A well defined collection of objects is called a set and each object is called a member or

element of the set

A set is denoted by a capital letter and is expressed by:

Listing its elements, e.g. = , , , ,

A set builder notation

set of real numbers

set of positive real numbers

set of natural numbers

set of integers

set of positive integers

e.g. {: is a prime number and < 30}

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For any finite set , () denotes the number of elements in

A null or empty set is denote by { } or

For any two sets and :

= if they have the same elements

if

= {: and }

= then and are disjoint sets

= {: or }

For any set and universal set

and 0

= {: and }

=
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Simultaneous linear equations can be solved either by substitution or elimination

Simultaneous linear and non-linear equations are generally solved by substitution as follows:

Step 1: obtain an equation in one unknown and solve this equation

Step 2: substitute the results from step 1 into the linear equation to find the other
unknown

The points of intersection of two graphs are given by the solution of their simultaneous
equations

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Indices:

Definitions:

for > 0 and positive integers and

0 = 1
1

Rules:
for > 0, > 0 and rational numbers and
= +

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Logarithms:

Definition

for > 0 and 1

= = log

For log to be defined

> 0 and > 0, 1

When the logarithms are defined

log 1 = 0

log + log log

log = 1

log log log

log

log
log

log log

When solving logarithmic equations, check solution with original equation and discard

any solutions that causes logarithm to be undefined

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Solution of = where 1, 0, 1

If can be easily written as , then

= =

Otherwise take logarithms on both sides,

i.e. log = log and so =

log log10

ln log

Exponential graphs:

log
log

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To sketch = 2 + +

Use the turning point:

Express = 2 + + as =
2
2
2 + +

2
2
+ 2+
Where the vertex is (, )
> 0 u-shaped minimum point
< 0 n-shaped maximum point

Find the -intercept:

Factorize or use formula

+ by completing the square

Type of root by calculating discriminant 2 4

If 2 4 = 0, real and equal roots

If 2 4 > 0, real and distinct roots

If 2 4 < 0, no real roots

Intersections of a line and a curve: if the simultaneous equations of the line and curve leads

to a simultaneous equation then:

If 2 4 = 0, line is tangent to the curve

If 2 4 > 0, line meets curve in two points

If 2 4 < 0, line does not meet curve

Quadratic inequality:

<0 < <

> 0 < or >

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Polynomials:

2 + + is a polynomial of degree 2 (quadratic)

3 + 2 + + is a polynomial of degree 3 (cubic)

Identities:

= for all values of

To find unknowns in an identity:

Substitute suitable values of , or

b.

Equate coefficients of like powers of

Factor theorem:

a.

is a factor of = 0

Remainder theorem:

If a polynomial () is divided by , the remainder is R =

DIVIDEND = DIVISOR QUOTIENT + REMAINDER
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Solution of cubic equation 3 + 2 + + = 0 with an integer root

Step 1: Obtain one factor ( ) by trial and error

Step 2: Factorize 3 + 2 + + = 0 as 2 + + = 0

Step 3: Solve 2 + + = 0 for the other roots

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Order of a matrix: a matrix with rows and columns, Order =

Adding/subtracting matrices: add/subtract each corresponding element

Scalar multiplication: to multiply a matrix by , multiply each element by

Multiplying matrices: multiply row by column

Identity matric:
1 0
=
= and =
0 1
Calculating the determinant:

=
= ( )

Inverse of a 2 by 2 matrix:

Switch leading diagonal, negate secondary diagonal

Multiply by
=

1 =

1 = 1 =
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Solving simultaneous linear equations by a matrix method:

+ =

Equation can be written as:

+ =

Rearrange it and solve:

=
For a matrix to give unique solutions:

0

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Equation of a straight line:

= +

1 = ( 1 )

Gradient:
=

2 1
2 1

Length of a line segment:

Length =

Midpoint of a line segment:

Parallelogram:

(2 1 )2 +(2 1 )2

1 + 2 1 + 2
,
2
2

ABCD is a parallelogram diagonals AC and BD have a common midpoint

Special parallelograms = rhombuses, squares, rectangles

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Special gradients:

Parallel lines: 1 = 2

Perpendicular lines: 1 2 = 1

Perpendicular bisector: line passes through midpoint

To work out point of intersection of two lines/curves, solve equations simultaneously

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Radian measure:
= 180

Degree to Rad

2 = 360

=
180

Rad to Degree =

180

Arc length:
=

Area of a sector:

1
= 2
2

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Trigonometric ratio of special angles:

