Natural Numbers

1.1 Natural Numbers. Roman Numerals.

We can write natural numbers with digits (0, 1, 2, , 9) or we can use the roman numbers.
In order to write natural numbers, the Romans used the following signs:
I (1); V(5); X(10); L(50); C(100);

D(500);

M(1000).

Numbers are formed by combining symbols and adding the values. So II is two ones, i.e. 2, and XIII is
a ten and three ones, i.e. 13.
There is no zero in this system, so 207, for example, is CCVII, using the symbols for two hundreds, a
five and two ones.
1066 is MLXVI, one thousand, fifty and ten, a five and a one.
Symbols are placed from left to right in order of value, starting with the largest. However, in a few
specific cases, to avoid four characters being repeated in succession (such as IIII or XXXX) these can
be reduced using subtractive notation as follows:

the numeral I can be placed before V and X to make 4 units (IV) and 9 units (IX) respectively

X can be placed before L and C to make 40 (XL) and 90 (XC) respectively

C can be placed before D and M to make 400 (CD) and 900 (CM) according to the same pattern

A digit or a group of digits is multiplied by 1000 by placing a line above the digit or group of

digits: X =10 000, XC =90 000, MIC =1 099 000 and so on.

An example using the above rules would be 1904: this is composed of 1 (one thousand), 9 (nine
hundreds), 0 (zero tens), and 4 (four units). To write the Roman numeral, each of the non-zero digits
should be treated separately. Thus 1,000 = M, 900 = CM, and 4 = IV, MCMIV.

1) Write the numbers in words and using roman symbols:

a) 834 024

b) 205 017

c) 21 984 572

d) IL

e) MCM

2) Write using digits and using roman symbols:

a) Two millions eight hundred thirty seven thousand two;
b) four hundred four thousand eight hundred one;
3) a) Write four odd numbers with the sum of the digit equal with 3;
b) Write three odd numbers with the product of the digits equal with 6;
c) Write four even numbers with the sum of the digits 10.
4) How many numbers between 30 and 60 contain:
a) digit 4

b) two identical digits

c) digit 1 or digit 8

5) Give three examples of natural numbers having the form abcdcba .

**
6) How many digits are used, in all to write the numbers from 1 to 35, including 1 and 35?
7) How many times digit 5 is used to write all the three digits natural numbers?

8) a) Find the numbers a 2 b 5 if the product of its digits is 120.

b) Find the numbers 11 a 3 b 7 if the sum of its digits is 17.

9) a) Find the natural numbers ab

b) Find the natural numbers abc

if
if

c) How many natural numbers abcd

a 2 b=2 ba
.

a 4 bc=cbaa
.
are checking the equality

a 7bd= cadb
?

10. a) How many natural numbers are from 1 to 34? But from 0 to 25? But from 7 to 28?
b) How many natural numbers are from 1 to 9? But from11 to 75? But from 111 to 211?
Hint: From 1 to 45 are 45 natural numbers. From 0 to 45 are 45-0+1= 46 numbers. From 3 to 27 are
27-3+1=25 natural numbers.
11) a) How many even and how many odd natural numbers are from 127 to 579?
b) Find how many even numbers are from 444 until 2012.

Hint: write the numbers like this: 127=2x63+1, 129=2x64+1.

12) How many numbers are in each pattern?
a) 1,2,3,,30

b) 10,11,12,,30

c) 2,4,6,,200

d) 0,1,2,3,,19

e)17,18,19,,156

f) 11,13,15,17,,137

g)15,20,25,,125

h)9,12,15,,249

i)6,12,18,,660

***
13) Find:
a) How many six digit natural numbers start with 123?
b) How many six digit natural numbers end with 123?
c) How many six digit natural numbers contain the sequence 123?
d) How many six digit natural numbers, formed with distinct digits, end with 123?
14) a) How many four digit natural numbers can we form using the digits 3, 5 and 8?
b) How many four digit natural numbers can we form using the digits 0, 5 and 7?
15) a) How many digits were used to count the pages of a book with 1024 pages?
b) To count the pages of an encyclopedia 3389 digits were used. How many pages does the
encyclopedia have?

16) How many pairs of consecutive natural numbers are of this form ab 3 , ca 4 .
17) Find the 13th number in the pattern: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,
18) Find how many numbers have in common the patterns 10, 15, 20,, 2010 and 10, 14, 18, , 2010.

1.2. Comparing numbers. Rounding natural numbers. Number Line.

*
1) a) Place on the number line the numbers: 3, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12.
b) Place on the number line the points M(2), N(4), P(8), R(9), S(12), T(13).
2) Determine the coordinate of the points A, B, C, D from the number line below:
O

3) Write, in decreasing order, the three digit natural numbers with the hundreds digit 7, unit digit 6, and
the tens digit smaller then the hundreds digit.
**
4) Write the following natural numbers:
a) the smallest three digit odd natural number;
b) the greatest three digit even natural number;
c) the smallest non zero three digit natural number with distinct digits;
d) the greatest four digit natural number with distinct digits;
e) the greatest number written with three even digits and two odd digits, all distinct one from each
other;

f) the smallest number with the form a 2 b 3 c 4 , with distinct digits.

5) At the number 547689, place digit 2 between two digits of the number to obtain the greatest, and the
smallest number.

6) In the numbers 353 a 173 b 4739 , replace letters a and b with digits:
a) the first number to be greater than the second;
b) the second number to be greater than the first.
How many solutions are in each case?
7) a) At the number 658234 place digit 7 between its digits, in such way that the new number is the
smallest possible;
b) At the number 852374, erase a digit in such way that the new number is the greatest possible.
8) Write 6 natural numbers between 23 467 and 23547, which rounded are equal with:
a) 23 500

b) 23 400

c) 23 480

9) How many three digit numbers rounded to the nearest hundred places are equal with 400.
10. a) Write 4 consecutive numbers smaller than 11. How many possibilities are there?
b) Write 4 consecutive even numbers smaller than 11. How many possibilities are there?
c) Write 4 consecutive odd numbers smaller than 11. How many possibilities are there?

11) Find all natural numbers abc

if 200< abc <400

and c= a+b+3.

12) a) Write the smallest natural number with the sum of the digits equal with 2011.
b) Find all five digit numbers greater than 99 733 with the sum of the digits equal with 32.
***
13) a) If a b c 2 , prove that 3a+4b+5c>23;
b) If a>b >c 2 , prove that 7a+5b+3c>48;

c) If a>b >c 2 , prove that abc 432

14) a) If 1256 > abcd > 1234, than 17 > a + b + c + d > 6.

b) If 1276 > a 2 b 5 > 1236, than 8 > a + b> 4.

15)

A= abc
and B= . If the sum of the digits of number A is 25 and the sum of the digits of B is

26, find the pairs (A,B) with A>B.

1.3. Addition of natural numbers

45
+ 3 =48

addend

addend

Properties of addition
1) Commutative property: a + b = b + a, for any naturals numbers a and b.
2) Associative property: (a + b) +c = a + (b + c), for any naturals numbers a, b and c.
3) Neutral element 0: a + 0 = 0 + a , for any natural number a.
4) If a = b, than a + c = b + c.

5) From a<b a+ c< b+c .

6) From a = b and c=d a + c = b + d.

7) From a<bc <d a+c <b+ d .

The sum of the first n non zero natural numbers. Gauss sums.
Theorem. For any natural number n 1 the equality 1+2+3++ n=

n(n+ 1)
2

is true.

*
1) Calculate:
a) 132 + 246

b) 208+ 120

c) 1 200 + 2 100

d) 2 307 + 3 025

e) 1 020 + 3 057

f) 234 + 568 + 1 176 + 142

g) 347 + 879

h) 122 + 59 +37 + 3 783

i) 127 + 58 +39 + 3 456

a) 1 020 + 3 057 + 59

b) 219 908 + 1 005 + 12

c) 42 008 + 21 007 + 674

d) 378 + 324 + 5 002

e) 92 367 + 195 + 6 792

f) 210 +2 011 + 20 012

g) 619 + 458 + 3 987

h) 156 732 + 89 246 + 572

i) 345 + 4 560 + 56 780

2) Calculate:

3) Using associative and commutative property, calculate the sums:

a) S = 3 + 12 + 45 + 97 + 17 +83 +55 +88 +100
b) S = 200 + 175 + 113 + 37 + 25 +87 +163
c) S = 19 + 32 + 58 + 91 + 42 + 81 + 55 + 9 + 100
d) S = (13 + 27) + 73 + 87 + 21 + (79 +34) + 66
e) S = 13 + 14 = 15 + 100 +85 + 86 + 87
4) Calculate:
a) 24 + 68 +76 +32

b) 224 + 29 + 32 + 76 + 71 + 24

c) 90 + 900 + 100 + 10

d) 450 + 327 + 550 + 673

e) 444 + 999 + 556 + 1

f) 25 + 58 +175 +142

5) a) If x + 2y + 13 = 24, find 18 + 2y + x.
b) If 3x + 6y +19 = 43, find 6y + 38 +3x.
c) If 2x + 2y + 38 = 62, find 4y + 27 + 4x.
d) If 5x + 18 + 20y = 43, find 15 x + 38 + 60y.
e) If 3x + 2y + 4z = 30, find 4z + 43 + 2y +27 + 3x.
f) If x + 3 + y + 4 +z +5 =12, find 2012 + x + y + z.

