Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I10-1
specification
make-up
power also
allowed
I10-2
I10-3
I10-4
I10-5
Auto-Insertion of
Contingencies Dialog
Choose
types to
include
Select to include
only elements in
chosen areas
Apply Advanced
Filters for branches,
generators, or buses
I10-6
A Description of the
selected contingency
appears in the Contingency
Definition Section
Click X to
hide the
Definition
Section
Click to save the contingencies to file
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I10-7
List of
contingency
elements
I10-8
Choose
element
type
Choose
action
type
Choose the
Element
Choose the
action
parameters
Add a comment
which will be
saved with
Auxiliary Files
I10-9
Contingency Analysis
Power Flow Solution Options
To Open this dialog click on Define Solution Options on
the Contingency Definition Dialog
This dialog allows you to specify custom solution options
for solving the post-contingency power flow
I10-10
I10-11
I10-12
Load State
Gen State
In or out of service
Voltage magnitude
Voltage angle
Boolean stating whether any load exists
at the bus (this is used because some of
the contingency actions such as MOVE
GEN will create a fictitious load if there
is no generation at the destination bus to
merge with.)
MW Marginal Cost
In or out of service
Constant power MW and MVAR
components of load
Constant current MW and MVAR load,
assuming one per unit voltage
Constant impedance MW and MVAR
load, assuming one per unit voltage
MW Scale
Mvar Scale
AGC status
Min/Max Load MW
In or out of service
MW output
MVAR output
Max/Min MW Output
Participation Factor
Max/Min Mvar output
Voltage Setpoint
AGC status (YES/NO)
AVR status (YES/NO)
Capability Curve
Whether to use Capability Curve
Line Drop Compensation Impedance
Line Drop Compensation Status
(YES/NO/POSTCTG)
Line State
In or out of service
bypassed or not
whether transformer was on control
tap ratio
phase shift
High/Low desired setpoints
Series Reactance X (Only for Series
Caps because they can change)
DC Line State
Multi-Terminal DC Line State
Power Flow Solution Options
MW Transaction
MW Value
Enabled Status
I10-13
Options Tab:
Modeling
I10-14
Options Tab:
Modeling
Calculation Method
Full Power Flow
Linearized Lossless DC
similar to the DC Power Flow, but this is linearized around
present operating point
I10-15
Options Tab:
Modeling
Retry Solution using the Robust Solution Process
after a contingency failure
Attempts to solve the power flow in a series of steps
that involves turning on controls one type of control at
a time
I10-16
Options Tab:
Modeling Make-up Power
Describe which areas make up for a change
in the MW generation or load in the system.
Normally done use some sort of
participation from the areas or generation
in the case
Typically power systems control schemes like
AGC (or Economic Dispatch), do not respond
quickly enough to remove an overload after a
contingency. AGC acts on the 15 minute to 1
hour time frame (not tens of seconds)
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I10-17
Options Tab:
Modeling Make-up Power
Area Participation Factors specified below
Each area is weighted according to the factors
specified. The total weight for the area is then spread
across all the area generation according to generator
participation factors.
The power flow is then solved using Island-Based AGC
I10-18
Options Tab:
Modeling
Define Contingency Solution Options
Allows you to specify different power flow solution
options for solving the post-contingency power flow.
This gives 3 levels of power flow solution options
1.
2.
3.
I10-19
Set As Reference
Sets whatever the present power system state is as the reference
state for Contingency Analysis
Restore Reference
Restores the system to the reference state
I10-20
I10-21
List of
elements
which
could be
monitored
X/O for
showing or not
showing the
definition
I10-23
I10-24
Summary Tab
Provides a
summary of the
status of the present
contingency
analysis run
Also, Pause and
Abort buttons
available while
contingency is
running
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I10-25
Dynamic Formatting
Allows for Conditional Dynamic Formatting of
Onelines and Case Information Displays
I6-1
Contouring Visualization
Contouring Visualization
What is Contouring used for?
