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CHAPTER 5

CONTINUITY AND DIFFERENTIATION

POINTS TO REMEMBER

A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c iff lim f x f c

x c

i.e., lim f x lim f x f c

x c

x c

f(x) is continuous in (a, b) iff it is continuous at x c c a, b .

f(x) is continuous in [a, b] iff

(i)
(ii)

(iii)

f(x) is continuous in (a, b)

lim f x f a ,

x a

lim f x f b

x b

Trigonometric functions are continuous in their respective domains.

Every polynomial function is continuous on R.

If f (x) and g (x) are two continuous functions and c R then at x = a

(i)

f (x) g (x) are also continuous functions at x = a.

(ii)

g (x) . f (x), f (x) + c, cf (x), | f (x)| are also continuous at x = a.

(iii)

f x
is continuous at x = a provided g(a) 0.
g x

f (x) is derivable at x = c in its domain iff

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lim

x c

f x f c
f x f c
lim
, and is finite
x c
x c
x c

The value of above limit is denoted by f(c) and is called the derivative
of f(x) at x = c.

d
dv
du
u v u v
dx
dx
dx

d u

dx v

If y = f(u) and u = g(t) then

du
dv
u
dx
dx
v2
dy
dt

If y = f(u),

dy
du

du

f u .g t

dt

Chain Rule

x = g(u) then,

dy
dy
du
f u

.
dx
du
dx
gu

d 1
sin x
dx

1
1 x

d 1
1
tan x
,
dx
1 x2
d
1
sec 1 x
,
dx
x x2 1
d x
e
dx

ex ,

d
cos1 x
dx

1
1 x2

d 1
1
cot x
dx
1 x2
d
1
cosec 1x
dx
x x2 1
d
1
log x
dx
x

f (x) = [x] is discontinuous at all integral points and continuous for all x
R Z.

Rolles theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [ a, b ], derivable in (a, b) and

f (a) = f (b) then there exists atleast one real number c (a, b) such that
f (c) = 0.

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Mean Value Theorem : If f (x) is continuous in [a, b] and derivable in

(a, b) then there exists atleast one real number c (a, b) such that

f c

f b f a

b a

f (x) = logex, (x > 0) is continuous function.

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (1 MARK)

1.

For what value of x, f(x) = |2x 7| is not derivable.

2.

Write the set of points of continuity of g(x) = |x 1| + |x + 1|.

3.

What is derivative of |x 3| at x = 1.

4.

What are the points of discontinuity of f x

5.

Write the number of points of discontinuity of f(x) = [x] in [3, 7].

6.

x 3 if x 2

f
x

4 if x 2 is a continuous function for all

The function,

2x if x 2

x 1 x 1
.
x 7 x 6

x R, find .

tan3x

7.

For what value of K, f x sin2x

, x 0

2K ,

x 0

is continuous x R .

8.

Write derivative of sin x w.r.t. cos x.

9.

If f(x) = x2g(x) and g(1) = 6, g(1) = 3 find value of f(1).

10.

Write the derivative of the following functions :

(i)
(iii)

log3 (3x + 5)

e 6 loge

x 1

(ii)

log 2 x

,x 1

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(iv)

sec 1 x cosec 1 x , x 1.

(v)

sin1 x 7 2

(vi)

logx 5, x > 0.

SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS (4 MARKS)

11.

12.

Discuss the continuity of following functions at the indicated points.

(i)

x x
, x 0

f x x
at x 0.

2,
x 0

(ii)

sin 2x
3x , x 0
g x
at x 0.
3
x 0
2

(iii)

x 2 cos 1 x x 0
f x
at x 0.
0
x 0

(iv)

f(x) = |x| + |x 1| at x = 1.

(v)

x x , x 1
f x
at x 1.
0
x 1

3x 2 kx 5,
For what value of k, f x
1 3x

0 x 2
is continuous
2 x 3

x 0, 3.
13.

For what values of a and b

f x

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x 2

a
x 2
a b
x 2
2b
x 2

if x 2
if x 2
is continuous at x = 2.

if x 2
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14.

