rome
Both this work and Minerva Protecting the
Young King of Rome portray Napoleon’s son as
the symbolic heir of ancient Rome’s glories
Most sculptors first completed their works in cheaper
plaster
The Salon room in the Louvre could not bear the
weight of too many marble sculptures
Minerva Protecting the Young King of Rome features
plaster painted to resemble marble
Romagnési received a block of marble with which to
complete a final version
Due to Napoleon’s downfall, he instead used the
marble to sculpt Minerva protecting France
 Art Cram Kit | 28
ROMANTICISM
The Napoleonic Era to the July Monarchy
HISTORICAL CONTEXT
By 1810: Napoleon controlled the majority of western Europe
1812: He unsuccessfully attempted to invade Russia
Military strength and public support dwindled
1814: Paris fell to Russia, Prussia, and Austria'
Napoleon was exiled to Elba
1815: Napoleon escaped, overthrew Louis XVIII,
and ruled during the One Hundren Days
1815: Final defeat at Waterloo
Napoleon exiled to Saint
Helena
FRENCH HEADS OF STATE AFTER NAPOLEON
Constitutional Monarch
A constitutional monarch shares
power with a parliament.
Louis XVIII and his successor Charles X ruled as
constitutional monarchs. Still, their conservative
governments harkened to the ancien régime.
1814: Louis XVIII ascended to the throne
This event became known as the Bourbon Restoration
because Louis XVIII’s return restored the house of
Bourbon to power.
During the Napoleonic era, history paintings
glorified the emperor in heroic battle scenes
During the Restoration period, the government
commissioned pro-monarchy works, often
medieval history paintings that alluded to the
origins of the house of Bourbon
The Restoration government’s commissions often
turned to romanticism to avoid neoclassicism,
which French citizens associated with Napoleon
1824: Louis XVIII died; Charles X ascended to the
throne
1830: Charles X attempted to abolish parliament and
the July Revolution usurped his rule within three days
A constitutional monarchy under Louis-Philippe, the
July Monarchy, succeeded Charles X.
RISE OF ROMANTICISM
Battle Of Eylau (1808)
by Antoine-Jean Gros
Gros: Napoleon’s favorite battle scene painter
Despite his training under David, he used
colorism and emotional chiaroscuro
Gros’s style symbolizes the rise of romanticism
Napoleon desired an image of himself as a
caring and sympathetic leader
In Gros’s painting, he appears overcome with
tragedy when facing the battle
Napoleon hoped to elicit public support for his
military campaign
ECOLE DES- BEAUX ARTS
 Under Louis XVIII, the Royal Academy returned as the
Académie des Beaux-Arts (Academy of Fine Arts)
 This institution included the École des-Beaux Arts
(School of Fine Arts)
 The Prix de Rome and Salon competitions continued
as they had before
 Most members of the new institution had studied
under David
 As artists, they shared the same neoclassical
foundation but ventured in new directions
LIGHTNING QUIZ
QUESTIONS
1. Louis-Philippe’s government was also known as the
______ Monarchy.
2. Who trained Joseph-Antoine Romagnési?
3. Why did the Restoration government turn to
romanticism in art commissions?
4. Most of Romagnési’s surviving works are
(paintings/portrait busts).
ANSWERS
1. July
2. Pierre Cartellier
3. neoclassicism was associated with Napoleon.
4. portrait busts
 Art Cram Kit | 29

ROMANTICISM
History and Painting Subjects
HISTORY OF ROMANTICISM THE ORIENT
th
EVENTS In the 19 century, the Orient included:
Late Development of romantic art, which
18
th
th North The Middle
thrived through the early 19 century Greece Turkey
Africa East
century
German philosopher Fredrich von
Schlegel coined the term ‘‘romantic’’
1798 Morocco Algeria Tunisia Egypt
to describe a movement against the
ideas of the Enlightenment
To romantics, the Orient expressed a genuine natural
In De l’Allemagne, Madame de Stael state untainted by Enlightenment rationality. Imperialism
challenged Italian classicism and lured Western governments to the Orient.
1810 encouraged French medieval history
as artistic subjects
OTHER ROMANTIC PAINTING SUBJECTS
Napoleon banned this book for its
glorification of Germany

Subjective Medieval
Nature
Romance: Root Word of Romanticism experience literature
The French word ‘romance’ has two definitions:
1. A vernacular language that replaced Latin in Whimiscial,
Irrational and primitive animal
the medieval era Romantics emotional minds, especially
2. An emotional genre in medieval literature viewed this those of horses
source as more contradicted the
accurate than Enlightenment
empirical Delacorix
NEOCLASSICISM AND ROMANTICISM observation favored Romantics often
Shakespearean painted ships lost
Romantic plays
Neoclassical at sea
Intense saturation
Carefully detailed
Intuitive approach
approach
Coloristic Definition of Sublime
Linear
Quick brushstrokes
Rational Modern-day definition: Describes anything that is
Emotional
tangibly wonderful
Cartoonists personified neoclassicism and According to Edmund Burke’s 1757 text: Describes
romanticism as fighting over artistic approaches. In anything triggering two unlike reactions, such as
actuality, only subtle differences distinguished the two horror and awe
styles.

CHANGES IN PAINTING SUBJECTS Mazeppa (1819) by Lord Byron

History painting Religious painting

Synopsis: A count suspects the young page
Genre scenes Mazeppa of having an affair with his wife; the
Remained at the Rebounded in count straps Mazeppa’s naked body to the
forefront of the fine Also explored popularity after the
arts during the the Orient French Revolution back of a horse; he then releases the horse
romantic period Illustrated Often depicted Neoclassicists would have scorned Mazeppa’s
Turned to settings women's Christian subjects horror and violence as sacrilegious
from the Orient harems in the Near East
Romantics, however, admired this epic poem
for its strong, sublime emotional appeal
 Art Cram Kit | 30

ROMANTICISM
Evening: Landscape with an Aqueduct by Théodore Géricault
THÉODORE GÉRICAULT (1791 --- 1824) RAFT OF THE MEDUSA (1819)

QUICK REVIEW Historical context: In 1816, the frigate Medusa wrecked

 Born in Rouen, France, Théodore Géricault
expressed interest in art as a young child
 His wealthy family scorned his artistic aspirations
 Géricault resorted to training secretly under Carle
Vernet
 Géricault followed in Vernet’s footsteps by
copying from the natural world
 Géricault also trained under Pierre-Narcisse
Guerin
 Géricault later trained independently by copying
Renaissance and baroque artworks in the Louvre
Charging Chasseur (1812) and Wounded Cuirassier
(1814) by Théodore Géricault
Charging Chasseur Wounded Cuirassier
Bravely runs away
Endures a crisis
Spooked
Ferocious
Echoes Napoleon’s
failures
Both works show Géricault’s interest in the
psychology of war. He dismisses heroism and focuses
on the soldier’s intense gaze upon sighting an enemy.
off the coast of northern Africa. For days, the survivors
languished on board a raft until another ship came to the
rescue. The survivors returned to Paris and criticized the
Restoration government for choosing a captain based on
his political connections rather than his experience.
Visual analysis: Géricault humiliated the Restoration
government by creating a contemporary history painting
of the Medusa scandal. This artwork features:
Renaissance
Diagonal A sublime
and baroque Chiaroscuro
thrust subject
allusions
EVENING: LANDSCAPE WITH AN AQUEDUCT
(1818)
Trees and buildings dot the rocky landscape
A Roman-styled aqueduct marks the center
The architecture seems to grow out of the earth;
landscape appears as a single solid mass
Nude male bathers splash in the river
On the bank, one bather converses with a traveler
Géricault contrasts shadows and patches of light
He explores the Italian landscape and the human
figures’ relationship with nature