6) a) Are there at least 5 natural numbers with the sum smaller or equal than 12? How many solutions
did you find?
b) Is it possible that the sum of seven non-zero different natural numbers, to be 27? What about 29?
11) Write number 10 as:
a) a sum of two natural numbers
b) a sum of three natural numbers
c) a sum of four nonzero natural numbers
How many solutions are there in each case?
12) Find the natural number x which makes the sentence true:
a) x + 1 002 = 2 001

b) (x + 13) + 87 = 200

c) 3x + 81 = 381

d)281 + x = 2011

e) x - 157 = 356

f) 2x + 237 = 2 013

**
13) a) Given a = 1234567891011121314. How many digits does it have?
b) Given b = 12345678910111220102011. How many digits does it have?
14) The sum of two natural numbers is 124. Which is the value of the new sum, if one of the numbers
is increased by 27, and the other number is increased by 72?
15) a) Given x + y + 13 = 24, find 19 + 2y + 2x
b) Given 2x + 2y + 45 = 59, find 4y + 4x + 32
c) Given x + 3y + 18 = 54, find 6y + 89 + 2x
d) Given (x + 48) + (y + 52) = 200, find 200 + y + x
e) Given x + y + 75 = 124, find 101 + y + x
f) Given 5x + 7y + 30 = 230, find 1000 + 2y + 3x + 2x + 5y
16) Calculate:
a) 1 + 2 + 3 +4 + 5 + 6 + 7

b) 10 + 20 + 30 + 40 + 50 + 60 + 70

c) 7 + 14 + 21 + 28 + 35 + 42

d) 11 + 12 + 13 + 14 + 15 + 16 + 17 + 18

17) a) The sum of three consecutive natural numbers is 33. Find the numbers.
b) The sum of five consecutive natural numbers is 260. Find the numbers.
c) The sum of three even consecutive natural numbers is 222. Find the numbers.

d) The sum of six odd consecutive natural numbers is 120. Find the numbers.
18) The sum of 35 nonzero natural numbers is 624. Prove that at least two of them are equal.
19) The sum of two numbers is 162. The sum of their overturned is 504. Find the numbers.
20. Given 1, 5, 9, 13,
a) write the next three numbers in the pattern;

b) find the 30th term;

c) calculate the sum of the first 15 terms.

21) Given 3, 8, 13, 18,
a) find the 20th term;

b) calculate the sum of the first 30 terms;

c) Does 2013 belong to this pattern?

22) A box contains 3 red balls, 4 white balls, and 6 green balls. What is the minimum number of balls
we need to take out, without looking, to make sure that we took off:
a) a red ball

b) 3 green balls

c) two balls from each color?

23) Is it possible to place 44 balls in 9 boxes, in such way that in each box is at least one ball from each
color and in each box is a different number of balls?
24) On a board the numbers 1 to 10 are written. Andrei picks two of the numbers on the board,
randomly, erases them and writes their sum. Repeating the same procedure a few times, only one
number remains on the board. Find this number.

25) a) Solve ab+ cd 0000+ ab 00 .

35B= 64
b) Find the numbers
A=

in such way A + B = 5 432.

26) a) Find the numbers ab if ab 1+ 2 ab+ ab 0=684.

b) Find the numbers abc

if abc 0+ 1 abc+ abc 3+ 2 abc=5 709.

c) Find the numbers abc

if abc + 5 abc+ abc 0=7 532.

27) Find x which verifies the relations:

a) x + 25 + 75 = 400

b) 1 + 2 + 3 + + 10 + x = 3 000

c) 51 + (x + 23) + 26 = 100

d) 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 x + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 = 550

e) 49 + x + 21 +230 = 2 312

f) 22 + 33 +44 + x + 188 + 177 + 166 = 1 000

***
28) The price of a kilogram of pears is 4 lei, 5 lei or 6 lei, depending on their quality. Andrei has to buy
at least one kilogram of pears from each type.
a) What is the minimum and maximum sum Andrei must have in order to be able to buy 5 kilograms of
pears?
b) What is the maximum number of kilograms of pears he can buy with 31 lei?
The midterm of a pattern of 2 003 consecutive natural numbers is 2 003. Calculate the first and the last
term of the pattern, and the sum of all the terms.
29) Calculate:
a) 2 + 3 + 4 + + 50

b) 1 +2 + 3 + + 500

d) 1 + 2 + 3 ++ 124

e) 2 + 4 + 6 + + 600

g) 5 + 6 + 7 ++ 81

h) 1 + 2 + 3 + + 512

c) 1 + 97 + 2 + 999 + 3 + 198
f) 15 + 16 + 17 + + 70
i) 317 + 318 +319 + + 400

30. On a board the numbers 1 to 20 are written. Two numbers are erased and replaced with their sum. Is
it possible to repeat the same procedure, at a certain moment, so that the sum of the numbers written on
the board is 365? Justify!
31) Calculate:
a) 9 + 99 + 999 + 9 999 + 99 999
b)

9+99+ 999++
999 9 +2 012
2011 digits

32) a) Find the numbers ab if 2 ab+ ab 3=830.

b) Find the numbers abc

if ab 3+ a 5 c + 7 bc=1 243.

c) Find the numbers ab if 21 a b+ ab 43=3 860.

d) Find the numbers ab if 4 ab+ 4 ba=176.

33) a) Given n 4 a natural number, place in increasing order the numbers 2n + 3, n + 6, 3n.
b) Given n 5

a natural number, place in increasing order the numbers 2n + 6, 3n + 1, n + 11.

c) Given n 2 , place in decreasing order the numbers 2n + 1, 3n + 1, 2n + 3, n +2.

d) Given n 3 , place in decreasing order the numbers 2n + 3, 3n + 2, 4n + 1, n +5, 5n.

34) Find the digits a, b, c, d if

abcd=
abc+2
009 .

1.4. Subtraction of natural numbers

45

minuend

= 42

subtrahend

difference

Properties of subtraction
1) If a=bc a , the n ac=bc .
2) If a<bc <a ,th e n ac <bc .
3) If a=b , c=d ,c< a the n ac=bd .
4) If a>b ,th e n a( bc )=ab+ c .
5) If a>b +c ,th e n a( b+ c ) =abc
6) If a>b >c ,th e n ( ac )( bc )=ab .
*
1) Calculate:
a) 765 236

b) 869 783

c) 9 876 237

d) 1 009 1 357

e) 34 009 7 392

f) 123 546 89 769

g) 1 083 183

h) 2 011 1 102

i) 70 507 50 705

a) 4 758 2 326

b) 5 769 1 036

c) 2 317 1 529

d) 3 006 1 357

e) 23 005 9 297

f) 30 020 27 086

g) 98 300 18 436

h) 123 456 122 679

i) 989 898 898 989

2) Solve:

3) Solve, using the property a (b c) = a b + c:

a) 27 (20 3)

b) 400 (157 47)

c) 100 (300 200)

d) 666 (555 111)

e) 80 (19 9)

f) 2012 (2012 1012)

4) Solve, using the property a b c = a (b + c):

a) 125 43 19

b) 1 262 1 005 98

c) 989 237 16

d) 12 345 9 899 237

e) 1 009 982 57

f) 452 239 - 67

5) a) Subtract from the sum of 548 and 317 their difference.

b) How much more is the sum of 14 567 and 3 689 in comparison with their difference?
6) Write the number 100, using all non-zero digits only once and the operations of addition and
subtraction.
7) The difference of two natural numbers is 1 567. One of the numbers is 3 218. Calculate the sum of
the two numbers. How many solutions are there?
8) Find x:
a) 247 + x = 783

b) x + 318 = 2 467

c) 873 x =243

d) x 482 = 267

e) 23 536 x = 10 039

f) 4 357 + x + 937 = 6 251

9) Place parentheses to make the statements true:

a) 15 8 + 7 = 0

b) 90 80 20 = 30

c) 200 450 250 = 0

d) 83 43 14 6 = 48

e) 100 20 200 180 = 60

f) 60 60 60 60 = 0

10. Place in the squares one of the signs + or minus to make the statements true:
a) 134 74 40 = 20

b) 900 300 100 1 = 1 099

c) 123 23 50 = 150

**
11) Find x:
a) 2 456 x = 1 237

b) x 2 359 = 17 206

c) 7 378 + x = 12 002

d) x + 125 = 2 003

e) x 230 157 = 3 156

f) 4 750 + x 800 = 6 700

12) Find x:
a) 14 + x 19

b) 23 x 17

c) x 18 5

d) 18 x 23 -12

e) x+43 11 < 35

f) 63 + x -70 < 47 46

13) Find the difference between:

a) the largest and the smallest four distinct digits natural number;
b) the largest and the smallest three digit number;
c) the smallest four distinct digits number and the greatest three digit number;
d) the smallest five distinct digit number (all digits odd) and the greatest four digit number (all digits
even)
14) Find three numbers, if their sum is 1 090, the sum of the first two is 837 and the sum of the last two
is 730.
15) Calculate:

{5 017[ 4 017( 1 0044 ) ] }2

a) (217 123) 35

b)

c) 217 (123 35)

d) 13 574 {[ 2 478 (786678 ) ]12 }

e) (435 135) (237 207

f) 10 000( 873373 ) (777222333 )

16) Given a = 1997, find the natural numbers b, c, d if b is with 327 greater than a; c is with 1 521
smaller than the sum of a and b, and d is equal with the answer of c b subtracted from a + b + c.
17) The sum of two numbers is 98, and their difference is 82. Find the greatest number.
18) A father was 29 at the birth of his son. How old will the son be when the father will be 52 years
old? How old will the father be when the son will be 28 years old?
19) The sum of three numbers is 4 567. The first number is with 247 bigger than the second and with
187 bigger than the third. Find the three numbers.
20. Solve:
a) 7 + 9 + 11 + + 2011 6 8 10 - - 2 010;
b) 1 + 2 -3 + 4 + 5 6 + 7 + 8 9 + + 2 008 + 2 009 2 010 + 2 011;
c) 1 + 2 + 3 4 + 5 + 6 +7 8 + + 2 009 + 2 010 + 2 011 2 012.
21) a) Given x + 2y = 24 and x + y = 19, find y.
b) Given 3x + 2y = 17 and 2x + 2y = 13, find x.
c) Given x + 2y + z = 17 and x + y = 10, find y + z.
22) The sum of three numbers is 3 932. The first is with 1 330 greater than the second and with 1 740
greater than the third. Find the three numbers.

23) The sum of three numbers is 163. If we subtract from the third number the sum of the first two
numbers we obtain 67. If we subtract the first number from the sum of the last two numbers we obtain
37. Find the three numbers.
***

24) a) Prove that abcabc =9 ab .

b) Find the numbers abc

if abcabc =153.

c) How many numbers abcd

check the equality abcd b537 000=2000 .

d) Find all the numbers abc if it is given that a b c = 7.

e) How many numbers a bc

check the equality abccba=594 .

