CHAPTER I

A. Theoritical Background
The cardiovascular system or circulatory system is a system that serves to maintain the
quantity and quality of existing fluid throughout the body. The cardiovascular system is
composed of two systems, namely the system of the heart and blood vasa. Blood circulation
system starts from the heart that serve to mempompa blood then flows through the aorta and
passed to branch - a branch blood vessel. The cardiovascular system is closely linked to the
blood in which each - each blood has a duty or function of his own - his own and are related
to each other.
The heart is the main organ in the cardiovascular system. Heart shaped by muscular
organs, apex and base cordis, the right atrium and the left as well as right and left ventricles.
Heart size is approximately 12 cm long, 8-9 cm wide seta thickness of about 6 cm.
Heavy heart about 7-15 ounces or 200 to 425 grams and is slightly larger than a fist.
Every heart beats 100,000 times a day and during that period the heart pumps 2000 gallons
of blood, equivalent to 7,571 liters of blood. The position of the heart is delivered both lungs
and is amid the chest, resting on the diaphragm thoracis and is approximately 5 cm above
the processus xiphoideus.
The main function of the heart is pumping darh around the body at which time the heart's
pumping heart muscle (myocardium) engaged. Besides the heart muscle also has the ability
to menimmbulkan electrical stimulation.
There are 4 rooms in the heart of the area where two of the atrium and the rest are called
ventricles. On the cloud known as the foyer atrium and the ventricles known as cubicles.

CHAPTER II
A. DEFINITION OF CARDIOVASCULAR
The heart is a hollow muscular organ located in the center of the chest. The main function
of the heart is to supply oxygen to the body and cleanse the body from the metabolism
(carbon dioxide). Heart implement these functions by collecting oxygen-depleted blood from
the body and pumps it to the lungs, where the blood will take in oxygen and get rid of carbon
dioxide. The heart then collects oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to tissues
throughout the body.
B. The function of the cardiovascular system
The function of the cardiovascular system is to deliver and drain the supply of oxygen
and nutrients to all tissues and organs are necessary in metabolic processes. Normally every
tissue and organ of the body will accept the bloodstream in sufficient quantities so that the
tissues and organs receive adequate nutrients. The cardiovascular system that serves as the
regulatory systems perform a variety of mechanisms to respond to the whole body activity.
One example is a mechanism in order to increase the blood supply network activity can
be met. In certain circumstances, it would be a lot of blood flowed on vital organs such as the
heart and brain to maintain the organ of the circulatory system.
C. Structure and Location of the Heart
The human adult heart is normally slightly larger than a clenched fist with average
dimensions of about 13 9 6 centimetres (5 3.5 2.5 inches) and weighing
approximately 10.5 ounces (300 grams). It is cone-shaped, with the broad base directed
upward and to the right and the apex pointing downward and to the left. It is located in the
chest (thoracic) cavity behind the breastbone (sternum), in front of the windpipe (trachea),
the esophagus, and the descending aorta, between the lungs, and above the diaphragm (the
muscular partition between the chest and abdominal cavities). About two-thirds of the heart
lies to the left of the midline.

D. Heart lining and Functions

Heart wall consists of three layers, namely: a layer of the pericardium (outer) layer of the
myocardium (middle), and the layers of endocardial (inside). During ventricular contraction,

depolarization wave moving from endocardial layers of the myocardium to the surface
through the epicardium.
1. Epicardium
The outer layer of the heart wall is called the epicardium. Epicardium can refer to
the outer layer of the heart and the inner layer of the visceral serous pericardium, which
connects with serous layer. Epicardium is a layer of connective tissue and fat, and serves
as an additional layer of protection for the heart under the pericardium.
2. Myocardium
The middle layer of the heart wall is myocardium. Myocardium is the cardiac
muscle tissue and a thick layer of the heart wall. Myocardium is composed of cardiac
muscle cells, or cardiomyocytes. Cardiomyocytes are specialized muscle cells to contract
with other muscle cells, but unlike other muscle cells that generate and deliver electricity
to coordinate the contraction of the heart. Cardiomyocytes contain one or two core and
sometimes contain three or four cores. Due to continuous rhythmic contractions,
cardiomyocytes requires a dedicated blood supply to provide oxygen and nutrients and
remove waste products, such as carbon dioxide, from heart muscle tissue. The blood
supply is provided by the coronary arteries.
3. Endocardial
The inner layer of the heart wall is endocardial, composed of endothelial cells
smooth, endocardial surface is not rigid because it serves to collect blood, pumping, and
can help regulate contractility. It is believed that the action endocardial as a barrier
between the blood and the heart muscle, thereby controlling the composition of
extracellular fluid that meets cardiomyocytes, which in turn can affect their contractile
function.
E. Chambers of the Heart
The heart is divided by septa, or partitions, into right and left halves, and each half is
subdivided into two chambers. The upper chambers, the atria, are separated by a partition
known as the interatrial septum; the lower chambers, the ventricles, are separated by the
interventricular septum. The atria receive blood from various parts of the body and pass it
into the ventricles. The ventricles, in turn, pump blood to the lungs and to the remainder of
the body.
1. The right atrium
The right superior portion of the heart is a thin-walled chamber receiving blood from
all tissues except the lungs. Three veins empty into the right atrium, the superior and