Morning: Noon:
Landscape Landscape
with with a
1816 - 1817 Roman
Fisherman Tomb
 Géricault studied Renaissance and baroque No narrative
masters in Rome and Florence
Allegory of time
 In Italy, he observed the riderless horse race passing
Evening:
 He hoped to create a large-scale history painting Night: Landscape
based on the event, but turned to other projects Seascape with an
Aqueduct

1821 --- 1824

In the years before his death, Géricault painted
portraits of mentally afflicted men and women. A MINI TEST
physician of institutionalized patients probably
commissioned these works. QUESTIONS
Gericault 1. What genre of painters did Géricault inspire?
epitomizes Independent training
2. What artwork is Géricault’s greatest
the romantic accomplishment?
painter Pursuit of his own artistic vision
because of ANSWERS
his Early death from injuries and disease
1. realist painters, such as Eugène Delacroix
2. Raft of the Medusa
 Art Cram Kit | 31
ROMANTICISM
Horace Vernet and the Riderless Horse Race
HORACE VERNET
NANO BIO
 Horace Vernet was born in Paris in 1789, the
same year the French Revolution erupted
 Trained in his father’s (Carle Vernet’s) studio
 Until 1810: Studied under the neoclassical painter
François-Andre Vincent
 Salon of 1812: Exhibited his first work
The Artist’s Studio (1820) by Horace Vernet
Illustrates Vernet’s robust studio
Includes a large white horse serving as an
artistic model and several dogs
Vernet painted a crowd of young visitors
socializing, painting, and modeling
Two gentleman spar in a friendly duel
 Salon of 1822: Rejected for glorifying French
Revolutionary and Napoleonic battles; exhibited in
his studio and lured viewers away from the Salon
 Salon of 1824: Invited to exhibit almost 40 pieces,
several of which depicted Napoleonic battles
Battle Of Montmirail (1824) by Horace Vernet
Vernet’s battle scenes: Journalistic, not heroic;
earned him fame in the 1820s
More detailed compared to history painting’s
broad brushstrokes
Panoramic; captures both the battle’s size and
individual soldier’s experiences
Horace Vernet inherited his father’s ambition to
record battles in heroic, theatrical paintings
Horace Vernet loved painting horses, which reflects
romantic tastes for passionate, violent subjects
 1829 --- 1834: Vernet served as director of the
French Academy in Rome
 Vernet earned acclaim for his regular Salon
exhibitions and academic success
 He painted at his studio in Paris until his death in
1863
THE RIDERLESS HORSE RACE
OVERVIEW
Like Géricault, Horace Vernet hoped to display Rome’s
riderless horse race on an epic scale.
Unlike Géricault, Horace Vernet ultimately completed a
large-scale painting of the event.
ROME’S CARNIVAL
th
In the 19 century, this annual celebration attracted
tourists from everywhere in Europe
 The riderless horse race, which accompanied the
carnival, is no longer practiced
 Barb horses native to North Africa ran along the Via
del Corso boulevard
Piazza Via Del Piazza di
del Corso Venezia
Popolo
 Art historian Lorenz Eitner describes Géricault’s
experience at the riderless horse race
 Firecrackers and metal shards attached to the horses
as well as the cheering crowds whipped the horses
into a state of hysteria
 Both Géricault and Vernet, however, painted the
moment before the grooms released the horses
 In the starting pen, grooms struggled against the
wild horses
 The crowd watched closely because manglings often
occurred in this starting pen
NANO REVIEW
QUESTIONS
1. Why was Vernet rejected from the Salon of 1822?
2. What serves as a model in The Artist’s Studio?
3. Barb horses originated from the coast of ______.
4. Horace Vernet studied under ______ and the
neoclassical painter ______.
ANSWERS
1. His works glorified French Revolutionary and
Napoleonic battles
2. a large white horse
3. north Africa
4. Carle Vernet; François-André Vincent
 Art Cram Kit | 32

ROMANTICISM
Selected Artworks by Horace Vernet
START OF THE RACE OF THE RIDERLESS
STORMY COAST SCENE AFTER A SHIPWRECK
HORSES (1820)

FOREGROUND
In the foreground, five grooms and three horses
wrangle:
Roiling thunderclouds Waves beat the cliffs
Right border: Two darken the sky and rocks
grooms secure a
The unrelenting storm The raging waters place
brown horse continues to threaten the survivors in a
Center: the four survivors dangerous situation
 A fallen black
horse pins a third
Rocks loom out of the A man carries a woman out
groom to the water of the sea. This woman's
dusty road limp pose suggests she is
Presumably, these crags
 A white horse snagged the ship unconscious or dead
rears madly, Vernet excludes the The man on the shore:
nearly trampling dramatic climax of this possibly a bystander who
narrative and causes came to their rescue.
the black horse
viewers to ponder the A man straggles in the
 A groom seizes the front of the white horse survivors' fates water
 His forearms bulge with effort and he levels an
intense stare at the white horse
 The fifth groom stands behind the white horse and Visual Analysis
attempts to exert control Contrasts
In the background, other horses and grooms simply
watch the dramatic brawl in the foreground. Dark, solid cliffs White, frothy waves

MERELY AN ANECDOTE Miniscule, vulnerable Vast, omnipotent

humans forces of nature
Impermanent humans Eternal cliffs
HORSES Sensitive HUMANS
Stronger eyes and Weaker Vernet uses brown, gray, blue, and green. Subtle shifts
behaviors between these tones, rather than lines, create forms.
Wild Rational
Lorenz Eitner identifies contrast between vulnerable
The spectators point at an area outside of the painting. humans and the vast sea as a major romantic theme.