25) The sum of three natural numbers a, b, c is 300. If a b = b c, find b.

26) The sum of three natural numbers is 2 002. If from each number we subtract the same number, then
we obtain the numbers 175, 318, 723. Find the original numbers.
27) Using only subtraction, write:
a) number 100, using only one digit five times.
b) number 100, using once digit 1 and four times digit 4.
c) number 700, using only one digit five times.
28) a) If a b = 215 and b c = 132, then find a c.
b) If a c = 138 and b c = 129, then find a b.
c) If a b = 72 and (a c) (b + c) = 18, then find c.
29) Solve:
a) 10 + 15 + 20 + + 2 010 9 13 17 - - 1 609;
b) 10 + 20 + 30 + + 2 020 9 18 27 - - 1 818;
c) 400 000 + 40 000 + 4 000 + 400 + 40 + 4 3 30 300 3 000 30 000 300 000.
30. The sum of four natural numbers is 1 920. Find the numbers if the sum of the first two is 384, the
sum of the first three numbers is 896, and the sum of the last three is 1 792.
31) The sum of the ages of Radu and Vlad is 21 years. Three years ago, Radus age was twice Vlads
age. How old is Vlad now?

1.5. Multiplication of natural numbers

5 x 3 = 15

factor

factor

product

Properties of multiplication
1) Commutative property: a b = b a, for any naturals numbers a and b.
2) Associative property: (a b) c = a (b c), for any naturals numbers a, b and c.
3) Neutral element 1: a 1 =1 a , for any natural number a.
4) Distributive property:
a(b + c) = ab + ac

a(b c) = ab ac

5) If a = b, than ac = bc for any natural numbers a, b, c, and c0.

6) From a<b a c <b c

for any natural numbers a, b, c, and c0.

7) From a = b and c=d a c = b d for any natural numbers a, b, c, d.

8) From a<bc <d a c< b d

for any natural numbers a, b, c, d.

We write any even number as 2k, and any odd number as 2k + 1.

The last digit of a product is the last digit of the product of the last digits of each factor of the
product.
The product of two or more odd natural numbers is odd; if at least one of the factors is even
than the product is even.
The product of the first n non-zero natural numbers we write it as n! and we read n factorial. By
convention 0! = 1. Example: 4! = 1234 = 24.

*
1) Solve:
a) 12 17;

b) 105 37;

c) 2 003 117;

d) 3 000 238;

e) 2 457 302;

f) 11 2 345;

g) 1 203 102;

h) 3 079 24;

2) Calculate:

a) 273 19;

b) 32 125 403;

c) 279 5 41 2;

e) 1 203 2 011;

f) 239 40 111 50; g) 12 13 14;

d) 25 137 4 978;
h) 45 123 17;

3) Solve:
a) 35 14 + 205 17;

b) 4 327 11 631 54;

c) 372 9 15 24;

d) 18 212 + 39 11 103 7;

e) 83 523 12 5 324 11;

f) 10 000 37 + 59 100 700 140.

4) Calculate:
a) 123 (14 + 512);

b) (357 283) 316;

c) 35 (217 86);

d) 3 475 278 2 + 113 13;

e) (128 + 22) 318;

f) (293 173) (100 96).

5) Write number 100, using all non-zero digits, once each digit, addition and multiplication.
6) Write the natural numbers 38, 39, 40 as a product of two factors. Find all the solutions.
7) In a pencil case there are seven pencils, three pencils, two erasers and a sharpener. The empty pencil
case costs 12 lei, a pencil 5 lei, a pen 9 lei, an eraser 2 lei and a sharpener 7 lei. Find the price of the
pencil case full.
8) The product of three natural numbers is 2 100. The first number is 15, the second one is with 5 more
than the first. Find the third number.
9) a) Write number 7 as a product of two natural numbers.
b) Write number 13 as a product of 9 natural numbers.
c) Write number 2 010 as a product of three distinct natural numbers.
10. Place parentheses to make the statements true:
a) 13 + 2 5 = 25 3;

b) 19 - 5 3 2 = 6;

c) 19 5 3 2 = 14.

**
11) Using associative and commutative property, calculate:
a) 5 43 2;

b) 2 193 25 2;

c) 20 134 5 25 40;

d) 25 71 4;

e) 25 14 4 125 8;

f) 250 17 5 4 20.

b) 5! 1! 2! 3! 4!;

c) 7! 6! + 5! 4!.

12) Calculate:
a) 6! 13 5! 12;

13) In an orchard there are 37 rows, and on each row are 14 cherry trees. Find the total number of
cherry trees.
14) Mary has three boxes. In each box there are 15 cans. In each can there are 20 balls. Find the
number of balls Mary has.
15) Find between which two numbers is the product of two factors if:
a) the first factor is between 12 and 17, and the second one is between 1 995 and 2 003.
b) the first factor is between 10 and 273, and the second one between 201 and 3005.
16) Write number 100, using:
a) only digit 5 five times, multiplication and subtraction;
b) only digit 5 five times, multiplication and addition;
c) only digit 3 five times, multiplication, division and addition.
17) a) Given x = 6, find the product p = (17 x) (16 x) (15 x).
b) Given y = 11, find the product q = (14 y) (13 y) (12 y).
18) a) Find the natural numbers a and b if a b =12;
b) Find the natural numbers a and b if (a + 2) (b 1) =12;
19) What is the greatest possible value of the product of two natural numbers if their sum is 8? But
when their sum is 12?
20. What is the greatest possible value of the sum of two natural numbers if their product is 18? But
when their product is 24?
21) Find the sum of three natural numbers whose product is 6. Study all the situations!
22) a) In how many zeros does the product of the first 30 non-zero natural numbers end?
b) In how many zeros does the product of the first 10 non-zero natural numbers end?
c) In how many zeros does the product of the first 25 nonzero natural numbers end?
23) The product of two natural numbers is 120. Find the two numbers, knowing that the last digit of
their sum is 9.
24) A motorcyclist travels in four days like this: in the first day 17 km, in the second day 5 times as
much, in the third day he returns 12 km, and in the last day he travels 3 times more km than he travels
in the third day. Find the length of the path.
25) In a library there are seven shelves with books. The first 4 shelves contain mathematics books, and
on the other three there are 15 literature books on each shelf. How many books are there in the library?

***
26) Write the next number in the patterns:
a) 153060?
b) 1734102?
c) 1223 1245 306?
d) 1223 4125 630?
e) 23618108?
27) The product of two numbers is 500. Increasing with 10 one of the terms, the product of the
numbers becomes 750. Find the two numbers.
28) Calculate:
a) (2 000 - 1001)(2 000 - 1002) (2 000 - 10020);
b) (2 010 - 2011)(2 010 - 2012) (2 010 - 20120).
29) Find x from x + 100 =

198+198+198++198

95 terms

30. Find the natural numbers ab with the property ab=a b+a+ b .
31) a) Find the last digit of the product 1244 23678 239.
b) Find the last digit of the product 12141638.
32) a) In how many zeros does the product of the first non-zero natural numbers end?
b) In how many zeros does the product 5! 15! 25! 35!. end?
33) a) Write number 6 as a product of 6 factors.
b) Write number 6 as a product of factors whose sum is 6.
c) Write number 12 as a product of factors whose sum is 12.
d) Write number 39 as a product of factors whose sum is 39.
34) In a classroom there are 14 desks occupied by 3 students, 3 desks are occupied by 2 students, and 5
desks are empty. Find the number of desks and the number of students.
35) Complete the empty squares in such way that the product of any three consecutive squares is 48)
6

36) Dan bought with a 100 lei bill, 4 kg of tomatoes with 6 lei/kg, 4 loaves of bread with 5 lei/loaf, and
7 pens with 4 lei/pen. What change did he receive?

37) a) Find the numbers abc if abc=cd dc , and a, b, c are consecutive digits.

b) Find the numbers abcd if abc d=1 abc .

c) Find the numbers abc if a 7 b 9= cc 33 .

d) Find the numbers abcd if 9 bcd=abcd .

38) The product of two numbers is 420. Increasing one of the numbers with 5 and decreasing the other
one with 2, their new product is 400. Find the numbers.
39) a) Find the numbers a and b, if it is given that their sum is 431, and 2a + 5b = 1 696.
b) Find the numbers a and b, if it is given that their sum is 497, and 3a + 7b = 2 791.
c) Find the numbers a and b, if it is given that their sum is 315, and 4a + 7b = 1 875.
40. a) Find the natural number n if it is given that 5!n! = 6!.
b) Find the last four digits of the number 24! + 1 234.
c) Find n a natural number, in such way the last digit of the number n! + 678 to be different then 8)

41) Find the natural numbers abc

and cde

if it is given:

cde=33

370.
a ( b+1) (c1) cde=35
485 and abc
42) Find x, y, z if is given

x6 y7= zz22 .

1.6. Common factor

We have the distributive property:
a(b + c) = ab + ac

a(b c) = ab ac

Now we can also use it like this:

ab + ac = a(b + c)

ab ac = a(b c)

or ab + ac + ad + ae = a(b + c + d + e) which we call giving common factor.

*
1) Solve using the common factor:
a) 312 + 32;

b) 423 + 411;

c) 749 + 731 750;

d) 1715 157;

e) 518 + 52;

f) 911 + 3011 1116.

a) 1712 + 1718;

b) 4522 + 2255;

c) 24156 + 2431 2487;

d) 51122 + 48922;

e) 67377 + 37733

f) 1213 132 + 1390.

2) Solve:

3) Calculate:
a) 1412 147 513;

b) 749 + 731 750;

c) 3225 + 3211 3630;

d) 9911 + 1311 112;

e) 17736 - 17731 775;

f) 32 + 3215 + 3282.

4) Give a common factor in the following expressions:

a) 8a + 8b;

b) 15a 7a;

c) 6x + 6y 6z;

d) 50a 25a;

e) 3x + 5x 2x

f) 12a 16b;

g) 18x 12z + 24t;

h) 9x + 9y + 9z 9a;

i) 5x + 10y 15a;

j) 18a 27b;

k) 8xy 8xz;

l) 3xa + 5xa 2xa.

