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PRELIMINARY
A. Background
The digestive system or gastrointestinal tract (from
the mouth to the rectum) is an organ system in the human
functions to receive food, digest it into nutrients and energy,
to absorb nutrients into the bloodstream and remove parts of
the food that can not be digested or the rest of the process of
the body.
The human digestive system is a complex process
consisting of a breakdown of large organic mass into small
particles that the body is able to use it as fuel. Solving
nutrition requires
CHAPTER II
CONTENTS
5. Absorption
Small bowel (intestine) is the absorption of nutrients and the
digestive process the longest. The small intestine is composed of:
Duodenum (duodenal)
Empty gut (jejenum)
Absorbent intestine (ileum)
In the duodenum and pancreatic lymph duct empties bile duct. The
pancreas produces pancreatic juice containing enzymes as follows :
Amilopsin (pancreatic amylase) That enzyme that converts starch
Furthermore, bile flowed through the bile duct to the duodenum. Bile
contains bile salts and bile pigment (bilirubin). Functioning bile salts
emulsify fat. Brown bile pigment, and is produced by means remodel red
blood cells in the liver that was old. Bile pigment gives characteristic
brown color in the stool. For more details, can be seen in the following
figure.
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Rectal structure
C. Parts of Gastrointestinal System
1. Oral cavity
The oral cavity or mouth is responsible for the intake of food. It is
lined by a stratified squamous oral mucosa with keratin covering those
areas subject to significant abrasion, such as the tongue, hard palate and
roof of the mouth. Mastication refers to the mechanical breakdown of
food by chewing and chopping actions of the teeth. The tongue, a strong
muscular organ, manipulates the food bolus to come in contact with the
teeth. It is also the sensing organ of the mouth for touch, temperature and
taste using its specialised sensors known as papillae.
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The stomach is a J shaped expanded bag, located just left of the midline
between the oesophagus and small intestine. It is divided into four main
regions and has two borders called the greater and lesser curvatures. The
first section is the cardia which surrounds the cardial orifice where the
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oesophagus enters the stomach. The fundus is the superior, dilated portion
of the stomach that has contact with the left dome of the diaphragm. The
body is the largest section between the fundus and the curved portion of
the J.
This is where most gastric glands are located and where most mixing of
the food occurs. Finally the pylorus is the curved base of the stomach.
Gastric contents are expelled into the proximal duodenum via the pyloric
sphincter. The inner surface of the stomach is contracted into numerous
longitudinal folds called rugae. These allow the stomach to stretch and
expand when food enters. The stomach can hold up to 1.5 litres of
material. The functions of the stomach include:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Finally, the pancreas is a lobular, pinkish-grey organ that lies behind the
stomach. Its head communicates with the duodenum and its tail extends to
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intestines pass through the liver and are processed before traveling to the
rest of the body. The bile produced by cells of the liver, enters the
intestines at the duodenum. Here, bile salts break down lipids into smaller
particles so there is a greater surface area for digestive enzymes to act.
7. Small intestine
The small intestine is composed of the duodenum, jejunum, and
ileum. It averages approximately 6m in length, extending from the pyloric
sphincter of the stomach to the ileo-caecal valve separating the ileum
from the caecum. The small intestine is compressed into numerous folds
and occupies a large proportion of the abdominal cavity.
The duodenum is the proximal C-shaped section that curves around
the head of the pancreas. The duodenum serves a mixing function as it
combines digestive secretions from the pancreas and liver with the
contents expelled from the stomach. The start of the jejunum is marked by
a sharp bend, the duodenojejunal flexure. It is in the jejunum where the
majority of digestion and absorption occurs. The final portion, the ileum,
is the longest segment and empties into the caecum at the ileocaecal
junction.
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Numerous goblet cells line the glands that secrete mucous to lubricate
faecal matter as it solidifies. The functions of the large intestine can be
summarised as:
1. The accumulation of unabsorbed material to form faeces.
2. Some digestion by bacteria. The bacteria are responsible for the
formation of intestinal gas.
3. Reabsorption of water, salts, sugar and vitamins.
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CHAPTER III
CONCLUSION
The digestive system or gastrointestinal tract (from
the mouth to the rectum) is an organ system in the human
functions to receive food, digest it into nutrients and energy,
to absorb nutrients into the bloodstream and remove parts of
the food that can not be digested or the rest of the process of
the body.
The composition of the digestive tract consists of the
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine which
is divided into the duodenum (intestine 12 fingers), ileum
(intestinal absorption), jejunum, large intestine is divided into
cecum, colon and rectum.
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REFERENCE
Syaifudin. 2011. Anatomi Fisiologi. Jakarta : EGC
Long, Chew. 2009. Gastrointestinal System. Philadelpia : MOSBY
ELSEVIER
http://www.le.ac.uk/pa/teach/va/anatomy/case6/frmst6.html
(diakses pada tanggal 22 Januari 2016)
http://www.myvmc.com/anatomy/gastrointestinal-system/#C2
(diakses pada tanggal 22 Januari 2016)
http://ningsuwarsih-undip.blogspot.co.id/2013/12/sistemgastrointestinal-sistem.html (diakses pada tanggal 22 Januari
2016)
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