Horace Vernet may suggest that the struggle in the
foreground is common for the riderless horse race and
uninteresting to the crowd.
MEANING
Romantics admired horses for these traits.
The risk inherent in freeing the horses’ spirits may
symbolize the risks of releasing humans from
civilization.
STYLE
Sketchy, rapid brushstrokes
Bold shades of brown, red, and yellow melt into each
other and contrast with the white horse.
CRAM QUIZ
QUESTIONS
1. The colors in The Start of the Race of the Riderless
Horses contrast sharply with the ______ ______.
2. Lorenz Eitner’s ______ discusses romantic themes.
3. Name at least three contrasts in Vernet’s works.
ANSWERS
1. the white horse
2. “The Open Window and the Storm-Tossed Boat: An
Essay on the Iconography of Romanticism”
3. humans/horses, cliffs/water, humans/cliffs, or
humans/nature
 Art Cram Kit | 33
ROMANTICISM
Royal Tiger by Eugène Delacroix
EUGÈNE DELACROIX
LIFE AND CAREER
Born in a town on the outskirts of Paris
Benefitted from his father’s work in the
government
Studied the classics
Trained under Pierre-Narcisse Guérin, a student of
David who advocated painting classical history
Befriended Géricault in Guerin’ studio
Delacroix Géricault
Preferred literary subjects More likely to create
from medieval literature contemporary history
(Shakespeare) and romantic pantings such as Raft of
texts (Lord Byron) the Medusa
Sketchy, coloristic style Influenced Delacroix and
inspired Impressionists later realist painters
DELACROIX SWEEPS THE SALONS
Based on The Divine Comedy by
Dante Alighieri; inspired by
Dante and Géricault’s Raft of the Medusa
Virgil (1822) Souls doomed to endless
drowning assail Dante and Virgil
as they cross a lake in a boat
Contemporary history painting of
Scenes from
the Greek War of Independence
the
against the Ottoman empire
Massacres at
Criticized for lack of a hero and
Chios (1824)
sketchy coloristic style
Borrowed from Lord Byron’s play
Sardanapalus (1821)
A ruler destroys his slaves,
concubines, and belongings
The Death of before they fall to his enemies
Sardanapalus
Horrific theme, drama, and exotic
(1828)
subject characterize romanticism
‘‘The most outrageously
‘romantic’ picture ever painted’’ ---
art historian David Blayney Brown
The Women Inspired by a sketchbook
of Algiers in Delacroix filled with genre
their scenes, clothes, and markets
Apartment during a French diplomatic
(1834) mission to Morocco
LIBERTY LEADING THE PEOPLE (1830)
Features diagonal emphasis and vivid colorism typical of
Delacroix’s work
Liberty: Monumental, bare-breasted woman who raises
the tri-color high into the air and rallies French citizens
Delacroix employed accounts of the July 1830 Revolution
in this contemporary history painting.
This piece, however, centers on the broader ideals behind
the July Revolution and the allegory of Liberty
ROYAL TIGER (1828)
Lithography
1796: German printmakers invent lithography
Greek: “Litho” (stone) and “Graph” (mark)
 Lithographers draw on a wet, flat, stone with a
greasy crayon
 The crayon marks attract the ink, which
saturates the image
 The lithographer then transfers the print to a
piece of paper
Romantic artists preferred lithography to precise
intaglio printmaking. Lithography allows
spontaneity and dramatic contrasts of black, white,
or gray
Like Géricault, Delacroix frequently depicted horses. In
1828 --- 1829, however, he studied tigers and lions at the
Jardin des Plants in Paris. According to his friend
Hippolyte Taine, Delacroix examined animals closely to
discover his inner animal form.
Visual Analysis
Derives from a study of a stuffed dead tiger
Sublime: a
tiger’s power
and taste for
flesh elicits awe
and fear
Set in the tiger’s
natural habitat
Dramatic sky,
rapidly moving
clouds, and wild eyes animate the lithograph
Explores not a narrative, but the psychological
experience of encountering a wild tiger
 Art Cram Kit | 34

ROMANTICISM
Young Jewish Woman of Algeria, Seated by Théodore Chassériau
YOUNG JEWISH WOMAN OF ALGERIA, SEATED
THÉODORE CHASSÉRIAU (1819 --- 1856)
(1846)

BACKGROUND TRAVELS
 Born in Saint Dominique to a French colonial  1846: Chassériau visited Algeria
officer and the daughter of a plantation owner  Like Delacroix, he complied sketches which would
 1821: Moved to Paris while still an infant serve to inspire later Orientalist scenes

TRAINING
1830: (Age 11) Apprenticed himself to Jean- Visual Analysis
August-Dominique Ingres, a former student of
 Size of a notebook
David
paper
1835: Ingres left Paris to serve as a director at the  Uses graphite and
French Academy in Rome watercolor
Chassériau lost his friendship with Ingres after he  Chassériau made
looked to the romantic painter Delacroix for notes on the right
inspiration side of the sketch
The woman sits in
Delacroix
Ingres the corner of a
• Traveled to exotic domestic interior
•Trained Chassériau locales such as North
•Recognized Africa; inspired Black mascara
Chasseriau's drawing Chasseriau to do the embellishes her wide-open eyes
talents same
•Predicted Chasseriau •Influenced Chasseriau Her face receives much more detail than her
would lead a brilliant through his rich colors body or the interior space
career and romantic themes
One hand lightly supports her head
Another hand lightly holds one of her feet
MATURE CAREER
Atrocious: Sits on the floor --- European
 1836: Chassériau exhibited at a Salon for the first etiquette required woman to sit only on
time and won a medal furniture --- and appears primitive as well as
 Received commissions for public mural cycles animalistic
from the French government Delacroix’s Women of Algiers may
 Despite his early death at the age of 37, have inspired this sketch. Both works
Chassériau led a fruitful artistic career and feature a voyeuristic perspective.
produced
QUICK QUIZ

Panel paintings Portraits Drawings QUESTIONS

1. Chassériau was born in the modern-day ______.
2. Which art style eclipsed Chassériau’s works in the
th
Studies of the Subjects from mid-19 century?
ideal female history, religion, 3. Young Jewish Woman of Algeria wears bangle
nude and literature bracelets on her (left/right) wrist.
ANSWERS
FACING REALITY 1. Dominican Republic
th
In the mid-19 century, Chassériau’s works lost 2. realism
popularity due to the rise of realism, a revolutionary 3. right wrist
new artistic style.
 Art Cram Kit | 35

PORTRAITURE
Portrait of a Young Man by Pompeo Girolamo Batoni
POMPEO GIROLAMO BATONI (1708 --- 1787) PORTRAIT OF A YOUNG MAN (C. 1760 --- 1765)

TRAINING In Portrait of a Young Man, the subject’s identity remains

unknown, but he is most likely a French tourist.
 Born in Lucca, Italy
Italy
 Mastered artistic skills Visual Analysis
under his father, who
worked as a goldsmith Tuscan region SUBJECT
 1727: Moved to Rome, Accurate facial details
where he trained under the Lucca Rich red and white
painter Francesco Fernandi
clothing embroidered
with gold thread
ARTISTIC CAREER
Wears a sword
1730s: Designed altarpieces
Casual pose: one hand
By 1741: Lived as an independent professional rests on his hip, the
painter and member of the Accademia di San Luca other hand gestures
Specialized in portraits and religious paintings towards the table
Brown and white dog at
GRAND TOUR PORTRAITS his feet adds to
 c. 1750 --- 1770s: Batoni painted hundreds of spontaneity
primarily British Grand Tour travelers visiting SETTING
Rome
Upper-right quadrant opens to the exterior:
columns and yellow curtains frame a pastoral
Come to the workshop of Rome’s great artistic talent! view of the Italian countryside
Experience musical events, the magnificent Batoni’s
artworks, or commission your own Grand Tour portrait! Objects on the marble table indicate the young
Visited the Pantheon? St. Peter’s Basilica? Record your man’s interests
experience in the background of your portrait! A volume A model of
Guide- of A golden
Choose arrangements of antique artworks the
books to Homer's statue of
and books to portray your tastes! celestial
Rome Odyssey Minerva
sphere
Choose your setting: an upscale interior
or the Italian countryside? An ancient Roman low-relief sculpture excavated at
*** Hadrian's villa in 1735
"Jaw-dropping accuracy!" - Imperial court of Austria
Batoni sketched the low-relief sculpture in
"Batoni's studio now rivals the Collosseum and other 1736, enabling him to portray the object on the
essential tourist destinations in Rome." - The Papacy
young man’s table
Batoni reuses several pieces of furniture
BATONI ALSO PAINTED PORTRAITS FOR throughout his Grand Tour portraits, but portrays
different patron’s tastes with different objects.
The royal courts of
QUIRKY QUIZ

Naples England Germany Poland QUESTIONS

1. Why does the young man wear a sword?
DECLINE 2. Who owned Hadrian’s low-relief sculpture at the
time Batoni created Portrait of a Young Man?
1780s: Batoni gradually lost his eyesight and
commissions. ANSWERS
1787: Died without his former popularity or wealth. 1. 18th-century customs
2. Cardinal Albani
 Art Cram Kit | 36