5) It is given that a + b + c = 7. Calculate:

a) 2a + 2b + 2c;

b) 10a +10b + 10c;

c) a13 + b13 + c13 + 21;

d) 8a + 8b + 8c 12;

e) 400 (5a + 5b +5c);

f) 6a + 6b +6c + 100.

6) It is given that a =11 and b + c =8. Calculate:

a) ab +ac;

b) 2a +3b + 3c;

c) 10a + 9b + 9c;

d) ab +ac +25;

e) ab + ac 34;

f) 7b + 7c + 9a;

g) 11b + 11c 6a;

h) 3a 3b 3c;

i) 11b +ac.

**
7) It is given a + b + c =23 and x =9. Calculate:
a) 14a + 14b +14c +14x;

b) 2 013 (53a +53b +53c + 10x);

c) 349 + 6a + 6b +6c -12x;

d) 424 21x + 3a + 3b + 3c;

e) 7a + 7b + 7c 10x;

f) 3 147 10x (100a + 100b + 100c).

8) Calculate:
a) ab + ac, if b + c = 157 and a = 6;
b) ab ac, if a=25 and b c = 147;
c) ab + ac + ad, if a =14 and b + c + d =59;
d) ab ac + ad, if a = 10 and b c + d = 100;
e) ab ac ad, if a =7 and b c d = 13.
9) Given that x = 5 and a + b = 13, calculate:
a) 3x + 7a + 7b;

b) xa + xb 50;

c) 10x (4a + 4b);

d) (4a + 4b 2x)(2a + 2b + x).

10. Find x if a b = 6 and:

a) x + 3a 3b = 20;

b) xa xb + 9a 9b = 654;

c) 7a 7b + x = 55;

d) 13 + x (5a 5b) = 2 011.

11) Given that x = 14, calculate a + b in each of the cases:

a) a + b 3x = 56;

b) 11a + 11b + 56 + x = 1 170;

c) 7a + 7b + 7x = 700;

d) 30x a b = 241;

e) 39a + 39b 39x = 3 900;

f) 9x 2a 2b = 100;

g) xa + xb = 140;

h) xa + xb + 6a + 6b = 200.

12) Solve:
a) (12 + 24 + 36 + +444) : (6 +12 + 18 + + 222);
b) (4 + 8 + 12 + + 2 012) : (2 + 4 + 6 + + 1 006);
c) 6 + 11 + 16 + 21 + + 506;
d) 4 + 9 + 14 + 19 + + 1 004.
***
13) Using the common factor calculate the following sums:
a) 5 + 10 + 15 + 20 + + 1 000;

f) 25 + 50 + 75 + 100 + + 400;

b) 8 + 16 + 24 + 32 + + 4 000;

g) 10 + 20 + 30 + 40 + + 480;

c) 11 + 22 + 33 + 44 + + 7 700;

h) 6 + 12 + 18 + 24 + + 1 200;

d) 21 + 42 + 63 + 84 + + 2 100;

i) 30 + 60 + 90 + 120 + + 900;

e) 4 + 8 + 12 + 16 + + 400;

j) 15 + 30 + 45 + 60 + + 600.

14) If a, b, c are natural numbers and a + b + c = 57 and 2a = b + 2c = 73, calculate

(a + c) (5a + 2b + 5c).
15) a) If a + b = 20 and b + c = 30, calculate 3a + 7b + 4c.
b) If a + b = 33 and a + c =11, calculate 5a + 3b + 2c.
16) Given that x + 3y = 2y + z = 14, calculate:
a) x + 5y +z;

b) 3x + 15y + 3z;

c) 5x + 11y 2z;

d) 5x + 19y + 2z

17) a) The product of two numbers is 672. Increasing one of the numbers by 10, the new product is
992. Find the two numbers.
b) The product of two numbers is 1 530. Decreasing one of them by 20, the new product is 850. Find
the two numbers.
c) The product of three consecutive numbers is with 48 bigger than the product of the first two
numbers. Find the numbers.
18) a) Find the natural numbers a and b if ab + 2a + b = 4.
b) Find the natural numbers a and b if ab + 3a + 2b = 14.
c) Find the natural numbers a and b if ab + 5a + 3b = 15.

1.7. Order of operations (I)

You can remember by saying "Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally". (or
PEMDAS)
P

Parentheses first

Exponents (ie Powers and Square Roots, etc.)

MD

Multiplication and Division (left-to-right)

AS

Addition and Subtraction (left-to-right)

*
1) Solve:
a) 8 + 126;

b) 1 + 121(9 + 4 34);

c) 1 + 2(3 + 5 23);

d) 7(12 42);

e) 5 3 + 62;

f) 2 003 + 15(15 + 4715);

g) 3 + 10[362 + 10(24 + 244)];

h) (11 + 22 + 33 + 44 + 55 + 66) 221.

2) Calculate:
a) 372 135;

b) 104 + 297 534;

c) 256 1813;

d) 1 523 + 4325 1629 836;

e) 83 - 3(72 135);

f) 5(403 2012) 3(81 155).

3) Solve:
a) 4[27 + 11(804 2913)] 3218;
b) [(798 261) 5 + 3(473 1142)] 10 921;
c) 2{100 + 7[300 5(2 730 25108)]} 3725;
d) 64 + {3 + 5[29 + 2(4 831 30160)]} 10;
e) 6 225 2{5[2(107 + 13) + 3(104 + 8)]}.
4) Find:
a) the sum of 83 and the double of the difference between 256 and 194.
b) the difference between the triple of 31 429 and the double of the sum of 5314 and 40311.
c) the difference between 8 times the sum of 23 and 564 and 11 times the difference of 4910 and
1630.
**
5) Solve:
a) 27356 + 3 473;

b) 13 256 + 439 256 + 61;

c) 159 + 274102;

d) 35107 + 3593 3555;

e) 30812 + 76542;

f) 41325 + 7109 1367.

6) Calculate:
a)2(107 -234) + 59;
b) (49 + 13 8) 2 2411;
c) 7(390 + 2041) + 5(36 450 - 207139);
d) 11(34 +158) + 23(19 36) + (207 183) (4 567 4321)
e) [100 5(473 4211)] 2+3(273 2112);

f) [36 + 7(931 2563)] (182 + 44) 329;

g) 3{41 + 5[(46 - 212) (79 + 37) 183]} + 40312;
h) 18{60 +2[9(329 - 840) 37]} + 12 356 - 80313.
7) Solve:
a) 11 + 8{45 + 4[3+ 8(1213 814) 37]} + 1 234;
b) (3215 325) + 1112 + 7{124 5[210 - 2(2317 2412)]};
c) 12 + 12{12 + 12[12 + 12(1212 122)]} + 1212;
d) [100 3(1319 1218)] {1 +2[3 + 4(5 + 67)]};
e) 2 483 23[15 + 5(127 119)] + 32[178 5(345-328)];
f) {[196 107 +128] 2 176} +[5 467 16(324 319)].
8) Calculate:
a) [32 3(43 25)] {14[2 + 5(1423 154) 137]};
b) {21 + 20[19 + 18(17 82) + 16(1514 200)-11]} 3(21 17);
c) {47(168 167) + 46(157 155) + 45[14(1311 137)]} (11 - 24).
***
9) Two cars are leaving at the same moment from cities A and B, one to the other. The one who is
leaving from A has a constant speed of 55km/h, and the one who is leaving from B has a constant speed
of 50km/h. Calculate the distance from the two cities knowing that the two cars meet after 6 hours of
driving nonstop.
10. Calculate:
a)

b)

6+66+ 666++ 666

66 4 +44 +444 ++ 444
44

9 digits

9 digits

8+88+ 888++888
88 5+55+555++555
55

9 digits

9 digits

11) Calculate:
a) 119 + 5{27 + 3[210202 2(57 2 23) 149] 7};
b) 15 + {37 + 19[91 + 15(317 813) + 15(1541 400) 13]};

c)

{[ ( 48 32345 ) 2( 43 17123 ) 3 ] + ( 23 212 3 ) 5234 } ;

d)

{76[ 244 ( 16 312 4 ) ]} {[ 12 ( 7624 )4 ( 16 312 ) 4 ]} ;

e)

{211+ 20 [ 17+16 ( 153 5 ) +116 ( 125 14124 13 )31 ] } ;

f)

{734 ( 216 8215 8 ) +446 ( 15 714 7 ) +55 [ 44 (33 1132 11 ) ] } ;

g) 123 4562 {22+33 [ 44+ 55 ( 667 8 )+ 99 ( 10 111110 10 )+57 ] }

1.8. Exponents

The exponent of a number says how many times to use the number in a
multiplication.
In 82 the "2" says to use 8 twice in a multiplication,
so 82 = 8 8 = 64
In words: 82 could be called "8 to the power 2" or "8 to the second power", or
simply "8 squared"
Exponents are also called Powers or Indices.
Some more examples:
Example: 53 = 5 5 5 = 125
In words: 53 could be called "5 to the third power", "5 to the power 3" or simply "5
cubed"
Example: 24 = 2 2 2 2 = 16
In words: 24 could be called "2 to the fourth power" or "2 to the power 4" or simply
"2 to the 4th"

Exponents make it easier to write and use many multiplications

Example: 96 is easier to write and read than 9 9 9 9 9 9
You can multiply any number by itself as many times as you want using
exponents.
So in general:

an tells you to multiply a by itself,

so there are n of those a's:

Laws of Exponents

Law

Example

x1 = x

61 = 6

x0 = 1

70 = 1

x-1 = 1/x

4-1 = 1/4

xm xn = xm+n

x2 x3 = x2+3 = x5

xm : xn = xm-n

x6 : x2 = x6-2 = x4

(xm)n = xmn

(x2)3 = x23 = x6

(xy)n = xn yn

(xy)3 = x3 y3

x n xn
= n
y
y

()
*

x 2 x2
= 2
y
y

()

1) Write using exponents:

a) 77777;
b) 555;

c)

d)

ab
ab
ab
;
ab

g) 00000000;

2 2 2 2 ;

f) 24816

2011 factors

xN ;

h) xxxxxx,

e) abababab;

i)

1 1 1 1.