Using the Contour Options Dialog
Examples
I6-3
Uses of Contouring
Analyze large amounts of information all at
once
Get an overview at a glance
Monitoring data
Presenting data
I6-4
I6-5
I6-6
I6-7
Same Setting
I6-8
If Use Fade To
Value is
checked, then
Percentage at
which contour
begins to fade
towards the
Fade To Value
Set contour
resolution
I6-9
Contour Type
Specify the type of display object that
should be used for contouring
Specify the value of the respective object to
use
Specify an Advanced Filter to reduce
what is contoured.
I6-10
Values
These define the values used in the color
maps. (The color key displays the values)
Maximum
Break High
Nominal
Break Low
Minimum
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I6-11
Color Maps
Simulator offers several default Color Maps
For contours for which both low and high
values are of significance (such as Bus
Voltages) the following color maps are
recommended
Blue = Low,
Red = High
Reverse Colors
To get this
I6-12
Color Maps
For contours for which only high
values are significant, Radar Map
High Limits is recommended
For contours for which only low
values are significant, Radar Map
Low Limits is recommended
I6-13
I6-14
I6-15
Contour Resolution
Sets the resolution of the contour
High means a better picture with more
computation time required
Low means a grainy picture with less
computation time
Low
High
I6-16
Influence Region
Controls how large the influence distance
is for a data point.
Influence Region Small
Bus 2
Bus 2
Bus 4
Bus 1
Bus 4
Bus 1
Bus 6
Bus 5
Bus 3
Bus 6
Bus 5
Bus 3
I6-17
Fade To Value
As a values influence moves away from the
actual data point, the value fades to a
user-specified value.
The same data is contoured in the figures below
with different Fade To Values
Nominal, Maximum, Minimum
200 MW
9 MVR
200 MW
9 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
200 MW
9 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
237 MW
34 MVR
89 MW
35 MVR
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 6
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
0.99 pu
Bus 3
Bus 3
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
20 MVR
1.03 pu
237 MW
34 MVR
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
84 MW
67 MVR
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
89 MW
35 MVR
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
1.02 pu
237 MW
34 MVR
Bus 5
100 MW
20 MVR
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
89 MW
35 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
Bus 3
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
I6-18
I6-19
Kind of Value:
Actual Value
Actual Value (Weighted Average) and
Actual Value (Only Closest) both attempt to
visualize the values of particular points.
Weighted Average creates a
gradient by weighting colors by
their distance from data points
200 MW
9 MVR
200 MW
9 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
100 MW
20 MVR
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
100 MW
20 MVR
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
237 MW
34 MVR
89 MW
35 MVR
237 MW
34 MVR
89 MW
35 MVR
Bus 5
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 6
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
0.99 pu
Bus 3
Bus 3
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
I6-20
Kind of Value:
Density of Values
Density of Values causes the colors on the
contour to represent a Weighted Sum
Useful when you want the following two
situations to be equivalent
1 bus with 600 MW of load
6 buses next to each other with 100 MW of
load each
I6-21
Kind of Value:
Density of Values
When using this option, the Influence
Region has a great impact on the contour
image created
Increasing the Influence Region, will cause the
sum to be taken over a larger number of data
points which will increase the values shown in
the contour.
200 MW
9 MVR
200 MW
9 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
100 MW
20 MVR
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
100 MW
20 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
1.04 pu
100 MW
20 MVR
1.02 pu
Bus 4
Bus 2
Bus 1
1.03 pu
1.03 pu
1.02 pu
237 MW
34 MVR
89 MW
35 MVR
237 MW
34 MVR
89 MW
35 MVR
Bus 5
Bus 5
Bus 6
Bus 6
1.00 pu
1.00 pu
0.99 pu
0.99 pu
Bus 3
Bus 3
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
100 MW
10 MVR
1.01 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
100 MW
20 MVR
84 MW
67 MVR
I6-22
Bus 2
Bus 2
Bus 4
Bus 1
Bus 4
Bus 1
Bus 6
Bus 5
Bus 3
Bus 6
Bus 5
Bus 3
I6-23
I6-24
I6-25
Color By
Percentage
Color by Percentage takes the Value and maps it
to a Percentage using the Maximum, Minimum
Values specified on the first tab
The percentage is then mapped to a color using the
Color Map
Advantage: Color Maps can be reused
Bus Per Unit Voltage, Marginal Cost, anything can use same
Maximum (100%)
Break High (75%)
Nominal (50%)
Break Low (25%)
Minimum (0%)
Corporation
Percent
Color Map
Percentage
Color
I6-26
Color By
Value
Color By Value removes the intermediate
percentage
Value is mapped directly to Color using the Color Map
Advantage: You can be more precise with your
coloring
You want to color bus objects by AREA Number using 20
specific colors
Value
Color Map
By Value
Color
I6-27
I6-28
I6-29
I6-30
I6-31
I6-32
Recommendations for
Contouring
Task-specific displays
Make your onelines so that they only convey
one idea
For instance: dont show line pie charts on a
bus voltage display. This creates clutter.