PORTRAITURE
Self-Portrait with Two Pupils by Adélaïde Labille-Guiard
ADÉLAÏDE LABILLE-GUIARD (1749 --- 1803) SELF-PORTRAIT WITH TWO PUPILS (1785)

OVERVIEW MEET THE PUPILS

 Labille Guiard was born to a Parisian merchant Marie-Margarite Carreaux de Rosemond: Died in
1788; her artistic career remains relatively unknown
 1769: Married Louis-Nicolas Guiard
Marie Gabrielle Capet: Remained in a close
 1776: Left Louis-Nicolas Guiard; they divorced after
the French Revolution relationship with Labille-Guiard; exhibited many
miniature portraits at Salons and even attempted a
 Trained under François-Elie Vincent, who created mythological painting
miniature portraits
 1777: Apprenticed herself to François-André Visual Analysis
Vincent, the son of her former teacher and a
winner of the Prix de Rome SUBJECTS
 Labille-Guiard later married the younger Vincent Labille-Guiard: Sits
before a large canvas;
ARTISTIC CAREER poised to paint, despite
her impractical dress
 Early 1780s: Established her own studio and sitting position
 Labille-Guiard earned income by teaching painting Marie Capet: Leans
 By 1783: Taught eight female artists forward in an olive
 1783: One of four women to earn membership at green dress; excitedly
the Royal Academy watches the painting
 Painted portraits of upper-class patrons: Carreaux Rosemond:
Gazes at the viewer with her partially shaded
Members of Male Royal Academy and friendly face
Aristocrats
the royal court members ATTIRE
Labille-Guiard’s dress is more revealing than
Labille-Guiard later supported the French Revolution the others’ dresses
by destroying her portraits of royal subjects and
The portrait still establishes Labille-Guiard as
painting portraits of Robespierre as well as members of a professional portrait painter
the National Assembly.
SETTING
TH
FEMALE ARTISTS IN 18 -CENTURY FRANCE A chair and footstool demonstrates Labille-
Guiard’s financial stability
 Upper-class women could dabble in the arts as
part of their cultural training A replica of Houdon’s Vestal Virgin may
 French society perceived portraits and still lifes as indicate the three women’s moral purity
acceptable genres for female artists A portrait bust of Labille-Guiard’s father may
state the artist’s love for her father
FEMALE ARTISTS IN THE ROYAL ACADEMY
These sculptures prove Labille-Guiard’s
 Could not study or teach at the Academy devotion to neoclassicism
 Only four women allowed at any given time WHAT IS SHE PAINTING?
 Could not earn the status of officier Art historian Laura Auricchio proposes three
 Could advance to the ranks of agréé or possible works:
academician 1. Self-Portrait with Two Pupils
Several Academy members spread rumors claiming 2. A portrait of Capet, Rosemond, or both
Labille-Guiard took credit for another artist’s work. She students
struggled to establish herself as a professional in this 3. A portrait of a subject posing somewhere
environment. behind the canvas in Labille-Guiard’s studio
 Art Cram Kit | 37

PORTRAITURE
Bust of Voltaire by Jean-Antoine Houdon
JEAN-ANTOINE HOUDON (1741 --- 1828) VOLTAIRE (1694 --- 1778)

FORMAL TRAINING INTRODUCTION

 Born in Versailles, Jean-Antoine Houdon trained
under two academic sculptors, Pigalle and Slodtz
 1761: Houdon won the Prix de Rome
 1764 --- 1768: Studied at the French Academy
 François-Marie Arouet was a French Enlightenment
philosopher and writer
 He wrote poetry, plays, novels, essays, books,
pamphlets, and over 20,000 letters
 He often discussed institutional reform

L'Ecorché (1767)  The ancien régime exiled Voltaire from Paris

 Voltaire’s ideas affected the American Revolution and
Houdon sculpted l’Ecorché, a skinless man, the French Revolution
during his studies at the French Academy
LATE CAREER
He crafted l’Ecorché in preparation for a
sculpture of Saint John the Baptist  1759 --- 1778: Voltaire lived at an estate in Ferney,
France
Houdon took anatomy lessons to portray his
 Collaborated with Empress Catherine II of Russia in
subjects as naturalistically as possible his final years
Later, French Academy students reproduced  Spring 1778: Returned to Paris to model for Houdon’s
l’Ecorché as a training exercise busts

BUST OF VOLTAIRE (1778)

Morpheus (1777)
Houdon sculpted busts of Voltaire using various
This sculpture of the Greek god of dreams materials:
served as Houdon’s reception piece
1770: Houdon submitted an initial sketch Plaster Terracotta Marble Bronze
1771: Exhibited a plaster version at a Salon
1777: Completed a final marble version Visual Analysis
Like Houdon, many academic sculptors
This bust is tête nue (‘‘bare headed’’)
invested years into a single project
83-year old face appears relaxed and pleasant
PATRONS He smiles slightly to hide his toothless gums
Houdon achieved the most fame through his Sunken cheeks
portrait sculptures of Enlightenment figures:
Eyes twinkle with intelligence
Jean-
Thomas Denis Benjamin Detailed and realistic
Jacques
Jefferson Diderot Franklin
Rousseau
Neoclassical balance of idealism, naturalism
This focus on their personalities matched the
individual-focused ideology of the Enlightenment CRAM REVIEW
Houdon received a commission through Franklin
and Jefferson to sculpt George Washington QUESTIONS
In 1785, Houdon traveled to the United States, 1. Who commissioned Bust of Voltaire?
where Washington modeled for him 2. For how many years did Houdon work on the marble
Houdon’s standing Sculpture of George Morpheus?
Washington (1792) features full military dress
ANSWERS
This statue remains an icon of Washington and 1. Empress Catherine II of Russia
his democratic leadership
2. six
 Art Cram Kit | 38

PORTRAITURE
Princesse de Broglie by Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
JEAN-AUGUSTE-DOMINIQUE INGRES (1780 ---
PRINCESSE DE BROGLIE (1851 --- 1853)
1867)

IN INGRES WE STUDY  Pauline de Broglie married Albert de Broglie in 1845

 Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres was born in  The Broglie family enjoyed formidable wealth and
Montauban, France political connections
 His father introduced him to music and the visual  Pauline de Broglie was shy, pious, and well-educated
arts  She cared for five children and wrote a book
summarizing Christian morality
1791 Matriculated at the Royal Academy in  In 1860, she died of tuberculosis at the age of 35
Toulouse, where he studied painting
PORTRAITURE PROCESS
1797 Traveled to Paris; began training
under David  1850: Ingres probably began planning this portrait
 He toiled for months to perfect her pose
1800 - Produced many portraits, which
 June 1851: Finally decided on a position
1867 remain his most well known works