37 factors

2) Solve:
a) 23;

b) 32;

c) 32 + 23;

d) 1 + 22 + 33;

e) 03 + 1;

f) 53 + 70;

g) 23 + 02;

h) 23 2;

i) 232;

j) 43: 2;

k) 250 + 92;

l) 23 0200;

m) 2322;

n) 2332;

o) 23:22;

p) 42 + 24;

q) 2342;

r) 23 + 32 + 42;

s) 53 - 52

t) 131 + 20120;

u) 33:3;

v) 33 32 + 22;

w) 63 53;

x) 113 36.

3) Solve:
a) 112;

b) 132;

c) 73 + 82;

d) 1100 + 0100 + 43;

e) 5152;

f) 51:50;

g) 2 + 02

h) 202;

i) 022;

j) (5 2)0;

k) (23)3;

l) (23)2;

m) (7 2)0;

n) 52 (3 2)100;

o) 72 22;

p) (3 + 2)2;

q) 252:54;

r) 7270;

s) 727170;

t) 53:5251;

4) Solve using the law anam = an+m:

a) 219221;

b) 12211231;

c) 2328;

d) 37314;

e) 5x5x+1;

f) 3483735;

g) 757677;

h) 94192;

i) 323337;

j) 23352325;

k) 3201132008;

l) 220032667239.

5) Solve using the law an:am = an-m:

a) 291:221;

b) 1534:1531;

c) 242:227;

d) 371:342;

e) 718:75:76;

f) 2547:2523;

g) (530:517):54;

h) 220:210:25;

i) 322:33:37;

j) 735:(721:79);

k) 82011:82008;

22003:2667.

6) Solve using the law (an)m= anm:

a) (54)6;
e)

b) (78)3;

4
2 3

[(3 ) ] ;

f)

c) (231)17;
6
5 3

[(8 ) ] ;

g)

d) (1311)7;
4
5 6

[ ( 13 ) ]

11
2 7

[(9 ) ]

h)

7) Solve using the law (ab)n= anbn:

a) (27)14;

b) (35)7;

c) (235)23;

e) 348454;

f) 215 715;

g)

[ 3 ( 5 7 )3 ]

d) (45)2;
2

h) (248)50.

8) Solve using the law (a:b)n= an:bn:

a) 1224:324;

b) 12545:545;

e) (27:3)21;

f) (24:4)31;

c) 1817:917;
g) (50:5)13;

d) 936:336;
h) (48:6)121.

9) a) Write number 7 as a sum of powers of 2.

b) Write number 31 as a sum of powers of 2.
c) Write number 90 as a sum of powers of 3.
d) Write number 121 as a sum of powers of 3.
e) Write number 129, in three different ways as a sum of powers of 2 and 5.
10) a) Find all the natural values of n, for which 10 < 3n< 2011.
b) Find all the natural values of n, for which 10 < 2n< 2011.
c) Find all the natural values of n, for which 10 < 5n< 2011.
11) Find number x:
a) (7x)9=781 b) (85)40= 230x

c) 1013 = 5013:x13;

d) (20:x)30=430.

12) Find the last digit of the numbers:

a) 28;

b) 38;

c) 58

d) 5203+6235+8429;

e) 22011;

f) 72011;

g) 32011 + 42011;

h) 72003 + 82007 + 92011.

13) Find the last digit of the numbers:

a) a = 722003+632003+542003+372003.
b) b = 5722010 + 7232010 + 654

2010

+ 2392010.

c) c = 7620 6730 + 4521 3922.

d) d = 1232011 + 3452012 + 6782013.
e) e = 123452010 9992010 6542010.
f) f = 1111 + 2222 + 3333 + 4444.
**
14) Find the last digit of the number 3n+1 5n + 3n 5n+2 + 6 3n 5n,

n N .

15) Write as one base and one exponent:

a) 416812 1615;

b) 25105321255;

d) a6b2(ab)4b4;

e) (ab)12:a4b3(a2b);

c) 94275314;
f) 365656x+1.

16) Solve:
a) [(120625) (2310)]:(253:25)5;
b) 6 + 2 [(352 2218:32 + 311):22].
17) Find x:
a) 3435317 = 3x;

b) (512:510 418:416):32 = x;

c) [25(23)7]:37 = 2x;

d) 212223250 = 2x;

e) (48)15:45:26 = 2x;

f) (2335)2:(2436):32 = 6x.

18) Prove that number a = 1n + 2n + 3n is an even number for any

n N .

19) Calculate: a) 32 + (46)2 + 2552 1; b) 312:310 + (35)10:159 -2011012011.

***
20) Find the natural numbers n for which:
a) 8n + 8n+1 = 18 22003;
b) 6n + 6n+1 = 217 655;

c) 9n + 9n+1 = 10 32012;
d) 7n + 7n+1 = 8 711;

21) Find the last digit of the numbers:

a) 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + + 22003;

b) 30 + 31 + 32 + 33 + + 32006;

c) 50 + 51 + 52 + 53 + + 52004;

d) 60 + 61 + 62 + 63 + + 62005;

22) Find the natural numbers x, y and z:

a) 2x + 2y = 129; b) 3x + 3y = 244; c) 2x + 3y = 82;

d) 2x + 2y + 2z = 321.

23) Find the number x and y:

a) 2x = 8;

b) x2 = 9;

c) 3x = 81;

d) x2 = 81;

e) 1x = 1;

f) x1 = 12011;

g) x0 = 1;

h) x3<100;

i) 2x<100;

j) x7 = 0;

k) 2x + 3y <20;

l) 12 + 2x + 3y <4.

24) Write using powers:

a) 2343;

b) 2716;

c) 21541286;

d) 9227337;

e) 422:240;

f)3646:124;

g) (510252)3:540;

h) 1256:254(53)11.

25) Solve, using the common factor:

a) 276 + 278 + 280;
9999;

b) 3 547 + 2 548 + 6 549;

c) 91001 + 91000 + 7

d) 7 435 + 2436 434;

2 8197;

e) 1314 3 13132 1312;

f) 8200 3 8198 +

g) 46135 + 5 46136 46134;

2 99.

h) 3n+2 + 7 3n+3 5 3n+2;

i) 2102 2101 2100

26) Find x:
a) 3x+2 5 3x =36;

b) 251 + 252 + 253 = x250;

c) 5x+2 2x+1 + 710x = 57 000;

d) 12 4x 54x = 7212;

e) 4x+2 + 4x+1 + 4x = 336;

f) 943 942 941 = 713x;

g) 7x+3 7x+2 7x+1 = 41 72x;

h) 3x+3 4x+1 5 3x 4x = 1236.

30) Find the sums:

a) 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + + 22011;

b) 1 + 4 + 42 + 43 + + 42010;

c) 1 + 3 + 32 + 33 + + 32003;

d) 1 + 5 + 52 + 53 + + 52012;

Hint:

S = 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + + 2201/2
2

2S =

201

202

2+ 2 +2 + + 2 +2

2012

S1 +2

2S = S 1 + 2202
S = 2202 1

1.8. Comparing Powers

*

1) Compare:
a) 1527 and 1572;

b) 26123 and 24123;

c) 20111 and 402340;

d) 390 and 98980;

e) 125125 and 124123;

2) Compare:

(obs: all have the same base)

a) 1527 and 1572;

b) 26123 and 261234;

f) 02012 and 20110.

c) 20113 and 20115;

d) 39323 and 393100;

e) 125125 and 125126;

f)11144 and 11133;

g) 123 and 1100;

h) 055 and 070;

i) 40000and 40001.

3) Compare:

(obs: all have same exponent)

a) a) 1527 and 1772;

b) 26123 and 24123;

c) 20113 and 20103;

d) 393100 and 933100;

e) 25125 and 225125;

f)101144 and 111044;

g) 810 and 10;

h) 555 and 655;

i) 401and 40001.

a) 322 and 233;

b) 433 and 344;

c)1122 and 2211;

d) 533 and 355;

e) 244 and 533;

f) 5333 and 125111;

g) 239 and 326;

h) 545 and 630;

i) 1590 and 6135.

4) Compare:

5) Compare;
a) 587 and 2536;

b) 4333 and 8122;

c) 265 and 1620;

d) 12534 and 2575;

e) 36224 and 6363;

f) 27303 and 9502;

g) 291 and 6424;

h) 12145 and 1190;

i) 3290 and 16135.

6) Compare:
a) 272 and 437;

b) 10100 and 10010;

d) 3220 and 1625;

e) 940 and 8120

g) 6120 and 580 ;

h) 20030 and 8101060;

c) 930 and 2710;

f) 345 and 230;
i) 355 and 288;

7) Write the numbers in increasing order:

a) 245; 327; 418;

b) 256; 524; 332;

c) 544; 366; 2110;

d) 515; 335; 1210;

e) 933; 352; 2719;

f) 544; 2529; 62511.

**
8) Compare:
a) (2 + 3)2 and 22 and 32;
34.

b) (5 + 4)3 and 53 and 43

c) (4 + 3)4 and 44 and

Hint: (a + b)n an + bn, for any natural numbers a, b and n0.

9) Compare:
a) 22002 and 31335;

b) 22004 and 31202

c) 217 and 1210.

Hint: 22002= 220012 = 236672=

31335=326673=

10) Compare:
a)

22

d) 2

41

2
and ( 2 ) ;

and 3 ;

2
b) 3

e)

24

23

and

24

2
and ( 3 ) ;

c) 39 and 93;

11) Write in increasing order the numbers:

24 ; 34

4 2 ; 32 .

***
12) Compare:
a) a = 92100 2

99

5 3 2101 and b = 5367 368 5 366.

b) a = 353 + 352 + 351 and b = 287 + 286 + 7285.