inferior venae cavae, bringing blood from the upper and lower portions of the body,
respectively, and the coronary sinus, draining blood from the heart itself. Blood flows
from the right atrium to the right ventricle.
2. The right ventricle
The right inferior portion of the heart is the chamber from which the pulmonary
artery carries blood to the lungs.
3. The left atrium
The left superior portion of the heart, is slightly smaller than the right atrium and has
a thicker wall. The left atrium receives the four pulmonary veins, which bring
oxygenated blood from the lungs. Blood flows from the left atrium into the left
ventricle.
4. The left ventricle
The left inferior portion of the heart, has walls three times as thick as those of the
right ventricle. Blood is forced from this chamber through the aorta to all parts of the
body except the lungs.
F. Structure Heart Valves
Heart valves open and close the case due to changes in pressure when the heart
contraction and relaksasi.Setiap heart valve helps blood flow in one direction by opening and
closing the valve to prevent backflow.
1. Atrioventricular valve
Called atrioventricular valves since it is located between the atria and ventricles.
The valve between the right atrium and right ventricle has three cusps are the
tricuspid valve, while the valve located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
has two valves called a bicuspid valve or mitral valve. When the valve is open
atrioventricular valve leaflets pushed into the ventricles. Moves blood from the atria
to the ventricles through the atrioventricular valve that opens when the ventricular
pressure is lower than the current atrium.Pada pressure in the circumstances papillary
muscle relaxation and corda tendineae slack.
At the time of ventricular contraction, blood pressure make up to the edge of the
leaf valve cusps meet and close again. At the same time papillary muscular
contraction where interesting and tighten it chorda tendineae prevent the valve
leaflets pushed toward the atrium as a result of ventricular pressure is high. If the
valve leaflets and chorda tendineae damaged then there is leakage or backflow of
blood into the atrium when the ventricle contraction.

2. Semilunar valves
Consisting of the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve. Pulmonary valve lies in
the pulmonary artery separates this artery from the right ventricle. The aortic valve is
located between the aorta and the left ventricle. Both semilunar valve consists of three
cusps same shaped symmetric with a protrusion resembling a funnel that is associated
with a fiber ring. The existence of semilunar valve allows blood to flow from each
ventricle to the pulmonary artery or aorta during ventricular systole and prevents
backflow of ventricular diastolic time. The valve opening occurs during each
ventricular contraction, ventricular pressure which is higher than the pressure in the
vessels.
G. Cardio system disorders
1. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)
Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is the circumstances where there is an imbalance
between the oxygen requirement of the heart muscle on the supply that is provided by
the coronary arteries. The inability of the coronary blood vessels to supply oxygen is
usually caused by a blockage athroma (plaque) on the inner walls of the coronary
arteries. (Abdul Majid, 2007).
2. Cardiomyopathy
Cardiomyopathy is any disease or injury to the heart that is not related to coronary artery
disease, hepertensi, or congenital malformations. Cardiomyopathy can occur after a heart
infection, due to autoimmune disease, or after the individual exposed to certain toxins,
including alcohol and many anti-cancer drugs. Idiopathic cardiomyopathy may occur.
(Corwin, 2009).
3. Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI )
Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) is a condition where the heart muscle is suddenly
not receive blood supply due to a sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot
due to plaque rupture. (Kabo, 2008).
4. Congestive heart failure (CHF)
Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the inability of the heart to pump adequate blood to
meet the networking needs for oxygen and nutrients. Clinically the patient is short of
breath accompanied by their dams jugular vein, hepatomegaly, ascites, and peripheral
edema. Congestive heart failure is usually preceded first by left heart failure and slowly
followed right heart failure.

CHAPTER III
A. Conclusion
Physiology of Cardiovascular System is a system that serves to maintain the quantity and quality
of existing fluid throughout the body. The cardiovascular system is composed of two systems,
namely the system of the heart and blood vasa. Blood circulation system starts from the heart
that serve to mempompa blood then flows through the aorta and passed to branch - a branch
blood vessel. The cardiovascular system is closely linked to the blood in which each - each blood
has a duty or function of his own - his own and are related to each other.
The cardiovascular system to deliver and drain the supply of oxygen and nutrients to all tissues
and organs are necessary in metabolic processes. Normally every tissue and organ of the body
will accept the bloodstream in sufficient quantities so that the tissues and organs receive
adequate nutrients. The cardiovascular system that serves as the regulatory systems perform a
variety of mechanisms to respond to the whole body activity. One example is a mechanism in
order to increase the blood supply network activity can be met.
B. Suggestions
Judging from the function and its benefits to the body, the heart would have been very valuable.
Therefore, to keep all that is not damaged or impaired, perbiasakanlah healthy lifestyle and
reduce activities that can make the heart work faster than normal.
In addition, cut to consume foods that contain lots of fat and multiply consume fruits and foods
that meet the standards (nutritionally balanced), and do exercise and adequate rest.
Google Terjemahan untuk Bisnis:Perangkat PenerjemahPenerjemah Situs WebPeluang Pasar
Global