1801 Won the Prix de Rome with Achilles Visual Analysis

Receiving the Ambassadors of
Agamemnon Pauline de Broglie
stands in three-
1806 Finally entered the French Academy quarters view
in Rome after delays brought about by
Casual pose;
the French government’s instability
relaxed face
1835 - Directed the Italian branch of the Set in the Broglie
1840 French Academy family’s sitting
room
INGRES’S ARTWORKS Lack of
History paintings background
details
Mythological paintings emphasizes
Religious paintings, which reflect his strong Pauline and her
Catholic faith clothes
Idealized female nudes, which sometimes Delicate lace trim
depicted women from the Orient marks the sleeves and neckline of Pauline’s
Ingres professed himself a history painter and luxurious blue satin dress
denounced his portraits as distractions Expensive accessories prove her wealth
Nevertheless, he proudly exhibited his portraits
alongside his history paintings NANO QUIZ
 Preliminary sketches for all of Ingres’s QUESTIONS
portraits reveal his quest for naturalism
1. Where and when did Ingres exhibit Princesse de
 Several critics disliked slight distortions in Broglie?
Ingres’s female figures
2. What does Pauline de Broglie wear in her hair?
While Ingres strayed towards romanticism in his
subject matter, he consistently adhered to the ANSWERS
linear style throughout his life 1. Universal Exhibition in 1855
Ingres revived the Renaissance master Raphael’s 2. satin bows and marabou feathers
mix of idealism and naturalism
 Art Cram Kit | 39

INDEPENDENT RESEARCH TOPIC

The Panthéon
BEFORE AND DURING THE FRENCH
19TH CENTURY
REVOLUTION

THE CHURCH OF STE. GENEVIÈVE NANO-SUMMARY

 Originally the Church of the Holy Apostles
 Location of the modern Panthéon
 Built by Clovis I in the Latin quarter of Paris
 The shepherdess Ste. Geneviève, was buried in the
church with Clovis I and Queen Clotilde
 1744: Louis XV vowed to rebuild the church
Jacques-Germain Soufflot Quatremere de Quincy
1806: Hoping to improve church-state relations,
Napoleon consecrated the Panthéon as a church.
Subsequent rulers secularized or consecrated the
Panthéon based on the ideology of their regime; the
Panthéon reflects changes in power.
1811: Napoleon commissioned Gros to paint The
Glory of Sainte Geneviève on the inner dome of the
Panthéon
This dome painting linked Napoleon to the Catholic
church and other great French leaders

One of the earliest The Constituent Pediment of the Panthéon: Added by David d'Angers
neoclassical artists Assembly selected from 1830 to 1837
de Quincy to
transform the
Abbey of Ste.
Began his career in Geneviève into the Features a sculpture of the allegorical figure of France
Lyon Panthéon distributing wreaths to famous intellectuals and
statesmen as well as all French soldiers

To this day, the

In 1755, Abel Panthéon honors
Francois Poisson France's secular
chose Soufflot to heroes
INDIVIDUALS BURIED IN THE PANTHÉON
design the Abbey of
Ste. Geneviève, now  Honoré Mirabeau: Leader of the Third Estate; remains
the Panthéon were removed after Revolutionaries discovered his
negotiations with the ancien régime
 Voltaire: First individual to be permanently buried in
the Panthéon
Soufflot's design De Quincy's Design  Jean-Paul Marat: Radical journalist; remains were
removed after the Jacobin party’s fall from power

Combines Gothic De Quincy blocked

and Greek styles windows and CRAM REVIEW
decorations to
create a
mausoleum-like QUESTIONS
In 1757, Soufflot atmosphere
began to prepare the 1. Who was the first person buried in the Panthéon?
foundation 2. How does the Panthéon reflect changes in power?
He planned but 3. Soufflot and de Quincy traveled together to ______.
In 1764, Louis XV never completed
laid the cornerstone interior sculptures ANSWERS
representing the 1. Honoré Mirabeau
First Republic
2. leaders consecrated or secularized the site based on
The design and crypt the ideology of their rule
below the He added a
foundations delayed pediment to the 3. Italy
construction facade
 Art Cram Kit | 40

INDEPENDENT RESEARCH TOPIC

The Vendôme Column
CONSTRUCTION DETAILS STATUE OF NAPOLEON

WHY? SUMMARY

Napoleon Bonaparte identified himself with Antoine-Denis Chaudet (176 sculpted the statue of
ancient Roman leaders to increase his prestige Napoleon atop the Vendôme Column
The Vendôme Column borrows from the ancient This statue dons Roman military attire
Roman column of Trajan A laurel wreath of victory tops Napoleon’s head
A continuous band of narrative low relief His left hand holds a sword; his right grips a globe
sculptures spirals up both structures
The relief sculptures celebrates Napoleon’s HISTORY OF THE PLACE VENDÔME
military victory at Austerlitz in 1805
Head of state Center of the Place Vendôme
Equestrian statue of Louis
WHERE? Ancien régime XIV
Before the French Statue of Napoleon in Roman
Revolution, a statue of Emperor military garb on the Vendôme
Louis XIV on horseback Napoleon Column
marked the center of the
Place Vendôme. Bourbon
Bourbon white flag atop the
Revolutionaries destroyed Restoration to
Vendôme Column
this statue. July Monarchy

The Place Vendôme, a Napoleon asserted his Statue of Napoleon in his own
July Monarchy
famous public square in supremacy over the military attire atop the
to Napoleon III
Paris ancien régime by building Vendôme Column
a monument to himself on
the same pedestal. Paris Commune Red socialist flag
Statue of Napoleon in Roman
French
military garb on the Vendôme
presidency
HOW? Column
Napoleon echoed his victory at Austerlitz by melting
down the enemy cannons he captured there to LIGHTNING QUIZ
provide bronze for the 425 plates of bronze low relief
sculptures on the shaft of the Vendôme Column.
QUESTIONS
1. What group demolished the Vendôme Column in
1871?
WHEN?
2. What stood in the center of the Place Vendôme
On August 15, 1810, the builders inaugurated the before the construction of the Vendôme Column?
column on Napoleon’s birthday.
3. The Vendôme Column borrows from the ancient
Roman column of ______.