13) Find x natural number:
a) 2x < 16;

b) 8 2x < 64;

c) 29 < 2x 213;

d) 13 2x < 75;

e) 3x < 29;

f) 7 3x < 80;

g) 39 < 9x 314;

h) 27 4x <218.
9

99

14) Write the numbers in increasing order: 99 , 999, 9 ,

99 ,

( 9 9) .

1.10. Perfect squares. Perfect cubes.

The natural numbers which can be written as a number at the power of two is
called perfect square. Examples: 81 = 92 and a6= (a3)2.
The natural numbers which can be written as a number at the power of three is
called perfect cube. Examples: 27 = 33 and a6= (a2)3.

Remarks.
1. a. Any natural number written as a power with an even exponent is a perfect
square.
b. A power with an odd exponent is a perfect square if the base can be written as
a power with an even exponent.
2. The product of two or more perfect squares is a perfect square.
Example: 253649 = 526272 = (567)2
3. Any perfect square has the last digit 0, 1, 4, 5, 6 or 9.
4. If a natural number has the last digit 2, 3, 7, or 8, then it is not a perfect
square.
5. If a number is between two consecutive perfect squares, then the number is
not a perfect square.
Example: number 239 is not a perfect square, because 152 = 225 < 239 < 256 =
162.
*
1) a) Write all two digit perfect squares.
b) Write all two digit perfect cubes.
2) Prove that the following numbers are perfect squares:
a) 536;

b)7100;

c)(56)7;

e) 1115:1113;

f)1378;

g) 1925197;

d) 324;
h) 272.

3) Prove that the following numbers are perfect squares:

a) 2537;
e) 121121;

b) 475;
f) (28)17;

c) 6257;
g) 3219:219;

d) 927;

h) 81125.

4) Prove that the following numbers are not perfect squares:

a) 12537;

b) 3275;

c) 2777;

d) 343215.

5) Prove that the following numbers are perfect squares:

a) 1625;
e) 41512117;

b) 21836;

c) 25318;

f) 514781324;

d) 16100;
g) 335 + 334;

h) 225 7220.

6) Prove that the following numbers are not perfect squares:

a) 1234567;

b) 2403 + 2402;

c) 312 + 311;

e) 42013 32012;

f) 1325674;

g) 34n+14;

d) 24817;
h) 6547 + 54321.

Hint: find the last digit of the numbers.

7) Prove that the following numbers are not perfect squares, showing that their
value is between two consecutive perfect squares.
a) 39;

b) 700;

e) 945;

f) 240;

c) 160;
g) 69;

d) 123;
h) 29.

8) Prove that the number A = 22003 + 32003 + 42003 + 52003 + 62003 + 72003 is not a
perfect square.
9) Find n a natural number in such way that the number n2 + 6n is a perfect
square.
**
10) a) Prove that number a = 2003 + 2(1 + 2 + + 2002) is a perfect square.
b) Prove that number b = 1 + 3 + 5 + + 2011 is a perfect square.
c) Prove that number c = 81 + 281 + 381 + + 4981 is a perfect square.
11) How many perfect squares are between 100 and 1 000? But, between 2 000
and 3 000?
12) Prove that the natural number 5(n + 1) + 6n+2 + 1001n+3 +5, cannot be
perfect squares, for any value of n.
13) a) Find the smallest four digit perfect square.
b) How many six digit numbers are perfect squares?
14) Find the smallest natural numbers bigger than 2, which is in the same time a
perfect square and a perfect cube.
15) Find

nN

in such way n! + 2 is a perfect square.

16) Prove that the following numbers are perfect squares:

a) 2793211:2 - 1662627;

b) 22011 22010 22009 22008;

c) 323423 - 221623;

d) 32011 + 232010 + 32009 + 32008.

***
17) a) Prove that 132000 can be written as a sum of two perfect squares.
b) Prove that 52 = 32 + 42 and then prove that 5200 can be written as a sum of
two perfect squares.
c) Prove that 92 = 42 +42 + 72 and then prove that number 92000 can be written
as a sum of three perfect squares.
d) Prove that 52 = 33 + 52 and then prove that 52601 can be written as a sum of
a perfect cube and a perfect square.
e) Prove that 32006 can be written as a sum of three perfect squares.
Hint: 132000 = 131998132 = 131998 (22+32) =
18) a) Find the natural numbers

ab

if

ba

ab+

is a perfect square.

b) Find the natural numbers

ab

if

ba

ab

is a perfect square.

19) a) Prove that number A =

ba
aa

ab+
bb

b) Find the natural numbers

ab

if

is a perfect square.

5 ba126
B=ab+

20) Prove that 102n+5 cannot be a perfect square,

is a perfect square.

nN .

21) There are natural numbers x and y in such way x2 + 10y = 2007?

1.11. Division without remainder

21
: 3 = 7
Divident divisor

quotient

21
= 3 7
Divident

divisor quotient

Properties:
1. For any non zero natural numbers m we have 0 : m = 0;
2. If a = b and m 0 => a : m = b : m.
3. If a < b and m a non-zero natural number => a : m < b : m.
4. (a + b) : m = a : m + b : m, for any m 0.
(a b) : m = a : m b : m, for any m 0.

5. If a = b and c = d 0, => a : c = b : d.
*
1) Solve:
a) 624 : 4;

b) 258 : 3;

c) 549 : 9;

d) 324 : 6;

e) 486 : 2;

f) 789 : 3;

g) 1234 : 2;

h) 345 : 5;

i) 861 : 7;

j) 1072 : 8;

k) 1113 : 3;

l) 4242 : 2.

a) 240 : 12;

b) 500 :10;

c) 500 : 50;

d) 1400 :70;

e) 385 : 5;

f) 473 : 11;

g) 729 : 9;

h) 312 :13;

i) 385 : 35;

j) 374 : 34;

k) 0 : 29;

l) 4000 : 25.

2) Calculate:

3) Solve:
a) 42 000 : 100; b) 73 000 : 1 000;

c) 24 800 : 800;

e) 157 541 : 257; f) 174 515 : 835; g) 6 496 : 112;

d) 11 607 : 159;
h) 258 534 : 954.

4) Solve, and then check your answer using multiplication:

a) 1 430 : 55;
e) 817 : 19

b) 345 : 15;
f) 3 953 : 67;

c) 720 : 18;

d) 840 : 42;

g) 7 000 : 50;

h) 660 : 22.

5) Solve, and then check your answer using multiplication:

a) 47 160 : 72;
200;

b) 6 441 : 113;

c) 26 136 : 99;

d) 17 800 :

e) 24 624 : 81;
30.

f) 1 476 : 41;

g) 2 010 : 30;

h) 2 012 :

6. Solve:
a) 43 710 : 30;

b) 781 : 1;

c) 1 470 : 35;

d) 48 024 : 24;

e) 5 671 : 107;

f) 19 076 : 251;

g) 7 612 : 173;

h) 19 251 : 207.

7) At a restaurant were bought 18 kg of meat for which they paid 414 lei. How
much did one kilogram of mea tcost?
8) Find the smallest and the greatest three digit number divisible by 13.

9) 4 860 kg of potatoes were placed equally in 108 crates. How many kilograms of
potatoes are there in each crate?
**
10) Solve:
a) 47 320: 1 245 + 2 407: 83;

b) 818 477: 2011 50 904: 168;

c) 2 240: 64 + 32 000: 256;

000.

d) 32 79 + 48 400: 275 1 860 000: 6

11) Calculate:
a) 322: 14 + 35 79 + 43 516: 1 012;
935: 609;

b) 42211 + 7 000 : 125 130

c) 791100 1 135 085: 1435 + 23241; d) 1 425 204: 2 013 + 2 149 494: 5 247.
12) At what number do we need to divide 39 596, to obtain the quotient 76, and
remainder 0?
13) a) Find the smallest and the greatest four digit natural number which divided
by 24 gives no remainder. How many four digit numbers are divisible by 24?
b) Find the smallest and the greatest five digit natural number which divided
by 32 gives no remainder. How many five digit numbers are divisible by 32?
14) a) Find all the numbers

52ab

which divided by 45 give no remainder.

b) Find all the numbers

ab26

which divided by 13 give no remainder.

c) Find all the numbers

abab

which divided by 37 give no remainder.

15) 65 identical suits cost 9 230 lei. How much does one suit cost?
16) An apartment building with 236 identical apartments costs 802 400 . How
much does one apartment cost?
17) A diary factory produces packs of butter and places them 28 in one box. In a
car 40 boxes are loaded and delivered equally to 35 markets. How many packs of
butter did each market receive?
18) In a box there are 60 packs with medicines. In each pack there are 5 vials, and
in each vial 12 pills. The pills are divided equally between 25 pharmacies. How
many pills did each pharmacy receive?

19) Prove that 23 + 22 + 21 + 1 and 210 + 29 + 28 + 27 are divisible by 5.

20) True or false?
a) 256 : 4 2 = 256 : (42)

b) 256 : 4 2 = 256 : (4:2)

21) a) Verify the formula: a : m + b : m = (a + b) : m, with m 0 for the next

example:
13 167 : 231 + 93 786 : 231.
b) Calculate in two ways: 1 161 : 43 + 7 439 : 43.
22) a) Verify the formula: (a : m) : (b : m) = a : b, where m and b are non-zero
natural numbers, for a = 121 272, m = 163 and b = 5 053.
b) Calculate in two ways: i. (2 478 : 59) : (413 : 59)
ii. (61 740 : 245) : (5 145 : 245)
***
23) Solve:
a)

: ab
;
ababab

d)

+ abc 00 ) :(3 abc)

;
( abcabc

b)

: abc
;
abcabc

c)
e)

bc+
ca
( ab+
) : ( a+b+ c ) ;

) : ab
( bcdd

;
( abcd
cd
) : bc

24) Calculate:
a) (1 + 2 + + 10 434) : 10 435;
100) :13];

b) (2 + 4 + + 200) : [(4 + 8 + +

c) (1 + 2 + + 300) : 903;
172).

d) (8 + 16 = + 344) : (4 + 8 + +

25) Solve:
a) 2436:144 + 24036:144 + 240360:144 + 2 42436:144;
b) (137 256 + 4777 256 + 3 159 + 7 256 + 81 0727 256) : 7 256.
26. Find the numbers a, b and c if it is given that ab = 143, bc = 195 and ac =
165.
27) Find x:
a) 1 278728 : x = 88;

b) (144 : x 4) : 2 222 : 74 = 1;

c) 127 + 559 056 : x = 559 183;

d) 312 : (x + 5) = 25;

e) 73 15 + 40 032 : x = 1 512;

f) 1 234 1 234 : x = 617;

g) (102 : x 47 : x) : 5 = 11;

h) (37 : x + 83 : x) : 2 =15;

i) (144 : x 4) : 2 3 =1;

j) 155 : (11 + 480 : x) = 5.