I6-33
Voltage Contouring
Sometimes run into strange contours due to
LTCs.
To avoid this, create onelines that only have
one voltage levels buses displayed
Can create a different oneline for each voltage
level if desired
I6-34
I6-35
I6-36
I6-37
I6-38
I6-39
I6-40
I6-42
I6-43
I6-44
Dynamic Formatting
Dynamic Formatting
Dynamic Formatting
Allows for Conditional Dynamic Formatting of
Onelines and Case Information Displays
Builds on existing features: Select by Criteria AND
Advanced Filtering
I6-46
Choose
Object
Type
Choose an
Advanced
Filter
Choose
Fields to
apply to for
some kinds
of objects
Choose
Format
Attributes
Only some attributes apply to case information displays
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I6-47
I6-48
I6-49
I6-50
Must check
Use Lookup
I6-51
I6-53
I6-54
I6-55
I6-56
I6-57
I6-58
I6-59
I6-60
I6-61
Measure Lines
Measure the distance between points on the display by drawing a line
connecting them
I6-62
I7-1
Traditionally
called the
Power Flow
Solution
Voltage
Control
Loop also
covered in
this section
I7-2
I7-3
I7-4
I7-5
Fast Decoupled
an option in Simulator
Gauss-Seidel
presently not available in Simulator
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I7-6
Newtons Method
Guess initial value of voltages x0, k = 0
Repeat
While ( |f(xk)| > ) and (k < kmax) Do
xk+1 = xk - [J(xk)]-1 f(xk)
k = k+1
End While
I7-7
Newtons Method
Where
k
kmax
xk
f(xk)
J(xk)
=
=
=
=
=
=
Iteration count
Maximum number of iterations
Voltages at the kth iteration
Mismatch equations
Convergence tolerance (in MVA)
Jacobian matrix
I7-8
I7-9
I7-10
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
To customize the power flow solution, go to the
Options ribbon tab and select Simulator Options
Power Flow Solution page
I7-11
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
Common Options Tab
MVA Convergence Tolerance
the tolerance for the inner power flow loop
Must be larger than zero
I7-12
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
Common Options Tab
Unchecking Enforce Generator MW Limits
means generator MW limits are not enforced
Gen MVAR Limits
Disable Checking means generator MVAR limits
are not enforced
Check immediately means the MVAR limits are
checked and handled first before a solution iteration
is run
I7-13
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
Common Options Tab
Disable Switched Shunt Control (affects entire case)
Disable LTC Transformer Control (affects entire
case)
Disable Phase Shifter Control (affects entire case)
Transformer Stepping Methodology
Coordinated Sensitivities looks at all transformers that are
out-of-range and coordinates the movement to bring all
back within regulation range
Self-Sensitivity Only looks at each transformer
individually and determines the sensitivity of its regulated
value with respect to changing its own tap or phase only
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I7-14
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
Common Options Tab
Prevent Controller Oscillations
keeps controlled devices from continually switching
between two control states for the entire case
I7-15
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
Advanced Options Tab
I7-16
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
Advanced Options Tab
Dynamically add/remove slack buses as topology is
changes (Allow Multiple Islands)
If a single island is split into two islands (by opening lines),
then a new slack bus is chosen (generator with the largest MW
limit is chosen)
I7-17
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
Advanced Options Tab
Disable Power Flow Optimal Multiplier
The optimal multiplier is a mathematically calculated step size
for Newtons Method that prevents the mismatch equations
from increasing between iterations.
I7-18
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
Advanced Options Tab
Disable Treating Continuous SSs as PV Buses
Continuous switched shunts are normally treated as buses with
fixed power and voltage inside the inner power flow loop.