WHO? ANSWERS
 Dominique Vivant Denon oversaw the construction 1. the Paris Commune
of the Vendôme Column from 1806 to 1810 2. an equestrian statue of Louis XIV
 Jacques Gondouin and Jean-Baptiste Lepère 3. Trajan
designed the Doric column
 A large team of sculptors assisted Gondouin and
Lepère
 Art Cram Kit | 41
CRUNCH KIT
th th
18 - and Early 19 -century French Art in Two Pages (Page 1)
LOUIS XIV
 Known as the Sun King; most powerful ruler of his time
 Top advisor: Jean-Baptiste Colbert
 Hyacinthe Rigaud’s Louis XIV inspired absolute rulers
 Helped establish the Royal Academy in 1648
 Built Les Invalides to house wounded veterans
 Expanded the baroque Palace of Versailles; centralized
the French state at Versailles
LOUIS XV
 Corrupt and decadent rule created unrest
 1715: The royal court returned to Paris from Versailles,
initiating the rococo period
 Nobles decorated salons with rococo art
 Enlightenment philosophes questioned the ‘‘natural
order’’ of ideas and promoted empirical knowledge
 Madame de Pompadour advised Louis XV, hosted
Salons, and supported rococo artists and philosophes
ROYAL ACADEMY OF PAINTING AND SCULPTURE
 Members advanced from agréé (accepted) to
academician (full member) to officier (officer)
 Hierarchy of genres: 1) history paintings, 2) portraits, 3)
genre scenes, 4) landscapes and still lifes
 Functioned alongside an older apprenticeship system
 Favored linear style as well as Greek and Roman art
 Prix de Rome: competition to attend the French
Academy
 Salon exhibitions: held in the Louvre (art museum built
under Louis XIV); paintings cramped together on walls
 Salons: artists attracted patrons, critics sold pamphlets
 La Font de Saint Yenne: first modern art criticism,
attacked sensual rococo art and promoted classical art
JEAN-ANTOINE WATTEAU, MEZZETIN
 Watteau was born in Valenciennes, France
 Trained by Gillot
 Pilgrimage to the Island of Cythera founded fête
galante: paintings of nobles in outdoor activities
 Copied Dutch and Flemish genre scenes, which
inspired Mezzetin’s colorism and music as a romantic
metaphor
 Mezzetin depicts a stock character of Comédie
Italienne
 Watteau explores human nature: Mezzetin attempts to
serenade a stone statue with his musical talents
JEAN-SIMEON CHARDIN, SOAP BUBBLES
 Born to a Parisian cabinetmaker, Chardin could never
afford formal training and was mostly self-trained
 Categorized as a still-life painter in the Royal Academy
 Praised by Diderot for naturalistic genre scenes
indifferent to the period’s decadent rococo art
 Soap Bubbles: viewers reflect upon lower-class life,
childhood leisure, or the fragile human condition
VINCENNES PORCELAIN FACTORY, WINE COOLER
 1740: Vincennes Porcelain Factory established
 Initially created soft-paste (low clay) porcelain, not
stronger hard-paste porcelain made of kaolin
 Goldsmith Duplessis contributed rococo designs,
including the design for Wine Cooler
 Wine Cooler: rococo pastel hues, turquoise-colored bleu
céleste paint developed at the Vincennes factory
JEAN-BAPTISTE GREUZE, BROKEN EGGS
 Greuze was born in Tournus, France
 1755-1757: Traveled to Italy with his patron Gougenot,
where he painted Broken Eggs
 Failed to become a history painter in the Academy
 Enjoyed Diderot’s praise for his moralizing artworks
 Broken Eggs: theatrical, based on 18th-century symbolism
(broken eggs indicated lost virginity)
FRANÇOIS BOUCHER, SHEPHERD’S IDYLL
 Born to a Parisian artisan, Boucher originated from the
same social background as Greuze and Chardin
 Trained with history painter Lemoyne and engraver Cars
 Successful career: won the Prix de Rome, taught history
painting, became director of the Royal Academy
 Favorite painter of Madame de Pompadour
 Preferred ‘‘gallant mythologies,’’ which were history
paintings of mythological love stories involving gods
 Shepherd’s Idyll: one of Boucher’s unrealistic fantasy
pastoral scenes; Diderot criticized him for these
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: ARTISTIC DEVELOPMENTS
 1793: Fall of the Royal Academy, an ancien régime icon
 1795: A new, even more elitist academy was founded
 David’s The Intervention of the Sabine Women became
the first privately exhibited artwork in France
 The middle class entered the art market, even though the
elite still held the most influence over art
NEOCLASSICISM
 Winckelmann: artists should emulate Greek sculptures
 Renaissance and baroque artists looked to classical art,
but archeological discoveries propelled neoclassicism
 Young men studied Western culture on the Grand Tour
ANGELICA KAUFFMANN
 Kauffmann was born in Switzerland, grew up in Austria,
and developed her career in Italy
 Her artist father provided her the opportunity to succeed
GIOVANNI PAOLO PANINI, MODERN ROME
 Born in Piacenza, Italy, Panini designed theater sets in his
hometown before moving to Rome
 He created vedute (‘‘views’’) of famous Roman buildings
and monuments for Grand Tour travelers
 His paintings of art galleries, such as Modern Rome,
fulfilled a similar purpose, serving as souvenirs
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CRUNCH KIT
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18 - and Early 19 -century French Art in Two Pages (Page 2)
JACQUES-LOUIS DAVID, THE DEATH OF SOCRATES
 Jacques-Louis David was born to Parisian merchants
 Belisarius Begging for Alms: Refers to the corrupt
ancien régime
 David supported the Jacobin Club and remained
politically active during and after the French Revolution
 The Death of Socrates is a small, solemn history
painting meant for a gathering of Enlightenment
intellectuals
CARLE VERNET, THE TRIUMPH OF AEMILIUS PAULUS
 Born in Bordeaux, France, Carle Vernet learned art from
his father, a famous painter
 The Triumph of Aemilius Paulus: an enormous Roman
history painting, shows blurred style boundaries
 The drama and landscape in Vernet’s painting hints at
the future romanticism movement
JOSEPH-ANTOINE ROMAGNESI, MINERVA PROTECTING
THE YOUNG KING OF ROME
 Studied under Pierre Cartellier, a famous neoclassical
sculptor who worked on the Panthéon
 Minerva Protecting the Young King of Rome: expands
Napoleon and his son’s connections to Roman leaders
ROMANTICISM: HISTORICAL CONTEXT
 After Napoleon’s defeat, Louis XVIII ascended to the
throne in the Bourbon Restoration
 His successor, Charles X, tried to abolish parliament
 The July Revolution overthrew Charles X and installed
Louis-Philippe, creating the July Monarchy
 Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Louis-Philippe were
constitutional monarchs
ROMANTIC PHILOSOPHERS
 Von Schlegel coined the term ‘‘romanticism’’
 De Stael recommended medieval Europe as source for
artistic inspiration
 Burke defined ‘‘sublime’’ as anything that creates two
disparate reactions, such as horror and awe
ROMANTIC STYLE AND SUBJECTS
 The Orient: Turkey, Greece, the Middle East, north
Africa (Tunisia, Egypt, Algeria, Morocco)
 Nature: uncontrollable; contradicts Enlightenment
control and rationality
 Intuitive coloristic approach versus detailed linear
neoclassical approach
GÉRICAULT, EVENING: LANDSCAPE WITH AN
AQUEDUCT
 Théodore Géricault was born in Rouen, France
 Romantic artist: independence, early death, passion
 Raft of the Medusa: Depicts a political scandal, inspired
many later romantic seascapes
 Evening, Landscape with an Aqueduct: part of a set of
four paintings that are allegories of time
HORACE VERNET, START OF THE RACE OF THE RIDERLESS
HORSES AND STORMY COAST SCENE AFTER A SHIPWRECK
 Horace Vernet was born in Paris in 1789
 1820s: Exhibited popular paintings of battle scenes
 Start of the Race of the Riderless Horses reflects romantic
tastes for passionate, violent subjects
 Shipwreck exemplifies the romantic themes of humans
lost at sea and juxtaposed against nature’s vastness
EUGÈNE DELACROIX, ROYAL TIGER
 Delacroix was born to a well-connected family in Paris
 His success at Salons reflected the rise of romanticism
 Preferred subjects from literature but also created
contemporary history paintings
 Royal Tiger is a lithograph based on a stuffed dead tiger;
conveys the psychology of a wild tiger encounter
CHASSERIAU, YOUNG JEWISH WOMAN OF ALGERIA
 Chassériau was born in the Dominican Republic
 Studied under Ingres but inspired by Delacroix
 Combined romantic subjects, neoclassical linear style
 Young Jewish Woman of Algeria: Voyeuristic and exotic
POMPEO BATONI, PORTRAIT OF A YOUNG MAN
 Born in Lucca, Italy; trained under his father, a goldsmith
 He maintained a popular studio in Rome, where he met
with his many portrait commissioners
 Portrait of a Young Man: One of Batoni’s many Grand Tour
portraits; books and artwork complement the sitter
LABILLE-GUIARD, SELF-PORTRAIT WITH TWO PUPILS
 Labille-Guiard was born to a Parisian merchant
 Earned income by training eight female artists
 One of four women to enter the Royal Academy
 Self-Portrait with Two Pupils: demonstrates Labille-
Guiard’s ability to create a multi-figured portrait
JEAN-ANTOINE HOUDON, BUST OF VOLTAIRE
 Jean-Antoine Houdon was born in Versailles
 At the French Academy, created l’Ecorché, a skinless man,
and Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams
 Bust of Voltaire: One of Houdon’s many portrait busts of
Enlightenment figures; balanced idealism and naturalism
JEAN-DOMINIQUE INGRES, PRINCESSE DE BROGLIE
 Born in Montauban, France, Ingres received an
introduction to the arts from his cultured father
 Created history paintings and religious paintings, but was
most famous for his portraits
 Princesse de Broglie: portrait of Pauline de Broglie, jewelry
states her wealth and faith
THE PANTHÉON AND THE VENDÔME COLUMN
 Panthéon: Secular monument to French heroes
 Vendôme Column: Honors Napoleon’s military victories
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CRUNCH KIT
List of Lists
9 HIGH PRIORITY ARTWORKS 8 ART ACADEMIES
Belisarius Begging One of David’s earlier artworks, proves his Académie des Served as a virtual Royal Academy during
for Alms mastery of the linear style, restrained Beaux-Arts the Bourbon Restoration
action, and narrative tension Accademia di San Inspired the Royal Academy
Cornelia, Mother By Angelica Kauffmann; moralizing history Luca
of the Gracchi, painting; contains a political message that College des David studied the classics here
Pointing to her the state trumps luxury Quatre-Nations
Children as her
Treasures École des Beaux- ‘‘School of Fine Arts;’’ part of the
Arts Académie des Beaux-Arts
Liberty Leading the Centers on the ideology behind the July
People Revolution French Academy Located in Rome; trained Prix de Rome
winners
Pilgrimage to the Founded fête galante and opened the
Island of Cythera Royal Academy to a new genre Royal Academy in Ingres studied painting here
Raft of the Medusa Probably inspired Vernet’s Stormy Coast Toulouse
Scene after a Shipwreck and Delacroix’s Royal Academy of Angelica Kauffmann acquired membership
Dante and Virgil Arts in England here
Napoleon Crossing Napoleon appears capable of conquering Royal Academy of Member hierarchy: officier (officer),
the Alps the forces of nature Painting and academician (full member), agree
Battle of Eylau Napoleon appears as a sympathetic, Sculpture (accepted)
caring commander Genre hierarchy: history paintings,
Scenes from the Criticized for sketchiness and lack of a portraits, genre scenes, then landscapes
Massacres at hero and still lifes
Chios
The Tennis Court David never completed this work due to
Oath political conflicts during the First Republic