28) Solve:
a) 2222444466668888 : 2222;
c)

b) 3333033330033330003333 : 3333;

777
7 :777
7;

12 digits

d)

6 digits

999
9 :999
9

99 digits

9 digits

1.12. Division with remainder

Remainder theorem: For any natural numbers a and b, and b 0, there are the
natural numbers q and r, in such way a = b q + r, and r < b.

*
1) Find the quotient and the remainder:
a) 124: 5;

b) 356: 7;

c) 578: 6;

d) 167: 3;

e) 879: 4;

f) 476: 8;

g) 457: 2;

h) 876: 9;

2) Find the quotient and the remainder:

a) 20 827: 2;
8;

b) 78 896:5;

c) 12 345:7;

d) 52 457:

e) 30 404: 6;
3.

f) 24 587: 9;

g) 32 457: 6;

h) 89 765:

3) Find the quotient and the remainder:

a) 1 212: 12;
11;

b) 1 256: 13;

c) 2 003: 18;

d) 12 457:

e) 3 002: 17;
123.

f) 23 587: 153;

g) 23 457: 32;

h) 98 765:

4) a) Find the dividend if the divisor is 17, the quotient is 9 and the remainder is
15.
b) Find the dividend if the divisor is 25, the quotient is 13 and the remainder is
11.
c) Find the dividend if the divisor is 18, the quotient is 12 and the remainder is
5.
d) Find the dividend if the divisor is 37, the quotient is 8 and the remainder is 9.
e) Find the dividend if the divisor is 13, the quotient is 4 and the remainder is
12.
5) a) The sum of two numbers is 45. Find the two numbers if you know that if you
divide them it gives you the quotient 4 and the remainder 5.
b) The difference of two numbers is 158. Find the two numbers if you know that
if you divide them it gives you hthe quotient 18 and the remainder 5.
6) a) If the dividend is 48 and the remainder is 3, then find the divisor and the
quotient.
b) If the dividend is 107, quotient is 15 and the remainder is 2, then find the
divisor.
c) If the divisor is 3 and the quotient is 7, then find the dividend and the
remainder.
7) Find the greatest natural number which divided at 2009 gives the quotient 10
times smaller than the remainder.
8) At one competition 156 boys and 143 girls are participating. The participants
are divided in teams with the same number of members and the same number of
girls.
a) Prove that 13 teams can be formed.
teams.

B) Prove that it is impossible to form 4

9) Find x:
a) 72 : x = 9;
d) 1 : x = x;

b) x : 5 + 13 =123;

c) 231 : 11 = x + 7;

e) x : 8 = 5;
h) x : 13 = 14.

f) 36 : x + 11 = 15;

g) 2x : 8 = 5;

10) Find x:
a) 256 : x = 4;

b) x : 4 = 2 003;

d) x : 16 = 17;

e) 880 : x +19 = 39;

c) 100 + x : 12 = 104;
f) x : 10 + 39 = 139.

11) a) A natural number is 7 times greater than another natural number. Find the
two numbers, if the greater one is bigger than 86 and smaller than 94.
b) A natural number is 9 times greater than another natural number. Find the
two numbers, if the greater one is bigger than 140 and smaller than 149.
c) A natural number is 13 times greater than another natural number. Find the
two numbers, if the greater one is bigger than 140 and smaller than 155.
12) a) Find all the natural numbers which divided by 6 give the quotient 13.
b) Find all the natural numbers which divided by 9 give the quotient 103.
c) Find all the natural numbers which divided by 7 give the quotient 32.
**
13) Find the quotient and the remainder:
a) 10 203 : 102;

b) 2 007 : 56;

c) 25 006 : 203;

d) 7 : 123;

e) 90 705 : 304;
202.

f) 24 689 : 10 203;

g) 34 711 : 112;

h) 22 022 :

c) 17 : 256;

d) 7 : 123;

14) Find the quotient and the remainder:

a) 20 000 : 30;
e) 0 : 237;

b) 30 : 2 003;

f) 2 003 : 2 004; g) 226 644 : 264;

h) 109 : 19.

15) a) Find the greatest three digit number, which divided by a digit number,
gives the remainder 8.
b) Find the greatest and the smallest three digit numbers which divided by 11
give each time the remainder 8. How many three digit numbers divided by 11
give the remainder 8?

16) Find the smallest natural number with the sum of the digits equal with 2 048.
17) Use four times the digit 9 and two arithmetic operations to obtain the number
100.
18) The sum of three natural numbers is 121. Dividing the first number to the
third number we obtain the quotient 10 and the remainder 5, and dividing the
second number by the third we obtain the quotient 5 and the remainder 4. Find
the three numbers.
19) The sum of three natural numbers is 135. Dividing the first two numbers to
the third one we obtain the quotients 12 and 31 and the remainder 1 respectively
2. Find the numbers.
20) A number is with 72 more than another number. Dividing their sum to their
difference we obtain the quotient 5 and the remainder 2. Find the numbers.
21) a) Find all the numbers which divided by 13 give the quotient equal with the
remainder.
b) Find all the numbers which divided by 15 give the remainder equal with the
double of the quotient.
c) Calculate the sum of the numbers which divided by 8 give the quotient 5.
22) Find the smallest natural number which divided by 7 gives the remainder 5
and divided by 5 gives the remainder 3.
23) a) Are there natural numbers which divided by 18 give the remainder 14, and
divided by 6 give the remainder 5?
b) Prove that there are no natural numbers which divided by 6 give the
remainder 3 and divided by 3 give the remainder 2.
24) Find the sum of all the remainders of the divisions of the two digit numbers by
7.

1.13. Order of operations (II)

*
1) Solve:
a) 37 + 342 297;
89;
d) 245 + 123 45 23;

b) 250 123 + 89;

c) 2 413 875 +

e) 4 725 1 296 + 139; f) 7 231 38 + 519;

g) 273 59 + 27 41;
126.

h) 324 49 + 123;

i) 478 79 +

2) Calculate:
a) 2114: 49: 2;

b) 5001232: 1 000;

c) 2425: 435: 125;

d) 3845: 185:25;
321: 7;

e) 472594:100;

f) 1 173: 23:

g) 12 320: 16: 1139;

914: 28.

h) 4875: 9: 4017;

i) 6 048: 12:

c)232;

d) 1 + 2 +22;

3) Solve:
a) 22 + 32;

b) 2 + 22;

e) 32 2 + 1;
i) 1 + 234;

f) 10 23;
j) (2 + 3)2;

g) 2 4030:4030;
k) (23 + 5)2;

h) 3(32 + 33);
l) 922003 812.

4) Calculate:
a) 1 221 + 462: 11 - 3712;

b) 2525 500: 25 + 49;

c) 2413 715: 55 + 13;

d) 7256: 63 + 123 57;

e) 7725: 11 17 +78;

f) 3224: 48 144:9;

g) 255 144: 12 + 2719;

h) 4618 + 249:3 99.

5) Solve:
a) 295 + 416 + 13(715: 13 45);
29;

b) 13(79 25) + (2 104 + 820) : 86

c) (14 570: 62 + 15) : 50 + 79103;

687: 43;

d) 5230 7(512: 32 + 22) + 4

e) 2(57 + 882: 63) 500 : (1 296: 18 22);

f) 92 + 32: 4 + 7(134 1112) + 448:8;
g) (35 + 3535) : (3536) + (124 + 124) : (124125);
h) 66(341 79) + 204 : (91 - 175) + 369: 41.
6) Solve:
a) 3 + 10[362 + 10(24 + 78: 6)];

b) [434:14 (5 608: 8 + 924: 33) : 27]:2 1;

c) 71 + 5[100 2(306: 9 + 6)] + 54 : 621;
d) [520 : 10 - 7(3 + 18: 9)] 5 + 6(1512 1510): 15;
e) [18 + 3(29 3 690: 205)] [999 21(11 + 2 233: 77)];
f) [(7 350: 35 + 124 569: 9 - 12456 107) 3]: (1115 + 1312 + 279).
7) Solve:
a) [21 600 1 875(100 333 333:3 663)]: 675;
b) [72484 97635 + (1 61027 2 146)]: 330;
c) 400 + 480: 4 [680: 20 + 4(20 + 960: 32)];
d) [280 026 89 275 119 (1 237 545: 4 005) 512]: 147;
e) 1 500 + 250: 5 + 15: 3[265 (50: 25 + 2) 65] 150.
8) Write the successor of number a, where:
a) a = {(200 1510): 25 + 13 [17 + 9(473: 11 48)]} 7 + 62;
b) a = 44 + 5{639 9 [35 + 4(216 10 971: 53)]};
c) a = 18 +2 {[72 15 (161: 7 19)] 2 +(31 + 390: 26): 23}.
9) Solve:
a) 46: 23 + {78 3 [(15 +75): 5] 37};
b) 9 {8 + 7[6 + 5 (4 + 3 (2 + 1)]} : (1 + 2 + 3 ++ 9);
c) 1 + 2 {3 + 4 : [5 6 : (7 8 : (9 1)]}.
10) Solve:
a) 1060 : (25)58;
d) (25)4: (43)3;
332: 3313.

b) (3147)2:326;
e) (11201022010 ) : [(222)5]201;

c) (36)8:924;
f)223: 221: 2 +

11) Compare numbers a and b, where

a = 11 {3 +5[200 3 (442 -805)]} +17 and
b = 100 + 2 {2 + [222 2 (2 020 4050)]}.
12) Find how many natural numbers are between numbers a and b, where

a = 6 + 8 [32: 4 5 (43 7 32)] and b = 15 2 + (256 : 16 +4) : 5 2 121 :

21.
13) Solve:
a) 5 [5 + 5(53 55 : 53)] + 3 52;b) (6 +210 : 28)7 : 105 9 10;
c) 10 {182 : 324 +2 [(223)15 : (229315) + 124]};
d) [(43)2 : 44 + 42 2] [(43)2 : 45 +242 +47 :46];
e)

[2

12

218+ 570 :510 ( 325 ) ] : 42 23 223+ ( 5 15) ( 32 ) ;

2

f) 23 + [(23)7 (27)3 + 3 34 81] : {32 [301 10 (24 + 22012 : 22011 3)]}.