I7-19
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
Advanced Options Tab
Disable Angle Rotation Processing
Voltage angles are rotated so that the angle range in an island is
equally spaced around zero degrees if any angles fall outside +/- 160
degrees
I7-20
I7-21
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
Island-Based AGC Tab
Allow load and
generation
balancing
across an island,
instead of Areas
or Super Areas
Options
used for
Injection
Group
Dispatch
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I7-22
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
DC Options Tab
Use DC Approx. in
Power Flow /
OPF / SCOPF
Check this box
to model the
system using a
DC power flow.
I7-23
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
DC Options Tab
Compensate for Losses by Adjusting the Load
Specify a load multiplier at each bus. When solving the
DC power, Simulator will artificially increase loads by
this multiplier
I7-24
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
DC Options Tab
DC Power Flow Model
Ignore Line Series Resistance (r)
b = -1/x, g = 0
I7-25
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
General Tab
I7-26
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
General Tab
Assumed MVA Per Unit Base
MVA base used for the entire case
Default is 100 MVA
I7-27
Simulator Options:
Power Flow Solution Page
Storage Tab
I7-28
Islands - Defined
Often times power system consists of a single
interconnected system operating in synchronism
However sometimes multiple systems exist that are
either unconnected, or connected only through DC
transmission lines.
Such systems operate asynchronous with one another
and are called Islands.
Each island must have a slack bus. Check Allow
Multiple Islands.
I7-29
I7-30
Simulator
has automatically
chosen
bus 2 as the
slack.
Open tie-lines
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I7-31
It is not uncommon to
have multiple islands.
Often cases in the
Eastern United States
have Five Islands
I7-32
Simulator Options:
Message Log Page
Customize
message log
notation,
contents, and
appearance
I7-33
Simulator Options:
Environment Page
Can have
Blackout
appear if
case does not
converge
Memory limit
for Oneline
Undo feature
I7-34
Simulator Options:
Oneline Page
Display
only; no
simulation
Solution
method
when
animating
Name of default oneline
file to open for ALL cases
Shows hints
when cursor
over element
Non-US
style XFR
symbols
Name of main oneline file
for CURRENT case
I7-35
Simulator Options:
File Manage Page
Special options
tab for EPC
and RAW files
Automatically
save over
current PWB.
0 means do
not Autosave
Enables previously saved PWB files to be automatically
archived each time the file is saved with the same name
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I7-36
Simulator Options:
Case Information Displays
This was covered in an earlier section on Case
Information Displays
I7-37
Simulation Options:
Limits Tab
Globally set
enforcement of
generator limits
Can set lines to open
automatically if
overloaded for too
long in simulation
Text fields can be
highlighted if the
value they display
is violating a
defined limit
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I7-38
Generator AVR
Generator AVR is integrated directly into
the power flow equations. (AVR creates
PV buses)
Generators on AVR maintain a fixed
voltage magnitude at the regulated bus,
provided reactive power output is within
limits.
To change options, right-click on generator
symbol and select Information Dialog.