14 HIGH PRIORITY PLACES 11 AUTHORS AND PHILOSOPHERS

Algeria Inspired by Delacroix, Chassériau traveled Alighieri, Dante The Divine Comedy: inspired Delacroix’s
here Dante and Virgil
Florence Italian city; popular Grand Tour Burke, Edmund A Philosophical Enquiry into our Ideas of
destination the Sublime and the Beautiful
Herculaneum Sister city of Pompeii, both sites were Denis Diderot The Encyclopédie and art criticism
buried after the eruption of Mount
Vesuvius Jefferson, Thomas Considered himself an Enlightenment
thinker after traveling to France
Egypt Napoleon inspired the Empire Style by
sharing culture from this country with La Font de Saint- Wrote the first modern art criticism
France Yenne
Germany One of the first countries in which Lord Byron Mazeppa, a horrific sublime tale that
romanticism flourished inspired many romantic artworks
The Louvre Location of Salon exhibitions Madame de Stael De l’Allemagne; encouraged artists to look
to medieval Europe
Morocco Delacroix traveled here on a diplomatic
mission Schlegel, Fredrich Coined the term ‘‘romanticism’’
von
Naples Popular Grand Tour destination located
near Pompeii and Herculaneum Shakespeare, Plays inspired romantic artworks,
William particularly those by Eugène Delacroix
The Orient Includes Turkey, Greece, the Middle East,
and northern Africa (Algeria, Egypt, Winckelmann, Reflections on the Imitation of Greek
Tunisia, Morocco) Johann Works in Painting and Sculpture
Palace of Exemplifies French baroque art; inspired Voltaire Pen name of François-Marie Arouet, who
Versailles rococo art wrote about institutional reform and
criticized the ancien régime
Pompeii Location of well-preserved frescoes
Sèvres Location of Vincennes Porcelain Factory
Russia Napoleon failed to invade this country
Waterloo Site of Napoleon’s final defeat in June 1815
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CRUNCH KIT
List of Lists
11 MEDIUM PRIORITY ARTWORKS 7 ART HISTORIANS
The Artist’s Studio Illustrates Horace Vernet’s bustling studio Auricchio, Laura Suggests three possibilities for the unseen
canvas in Labille-Guiard’s portrait; wrote
Battle of One of many battle scenes that earned
that the portrait demonstrates her ability
Montmirail Horace Vernet fame in the 1820s
to create multi-figured portraits
Dante and Virgil Delacroix’s first Salon piece
Boime, Albert Identifies Greuze as a transitional figure
The Intervention of First privately exhibited painting in France between the rococo and neoclassicism
the Sabine Women
Brown, David Asserts that the Orient’s associations with
The Lictors This history painting by David dramatizes Blayney the idea of the primitive state creates its
Returning to Lucius Junius Brutus’s choice to execute romantic appeal
Brutus the Bodies his sons, who were planning the return of
Eitner, Lorenz Describes the riderless horse race and its
of his Sons a corrupt Roman monarch
impact on Géricault
L’Ecorché Houdon’s study of a skinless man
Hyde, Melissa Discusses rococo critic’s use of gendered
Louis XIV This portrait by Hyacinthe Rigaud inspired terms: feminine implies immoral frivolity,
absolutist leaders masculine implies linear style and
The Neapolitan Pendant painting of Broken Eggs rationality
Gesture Levey, Michael Analyzes Chardin’s genre scenes as deep
Morpheus Houdon’s sculpture of the Greek god of examinations of common childhood
dreams moments
Washerwoman Pendant painting of Shepherd’s Idyll Nochlin, Linda Claims that institutional constraints limits
The Women of Inspired Young Jewish Woman of Algeria, the success of women artists
Algiers in their Seated
Apartment