SINE CURVE

COSINE CURVE

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TANGENT CURVE

CAST Diagram:

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Trigonometric ratios:
sec =

1
cos

1
sin

cot =

1
tan

Trigonometric identities:
tan =

sin
cos

cot 2 + 1 = cosec 2

cosec =

sin2 + cos2 = 1

tan2 + 1 = sec 2

Sketching trigonometric graphs:

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One-to-one functions: each value maps to one distinct value

e.g. = 3 1

Many-to-one functions: there are some () values which are generated by more than one
value
e.g. = 2 2 + 3

Domain = values

Range = values

To find range:

Complete the square

2 2 + 3 1

+2

Work out min/max point

Minimum point = (1,2)

all values are greater than or equal to 2. () 2

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One-to-many functions do not exist

Domain of = Range of 1 ()

Solving functions:

(2):

substitute = 2 and solve for ()

substitute = ()

let = () and make the subject

Transformation of graphs:

(): reflection in the -axis

: reflection in the -axis

+ : translation of units parallel to -axis

+ : translation of units parallel to -axis

(): stretch, scale factor parallel to -axis

: stretch, scale factor parallel to -axis

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Modulus function:

Modulus of a number is its absolute value

Never goes below -axis

Makes negative graph into positive by reflecting negative part into -axis

Solving modulus function:

Sketch graphs and find points of intersection

Square the equation and solve quadratic

Relationship of a function and its inverse:

The graph of the inverse of a function is the reflection of a graph of the function in =

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Gradient formula: 1

Increasing function, > 0

Stationary point: = 0

2nd Derivative
: differentiate

of () ()

Decreasing function,

<0

the differential

Finds nature of the point: substitute -value and check

If value +ve, min. point negative stationary point
If value ve, max. point positive stationary point

Chain rule:

Product rule:

Quotient rule:

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Special Differentials:

sin = cos

cos = sin

tan = sec 2

+ = +

ln =

If = ln( ) then

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Related rates of change:

If and are related by the equation = (), then the rates of change

related by:

and

are

Small changes:

If = () and small change in causes a small change in , then

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+1
+
( + 1)

+ +1
+
( + 1)

Definite integral: substitute coordinates/values and find

Integrating by parts:

What to make :
L

Logs

Algebra

Trig

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To find area under the graph (curve and -axis):

Integrate curve

Substitute boundaries of

Subtract one from another (ignore c)

To find volume under the graph (curve and -axis):

Square the function

Integrate and substitute

Multiply by

To find area/volume between curve and -axis:

Make subject of the formula

Follow above method using -values instead of -values

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Special integrals:
1

sin + = cos + +

cos + = sin + +

sec 2 + = tan + +

1
+

+ = + +

= ln + +
1

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Basic Counting Principle: to find the number of ways of performing several tasks in
succession, multiply the number of ways in which each task can be performed:

e.g. 5 4 3 2

Factorial: ! = 1 2 3 2 1

Permutations:

The number of ordered arrangements of r objects taken from n unlike objects is:
!
=

!
Order matters

Combinations:

The number of ways of selecting objects from unlike objects is:

!
=

! !
Order does not matter
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DIFFERENTIATE

displacement

velocity

acceleration

INTEGRATE

Particle at instantaneous rest, = 0

Maximum displacement from origin, = 0

Maximum velocity, = 0

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The binomial theorem allows expansion of any expression in the form +

e.g. Expand 2 1
2 1

= 0 + 1 1 + 2 2 2 + +

= 40 (2)4 + 41 2 3 (1) + 42 2

= 1(2)4 +4 2 3 (1) +6 2

+ 4 2

+ 43 2

+ 1 1

+ 44 1

= 16 4 32 3 + 24 2 8 + 1

The powers of are in descending order

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Position vector: position of point relative to origin,

Forms of vector:

i j

Parallel vectors: same direction but different magnitude

Generally, =

Magnitude =

Unit vectors: vectors of magnitude 1

i2 + j2

e.g. = 2i + 3j
Unit vector =

1
13

= 13
2i + 3j

Collinear vectors: vectors on the same line

Dot product: + . + = +

Angle between two diverging vectors:

.
cos =

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Motion in the water:

VW = true velocity of W (water)

VP/W = velocity of P relative to W still water

Course take by P is direction of VP/W

Motion in the air:

VW = true velocity of W (wind or air)

VP/W = velocity of P relative to W still air/wind

Course take by P is direction of VP/W

/ =

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