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I7-39
Current reactive
power output
Check to define
and use MW
dependent
capability curve
I7-40
I7-41
I7-42
I7-43
I7-44
I7-45
I7-46
I7-47
I7-48
Automatic control
requires the mode be
either discrete or
continuous
I7-49
150 MW 150 MW
39 MVR 39 MVR
150 MW 150 MW
39 MVR 39 MVR
0.0 MVR
95%
95%
150 MW 150 MW
39 MVR 39 MVR
JONDAY07
95%
95%
95%
150 MW 150 MW
39 MVR 39 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
JONDAY09 JONDAY11
0 MW
0 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
0 MW
0 MVR
JONDAY13 JONDAY15
I7-50
39 MW
-3 MVR
Bus 3
61 MW
-47 MVR
0.950 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
0 MVR
40 MW
24 MVR
Bus 3
79 MVR
10 MW
22 MVR
Bus 3
61 MVR
60 MW
5 MVR
0.994 pu
100 MW
50 MVR
40 MW
14 MVR
1.004 pu
50 MW
25 MVR
I7-51
I7-52
Transformer Control
Verify the transformer control is enabled on
Power Flow Solution Options dialog
I7-53
LTC Transformers
Right-click on
transformer
symbol to view the
Transmission
Line/Transformer dialog
Current
off-nominal
turns ratio
and phase
shift
Transformer
LTC options
Must be
checked to
enable
control
Select to view
LTC Options
I7-54
Bus 4
0.960 pu
0.95625 tap
Bus 5
0.998 pu
100 MW
0 MVR
Bus 4
0.923 pu
0.90625 tap
Bus 5
0.999 pu
200 MW
0 MVR
Bus 4
0.975 pu
0.97500 tap
Bus 5
0.999 pu
30 MW
0 MVR
I7-55
I7-57
Traditionally
called the
Power Flow
Solution
Voltage
Control Loop
also covered in
this section
I7-58
Pre-processing
Angle Smoothing
Reduces large angle differences across
transmission elements that have recently been
closed in to reduce initial power flow
mismatches
Previously if you closed in a line with a large
angle difference, the power flow would diverge
I7-59
Pre-processing
Generator Remote Regulation Viability
Checks for a viable transmission path between a
generator bus and its remotely regulated bus
If a generator has no transmission path, or if all possible
transmission routes to the regulated bus are intercepted
by other voltage controlled buses, then the generator is
internally turned off of voltage regulation
If a generator on left are set to
control voltage at the bus on
the right, then this would
cause convergence difficulty
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
OPEN BREAKER
I7-60
Pre-processing
Estimate MW Change
Stores the initial output of the generators for
referencing during participation factor control
Modifies generator outputs in each area, super area, or
island (depending on what control is being used) to
meet approximate ACE requirements
Attempting to prevent slack bus from changing by
drastic amounts during the first Newton-Raphson
power flow calculation in the inner loop
I7-61
MW Control Loop
MW Control (Outer Loop)
Repeat
Voltage Controller Loop
Inner Power Flow Loop
I7-62
I7-63
I7-64
I7-65
I7-66
I7-67
Complete Process
Pre-processing
Angle Smoothing, Remote Viability Check, Area Generator Estimation
Evaluation Mismatch
Optionally (enforce Generator MVAR
limits at each step)
Perform power flow step
Newtons Method
Decoupled Power Flow
Polar Newton
I7-68
I8-1
Generator MW Control
Real power output of generator can be changed
either
manually
Generator dialog
Case information displays
Generator fields
System Scaling display
automatically
I8-2
I8-3
Select to actually
scale the values
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
Note
Description
Select to
add/remove
Entire area
I8-4
I8-5
PArea Losses
PG
I8-6
Cubic cost
model
I8-7
I8-8
Generator Records
Fields on the dialog are also available on
the Generator Case Information Displays
I8-9
Units
are
$ / hour
I8-11
Linear cost
curve
breakpoints
and costs
Note: When you change the fuel cost, Simulator will prompt you
asking you whether you want to change the bid curve points
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I8-12
Slope is
[$/MWh 2]
Fixed
Cost
First MW
Point [MW 1]
[MW 2]
[MW 3]
Output (MW)
I8-13
Slope is
[$/MWh 3]
Slope is
[$/MWh 2]
Fixed
Benefit
First MW
Point [MW 1]
[MW 2]
[MW 3]
Output (MW)
I8-14
I8-15
I8-16
Right-click on
axes to change
their scaling
Current
operating
point
I8-17
I8-18
I8-19
I8-20
Area Records
In the Model Explorer select Aggregations
Areas to view the Area Records display.
Display shows summary information about
all areas in case.
Entries can be sorted by clicking on the
column labels.