Prove that f(x) = |x + 1| is continuous at x = 1, but not derivable at

x = 1.

15.

For what value of p,

x p sin 1 x x 0
f x
is derivable at x = 0.
0
x0

1
2

2x
dy
1
1
2 tan1 , 0 x 1, find
.
tan
2

x
dx
1 x

16.

If y

17.

1 x
dy
?
If y sin 2 tan1
then
1 x
dx

18.

If 5x + 5y = 5x+y then prove that

19.

If x 1 y 2 y 1 x 2 a then show that

20.

If

21.

If (x + y)m +

22.

2x
2x
w.r.t. sin1
.
Find the derivative of tan1
1 x 2
1 x 2

23.

Find the derivative of loge(sin x) w.r.t. loga(cos x).

24.

If xy + yx + xx = mn, then find the value of

25.

If x = a cos3, y = a sin3 then find

dy
5y x 0 .
dx

dy
1 y 2

.
dx
1 x 2

1 x 2 1 y 2 a x y then show that

= xm . yn then prove that

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dy
1 y 2

.
dx
1 x 2

dy y
.
dx x

dy
.
dx

d 2y
.
dx 2

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26.

x = aet (sint cos t)

If

y = aet (sint + cost) then show that

dy

at x is 1 .
dx
4

dy
.
dx

27.

1
2
If y sin x 1 x x 1 x then find

28.

If y x loge x loge x

29.

x
Differentiate x

30.

Find

31.

1 sin x
If y tan1
1 sin x

32.

1
If x sin loge
a

33.

Differentiate log x log x , x 1 w .r .t . x

34.

If sin y = x sin (a + y) then show that

35.

If y = sin1x, find

36.

If

37.

a cos
If y e

38.

If y3 = 3ax2 x3 then prove that

39.

Verify Rolle's theorem for the function, y = x2 + 2 in the interval [a, b]

where a = 2, b = 2.

40.

Verify Mean Value Theorem for the function, f(x) = x2 in [2, 4]

then find

dy
.
dx

w.r.t. x.

dy
y
x
, if cos x cos y
dx

1 sin x

dy
where 2 x find dx .
1 sin x

y then show that (1 x2) y xy a2y = 0.

2
dy sin a y

.
dx
sin a

d 2y
in terms of y.
dx 2

d 2y
b 4
x2 y2

.
then
show
that

1,
dx 2 a 2 y 3
a2 b 2

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, 1 x 1, show that 1 x 2

44

d 2y
dy
x
a2 y 0
2
dx
dx

d 2 y 2a 2 x 2

.
dx 2
y5

ANSWERS
1.

x = 7/2

2.

3.

4.

x = 6, 7

5.

Points of discontinuity of f(x) are 4, 5, 6, 7 i.e. four points.

Note : At x = 3, f(x) = [x] is continuous. because lim f x 3 f 3 .
x 3

3
.
4

6.

7
.
2

7.

8.

cot x

9.

15

10.

(i)

(ii)

e log2

(iii) 6 (x 1)5

(iv)

7 x2 x
.
2 1 x 7

(vi)

(i) Discontinuous

(ii)

Discontinuous

(iv)

continuous

(v)

11.

3
log3 e
3x 5

(iii) Continuous

1
.log2 e.
x

loge 5
2

x loge x

(v) Discontinuous
12.

k = 11

13.

a = 0, b = 1.

15.

p > 1.

16.

22.

17.

x
1 x 2

23.

cot2x logea

24.

x
y 1
y x log y
dy x 1 log x yx

.
dx
x y log x xy x 1

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25.

d 2y
1

cosec sec 4 .
dx 2 3a

28.

x log x

29.

x
dy
1

x x . x x log x 1 log x
.
dx

x log x

30.

dy y tan x logcos y

dx x tan y logcos x

31.

dy
1
.
dx
2

27.

dy
1
1

.
dx
1 x 2 2 x 1 x

2log x
x 1

log x
log log x .
x
log x

Hint. : sin

x
x

cos for x , .
2
2
2

1 log log x

, x 1
x
x

33.

log x log x

35.

sec2y tany.

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