15 MEDIUM PRIORITY PLACES ART TERMS

Austria Country of birth of Marie Antoinette; Baroque The Palace of Versailles features this style
enemy of Napoleon Doric The Vendôme Column belongs to this
Brussels David exiled himself here column order
Jardin des Plants Delacroix studied lions and tigers here Double-Louis mark Identifies Vincennes porcelain pieces
Latin quarter Location of the Panthéon produced in the latter half of the 18th
century
Les Invalides Under Louis XIV, this series of buildings
housed wounded veterans Etching Boucher created prints using this method
Notre Dame Napoleon and Empress Josephine were Fête galante Painting genre; depicts nobles
Cathedral inaugurated here in 1804 participating in outdoor activities
Piacenza Panini’s birthplace; Panini designed Gallant Subcategory of history paintings exploring
theater sets here before moving to Rome mythologies the romantic tales of mythological gods
Piazza del Corso Starting point of the riderless horse race Hard-paste Uses kaolin clay; more resilient than soft-
porcelain paste porcelain
Piazza del Venice Finishing point of the riderless horse race
Pendant Two pendant paintings form a pair
Place Vendôme Famous public square; location of the
Vendôme Column Painterly Style used by François Boucher; features
visible brushstrokes
Prussia Enemy of Napoleon
Provenance Records an artwork’s ownership history
Temple of Jupiter Visible in the background of The Triumph
of Aemilius Paulus Putti Image of an infant boy; visible in
Shepherd’s Idyll
United States Provided a democratic model that
catalyzed the French Revolution Reception piece Agréé artists in the Royal Academy
submitted this to earn academician status
Valenciennes Birthplace of Jean-Antoine Watteau where
Flemish identity remained strong even Triumphal arch Large archway; visible in The Triumph of
after France annexed the region Aemilius Paulus
Via del Corso The riderless horse race took place on this Vedute Translates to ‘‘views;’’ realistic paintings of
street cities or buildings
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CRUNCH KIT
List of Lists
9 LOWER PRIORITY ARTWORKS EVENTS AND TIME PERIODS
The Coronation of David received this commission upon American Voltaire’s ideas impacted both this war
Napoleon earning the title of Napoleon’s First Painter Revolution and the French Revolution
The Father’s Curse By Greuze; along with The Son Punished, High rococo Watteau’s successors, especially Boucher
explores the theme of parental authority and Fragonard, led this part of the rococo
Interior of the One of Panini’s many paintings of tourists
Middle Ages Romantic history paintings depicted the
Pantheon at well-known sites
Bourbon monarchy’s origins in this era
The King of Rome Unlike Minerva Protecting the Young King
Sleeping of Rome, lacks symbolism Neoclassicism Featured artworks centered on rationality,
the linear style, and classical subjects
Sculpture of Icon of George Washington’s democratic
George leadership, completed by Houdon Post- Europeans living during this time period
Washington Enlightenment perceived Orientalist as primitive and
Septimius Severus Greuze’s poorly received attempt at a irrational
history painting Riderless horse Subject of Vernet’s artwork and a sketch
Roman Capriccio: Displays the Pantheon, a statue of Marcus race by Géricault
The Pantheon and Aurelius, the sarcophagus of Constantine, Rococo Favored colorism, upscale settings, and
Other Monuments the Temple of the Sibyl at Tivoli, and the subjects based on nobles’ tastes
Maison Carée at Nîmes
Romanticism Featured vivid colorism, quick brush-
The Toilet of One of several paintings in which Boucher strokes, and subjects based on emotions,
Venus borrowed Pompadour’s features to depict the imagination, the wilderness, or
goddesses sublime themes
Wounded Like Charging Chasseur, explores the
Cuirassier psychology of war and excludes heroism Rome’s Carnival Included the riderless horse race
Universal Ingres exhibited Princesse de Broglie here
Exhibition

15 LOWER PRIORITY PLACES WHO COMMISSIONED WHAT?

Bastille The Death of Socrates’ setting resembles Aristocrats and the Vincennes and Sèvres porcelain before the
this prison for political opponents royalty French Revolution
Bordeaux Birthplace of Carle Vernet Catherine II of Bust of Voltaire
Dacia Roman Emperor Trajan defeated this Russia
country Charles IV of Spain Napoleon Crossing the Alps
Elba Napoleon lived in exile here in 1814 Count de Staínvílle Modern Rome and Ancient Rome to serve
Ferney Voltaire resided in this border town in as souvenirs
eastern France later in his life French Chassériau’s murals
Gobelins François Boucher directed the Royal government
Tapestry manufactory in this town Louis Gougenot Greuze’s artworks
Lucca Birthplace of Pompeo Girolamo Batoni Madame de Various art styles and Enlightenment
Lyon Greuze trained under the painter Charles Pompadour philosophy
Grandon in this French town Merchants and Chardin’s artworks
Macedonia Aemilius Paulus defeated Perseus, the bankers
king of this country A physician Géricault’s paintings of mentally afflicted
Montauban Birthplace of Jean-Auguste-Dominique patients
Ingres Post-Revolutionary Neoclassical art
governments and
Rouen Birthplace of Théodore Géricault
Emperor Napoleon
Saint Helena Napoleon lived in exile here after his
Restoration Romantic art
defeat at Waterloo in 1815
government
Spoleto Evening: Landscape with an Aqueduct
resembles a Roman aqueduct located here
Roslin d’Ivry Shepherd’s Idyll and Washerwoman to
decorate his countryside estate
Tournus Birthplace of Jean-Baptiste Greuze
Trudaine family The Death of Socrates
Tuscan Italian region that includes Lucca, the
birthplace of Pompeo Girolamo Batoni
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FINAL TIPS AND ABOUT THE AUTHOR

FINAL TIPS ABOUT THE AUTHOR
 Expect just as many, if not more, questions on Robb Dooling was born
historical context as the selected artists and profoundly deaf, a blessing which
artworks manifested itself during his
 Prioritize Watteau, David, and Delacroix Academic Decathlon career. After
months of studying while gleefully
 Rococo era: 1715 --- French Revolution ignoring music, social events,

th
Neoclassicism: Mid-18 century --- much of the television, and other distractions,
th
19 century he was the top scholastic and top

th th scorer overall in the state of
Romanticism: Late 18 century --- mid-19 century
Nebraska. His favorite Decathlon
 If you are short on time, you can study the IRT,
experience, however, was at the
Art Fundamentals, and Romanticism last
2009 Nationals, where his team from Burke High School
in Nebraska placed third in the nation. He was also almost
late for participating in the Speech Showcase. Please
spam him at rjdooling@gmail.com with any questions or
comments.

ABOUT THE EDITOR

SOPHY LEE
After 19 years of planning and pondering, Sophy Lee has decided that the best things in life emerge
from coincidence. She discovered her favorite book, Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance,
tucked away in the corner of a lawyer’s bookshelf. At the age of 11, she learned about Alexander the
Great in middle school and asked her parents to name her little brother Alex. In her junior year, she
joined Academic Decathlon and watched the program change the lives of her entire team. A year later,
she led the Pearland High School Acadec team to its first state championship. These days, you can
find Sophy looking for coincidences and braving the cold at Harvard University. She welcomes your
thoughts on Zen and motorcycles at sophy@demidec.com.

ABOUT THE POWER ALPACA

DEAN SCHAFFER
Dean Schaffer believes that in his former life, he was either an owl (wise and nocturnal), a
lolcat (prone to nonsensical utterances), or a Microsoft Word spellchecker (compulsive but
vulnerable to glitches). In this life, he attends Stanford University, majors in American
Studies, minors in Classics, and doesn’t really know what he wants to do when he grows
up-----something he constantly hopes he’ll never have to do.
Since joining DemiDec to write the Renaissance Music Power Guide, Dean has taken turns
making the Power Guide more powerful, the flashcard a lot flashier, and the Cram Kit a
bit…crammier? This season marks Dean’s fifth with DemiDec, and his lengthy tenure has,
thus far, given him a glimpse of the ineffable quirks of the English language and, more
notably, of the ineffable cuteness of the three puppies which inhabit DemiDec HQ (and are
probably the single biggest productivity drain on DemiDec Dan).
In his spare time, Dean ponders whether he’ll ever be able to handle the luxury of spare time; luckily, he avoids this
metaphysical quandary altogether by choosing not to affiliate himself with relaxation of any form. Instead, he
occupies himself with songwriting, playing guitar, and parallel structure-ing. When he isn’t doing those things, he’s
considering the merits of democratic elections, oligarchic disinterestedness, and delicious gouda cheese.