Right-click in the row of a desired area and
select Show Dialog to view the areas
information
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I8-21
AGC status
Rightclick
to view
Area
dialog
Total
area MW
interchange
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
Access
Tie-line
flows
MW
Interchange
by area
Tolerance
for MW area
control
I8-22
I8-23
110 MW
40 MVR
AGC ON
43 MW
Three
One
0.99 pu
32 MW
1.05 pu
59 MW
32 MW
Four
37 MW
40 MW
20 MVR
1.00 pu
31 MW
14 MW
38 MW
58 MW
95 MW
32 MW
Two
1.04 pu
14 MW
79 MW
40 MW
80 MW
30 MVR
41 MW
76 MW
AGC ON
Five
1.01 pu
39 MW
AGC ON
40 MW
130 MW
40 MVR
100 MW
8035 $/hr
40 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
1.04 pu
201 MW
AGC ON
200 MW
0 MVR Right Area Cost
4715 $/hr
Seven
200 MW
AGC ON
110 MW
40 MVR
AGC ON
46 MW
80 MW
30 MVR
44 MW
Three
One
0.99 pu
24 MW
1.05 pu
54 MW
24 MW
Four
42 MW
0 MW
0 MVR
1.00 pu
38 MW
10 MW
43 MW
54 MW
1.04 pu
81 MW
40 MW
76 MW
39 MW
Two
10 MW
81%
78 MW
AGC ON
Five
1.01 pu
42 MW
AGC ON
40 MW
130 MW
40 MVR
7348 $/hr
42 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
1.04 pu
202 MW
AGC ON
200 MW
0 MVR Right Area Cost
4751 $/hr
Seven
201 MW
AGC ON
I8-24
I8-25
110 MW
40 MVR
AGC ON
43 MW
Three
One
0.99 pu
32 MW
1.05 pu
59 MW
32 MW
Four
37 MW
40 MW
20 MVR
1.00 pu
31 MW
14 MW
38 MW
58 MW
95 MW
32 MW
Two
1.04 pu
AGC ON
14 MW
79 MW
40 MW
80 MW
30 MVR
41 MW
76 MW
Five
1.01 pu
39 MW
AGC ON
40 MW
130 MW
40 MVR
8035 $/hr
40 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
20 MW
1.04 pu
201 MW
AGC ON
200 MW
One
1.05 pu
0 MVR Right Area
Cost
69 MW
4713 $/hr
Seven
200 MW
AGC ON
112 MW
110 MW
40 MVR
AGC ON
43 MW
80 MW
30 MVR
41 MW
Three
0.99 pu
36 MW
70 MW
36 MW
Four
33 MW
1.00 pu
27 MW
20 MVR
17 MW
34 MW
68 MW
105 MW
28 MW
Two
1.04 pu
16 MW
77 MW
39 MW
75 MW
AGC ON
Five
1.01 pu
39 MW
AGC ON
39 MW
130 MW
40 MVR
8530 $/hr
39 MW
20 MW
19 MW
20 MW
19 MW
1.04 pu
201 MW
AGC ON
200 MW
0 MVR Right Area Cost
4719 $/hr
Seven
200 MW
AGC ON
I8-26
I8-27
I8-28
Area Transactions
MW Transactions are typically used in static power
flow studies
list only one amount
Accessed in the Model Explorer through Aggregations
MW Transactions
I8-29
Area Transactions
Used to quickly set up transactions between an
area and
another specific area
unspecified areas
I8-30
I8-31
Load + losses +
interchange is equal
to generation
Algebraic sum of
actual flow is
equal to scheduled
Case Information,
MW Transactions
You can also bring up a summary of all the
transactions in the case
Can show in a Matrix or in a List
I8-33
I8-34
I8-35
Island B
Area #1
Island B
Area #1
Area #2
Island A
Island C
Area #2
Island A
Island C
I8-36
Area #1
Area #2
Island A
Island C
I8-37
Output Information
Total Cost Curve [$/hr vs. MW]
Input Data
Example Heat Rate Curve Points
ID #
Unit Name
Unit Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
Cap
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
Heat
No Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5 Rate 1 Rate 2 Rate 3 Rate 4 Rate 5
Full
Load
HR
14
28
42
56
0 13400
21.7
43.5
65.2
87
0 11620
12
16
0 14800
50008 Agrilectric
2.7
5.5
8.2
11
0 10927
50049 Buras GT
4.7
9.5
14.2
19
0 15442
50146 Gypsy
216.9
249.6
360
436
10664 10175
9820 10032
10032
50147 Gypsy
325.7
361
412.1
573
10179
50148 Gypsy
56.6
103.4
196.9
244
50168 Houma
15
7.65
10.2
11.7
50169 Houma
16
14
18.4
20.6
9978
9978
24
12215
39
12215
I8-39
hr2
hr3
hr4
hr5
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
Output
[MW]
I8-40
hr4*x4
hr3*x3
hr2*x2
hr1*x1
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
Output
[MW]
I8-41
Cost [$/hr]
fc*hr5*x5+VOM*x5
s4
fc*hr4*x4+VOM*x4
fc*hr3*x3+VOM*x3
s3
fc*hr2*x2+VOM*x2
fc*hr1*x1+VOM*x1
x1
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
s2
s1
x2
x3
x4
x5
Output
[MW] I8-42
I8-43
I8-44
x5(fc*hr5+VOM)
Cost [$/hr]
where
Output
Slope
[MW] [$/MWhr]
x2(fc * hr2 + VOM ) - x1(fc * hr1 + VOM )
s1 =
x1
s1
x2 x1
x2
s2
etc...
x3
s3
x4
s4
s4
x4(fc*hr4+VOM)
x3(fc*hr3+VOM)
s3
x2(fc*hr2+VOM)
s2
s1
x1(fc*hr1+VOM)
x1
x2
x3
x4
x5
Output
[MW]
I8-45
Output
Slope
[MW] [$/MWhr]
x0
s1
x2
s2
x3
s3
x4
s4
I8-46
Convex Requirement
Cost curves must be convex
Required in markets as well
You cant sell you second block before your first.
I8-47
Unacceptable Curve
Slope
[$/MWhr]
20 $/MWhr
24 $/MWhr
26 $/MWhr
28 $/MWhr
Output
[MW]
100 MW
200 MW
300 MW
400 MW
Cost
[$/hr]
Slope
[$/MWhr]
20 $/MWhr
26 $/MWhr
24 $/MWhr
28 $/MWhr
Decrease
in slope
Cost
[$/hr]
s4
s4
s2
s3
s2
s3
s1
x1
x2
x3
x4
Output
x5[MW]
s1
x1
x2
x3
x4
Output
x5[MW]
I8-48
Unacceptable Curve
Slope
[$/MWhr]
28 $/MWhr
26 $/MWhr
24 $/MWhr
20 $/MWhr
Output
[MW]
100 MW
200 MW
300 MW
400 MW
Cost
[$/hr]
Slope
[$/MWhr]
28 $/MWhr
24 $/MWhr
26 $/MWhr
20 $/MWhr
Cost
[$/hr]
s4
s4
s3
s3
s2
s2
s1
x1
Increase
in slope
s1
x2
x3
x4
Load
x5[MW]
x1
x2
x3
x4
Load
x5[MW]
I8-49
Contingency analysis
Available Transfer Capability (ATC)
Optimal Power Flow (OPF)
Security Constrained Optimal Power Flow (SCOPF)
PV and QV Curve Tool (PVQV)
I9-1
I9-2
I9-3
I9-4
I9-5
I9-6
I9-7
I9-8
Elements to Show
Determine which elements should be displayed in the grids contained on
the dialog tabs
Number of Violations
Summary of how many elements have violations
Do not monitor radial lines and buses (applied to all limit groups)
Check this box to ignore limits caused by radial lines and buses
Most Limit Group options can be set in the upper right portion of the
dialog, the Modify/Create Limit Groups tab, or the Limit Group Dialog
I9-9
I9-10
I9-11
I9-12
I9-13
Piece-wise Linear
Limit Cost function
for use with
unenforceable
constraints in OPF and
SCOPF. This will be
discussed later in the
OPF section
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I9-14
I9-15
Radial Elements
Radial buses are connected to the rest of the
system by a single line. A line is considered radial
if it is this branch.
Often are a problem due to bad data
Generator output is larger than the step-up transformers limit
Large load connected to system by line with limit less than the
load value
Note: in next figure only the last bus and line are radial
This is a modeling problem, and you may want to just
ignore all these problems globally.
I9-16
Simulator Tip
Make extensive use of the Advanced
Filtering to help you set up Limit
Monitoring Settings
Once you apply an advanced filter that limits
what you are viewing to only those elements
you want to change, you can use Toggle All on
the local menu to set the Monitor Field, or the
Limit Group Field to the value you are
interested in
2008 PowerWorld Corporation
I9-17
I9-18