**
14) Place parentheses to make the statements true:
a) 5 4 : 2 + 8 2 = 48;
2 18 = 24.

b) 6 9 : 3 + 5 2 = 36;

c) 3 8 : 4 + 6

15) Solve:
a) 33 32 : (26 25 24 23 22 21 20);
2 22 22 : [ 2+22+ 22 : ( 22 22 2 ) ] ;
2

c)

b) (57 + 56 + 55) : 55 + 97 : 310;

d) 32 + (46)2 + 25 52 1.

16) Solve:
a) 7{7 + 7 [76 (72)3 + 11} + 272 - 323;
b) (9 + 34 : 92) : 10 + 81 82 : 41 : 33 (20132014)0;
c) 18 176 : 71 3 (29 24 23 30) + 117:115;
d) (84 084 :42 + 13) : 403 + 9 [85 085 :11 3 16 1 143)].
17) If a + 2b = 5 and b + 2c = 91, than calculate 5a + 13b + 6b, a, b, c
18) Calculate:
a = 14 363 : 53 152 + 41 13 2 [57 (20115)0];
b = 4 065 : 271 3 + 794 795: (793)3 + 616 : 56;

N .

c = 123 19 2 010 + 51 57 : 9 + 1010108:(104)4.

Write the numbers a, b and c in decreasing order.
19) Find x:
a) [(x + 360 : 4) 5 + 700] : 600 = 2;
= 27;
c) [3 (3x + 7) + 9] : 16 = 3;
10

b) [5 (2x + 3) + 4 (2x +3)] : 5

d) 2{27 - 2[3x : 5 - 23)] + 3} : 4 =

e) [(15 + 75 : x) 13 + 500] : 20 = 38; f) 2 (3x + 2) 22 = 5 (x + 1) + 78.

20) Solve:
a) [(32)5 : 37 30 32] 4 : 34 + 22;
b) [123 + 2722 + 267 : 227] : [123 + 214 : 25 + (25)8];
c) (254)3 : (42 + 32)11 (02010 + 12012 + 20130);
d) [33 3 + 245 : 242 + (35)6 : 329 + 90] : 31;
e) (28 + 92 + 56 + 362) : (06 + 44 + 34 + 253 + 64).
21) Prove that the numbers x and y are perfect squares, where:
x=[ 230 ( 26 )
2

100

100

2 + ( 64 4 )

:2899 ] +23007 ;

y = 5 (32002 32001 91000).

1.14. Equalities and inequalities

Equalities or Equations are statements where we have the = sign and an unknown
noted usually with a letter (for example x).
Inequalities are the statements where the = sign is replaced by the one of the
signs <, >, , .
Word problems which can be solved using equations or inequalities
To solve a word problem we have to follow some steps:
1. Find the unknown and use a letter to name it.

2. Write the data/ relations from the problem to obtain an equation

or inequality.
3. Solve the equation/inequality.
4. Interpret your answer.
5. Check your answer.
*
1) Find x, if:
a) x + 3 = 5;
5;

b) x 7 = 9;

c) 4 + x = 17;

e) 2 x = 42;

f) x 7 = 35;

g) x: 3 = 5;

i) 2x + 4 = 12;

j) 3x 12 = 15;

m) 4x 3 = 17;
5.

n) 5x + 3 = 28;

k) 5x = 25;

d) 23 x =
h) 45 : x = 5;

l) 42x = 24;

o) 12 2x = 6;

p) x 5 : 5 = 5

2) Find the solutions for the equations:

a) x + 3 = 17;

b) 71 + x = 108; c) x 23 = 15;

e) 2x + 7 = 103; f) 3x 5 = 34;
751;

d) 102 x = 15;

g) x : 19 = 58;

h) x 103 = 1

i) 2x + 5 = 23;
60;

j) 4x : 10 = 1 000;

k) 2x 5 = 100; l) 5 (6+ 2x) =

m) (13 + x): 15 = 15;

17.

n) 72: (x 2) = 9; o) 1 157 : x = 13 p) (x + 17) 4 = 63 +

3) Solve:
a) 23 x = 14;

b) 15 + x = 37; c) 209 x = 43;

d) 18 + x = 2 010;

e) 44 + 35 x = 20;

f) 479 + x = 500; g) 125 = x 17; h) 78 = x 59.

4) Solve:
a) x + 5 (12 + 31 2) = 1 042;

b) 49 + 2x = x + 79;

c) x + 15 64 = 205 + 2 (144 - 23 5);

11;
5) Find the natural number x:

d) 10 (639 - 75 8) + x = 232

a) 187 x = 4 (856 - 277 3);

b) 87 + 2 (93 7 - 42 11) = x + 300;

c) x + 15 64 = 205 + 2 (144 - 23 5);

11).

d) 49 + x + 156 = 6 (139 7

6) Find the natural numbers x, if:

a) x + 9 < 12;
9;

b) x 3 5;

c) 2 + x 5;

e) 2 x 10;

f) x 7 < 35;

g) x : 3 < 2;

i) 5x + 4 < 16;

j) 4x 12 15;

m) 7x 3 5x + 13;

k) 3x 27;

d) 7 + x <
h) x : 4 3;

l) 52x+1<125;

n) 2x + 4 < x + 16.

7) Solve:
a) x + 7 10;
>5;

b) x + 21 < 4 6;

c) x + 3 > 11;

d) 13 x

e) 39 + x < 45;
> 29 + 2 18.

f) 15 x < 9;

g) x 5 2;

h) x + 17

8) A natural number added with 37 gives the sum 103. Find the number.
9) The difference between 71 and a natural number is equal with 41. Find the
number.
10) The sum of four even consecutive numbers is 164. Find the numbers.
11) The sum of three consecutive numbers is 75. Find the numbers.
12) Find a natural number if you know that its double is 10 less than the sum
between the number and 60.
13) Dividing 60 by a natural number bigger than 10 and less than 20 we obtain
the quotient equal with the remainder. Find the quotient and the divisor.
**
14) Solve:
a) x + 23 10 = 11 41 119;
+ 13 5;
c) 74 + 3 (86 - 7 3) = x + 5 (196 - 7 20);
100 7 9.

b) 42 6 + x - 13 7 = 256
d) 37 24 5 x =

15) Which of the following equations has the solution a natural number between 4
and 20?
a) 35 2 + x = 100;

b) x + 777 - 7 11 = 400 2 37;

c) 429 x = 82 5;

d) 68 3 + 2 (153 71) = x + 364.

16) Solve the inequality:

a) 79 + x < 85;

b) 5 13 + x 7 10;

c) 97 x > 13 7;

d) 8 (153 - 5 25) x 6 30.

17) Which of the following inequality has number 5 as solution?

a) 72 x < 70;

b) 4 x + 597 > 132;

c) 2x + 189 200;

d) 11 x 249 10 17.

18) Find x, if:

a) 100 [25 - 5 (x 3) + 2]: 4 = 300
0;
c) 10 {10 [10 (10 2x)]}: 10 =10
e) 1 + {2 [3 + (x 4) 5]: 6} 7 = 8
= 25.

b) [(x + 3) : 200 + 90] : 10 10 =

d) [3 (3x + 9)]: 13 = 9;
f) [2 (x + 8) 3 + 4 (x + 8))]: 4

19) Sandu bought 5 kg of potatoes and 2 kg of onions, and gave to the cashier a
100 lei bill, and received 85 lei change. How much does1 kg of potatoes cost if 1
kg of onion costs 2 lei and 50 bani?
20) The sum of the triple of a number increased with the quotient of 301 and 43 is
smaller than 12. Find the number.
21) What sum of money did Andrei have if after he received from his mother 75
lei, from his grandfather 40 lei and pay a debt of 80 lei to his brother he remains
with 400 lei?
22) 828 chocolates are wrapped in small and large boxes. In each small box there
are 12 chocolates, and in each large box there are 18 chocolates. We know that
the number of the small boxes is 24. Find the number of the large boxes.
23) Im thinking of a number. I double the number then add 15 and I divide the
answer by 3, and obtain 17. What number was I thinking of?

24) Three workers received 1 800 lei for a job. Knowing that the first one worked
12 days, the second one 3 days more, find how many days worked the third
worker if they are paid each 40 lei per day.
25) Five pencils and three pens cost 19 lei. Three pencils and six pens cost 24 lei.
Find how much a pencil costs.
26) The sum of the ages of two brothers is 28. Find the sum of their ages 7 years
after.
27) The sum of three numbers is 370. The first number is twice the second and
the third is three times less than the second. Find the three numbers.
28) The sum of six numbers is 171. Each number is with 7 smaller than its
previous. Find the numbers.
29) The sum of three numbers is 281. The third is half of the first, and the
difference between the second and the first divided by the sum of the first and the
third gives the quotient 3 and the remainder 1.
30) Write number 129 as a sum of three consecutive numbers.
31) In the science laboratory, if at one microscope 2 students are sitting, then at
one microscope there is only one student. If at each microscope 3 students sit ,
then 4 microscopes will be free. Find the number of students in that class.
32) A group of children wants to buy an object. If each child gives 15 lei, they
need 5 more lei. If each child gives 20 lei, than they will have 30 lei more. Find the
number of children and the price of the object they want to buy.
33) In two warehouses there are 2 800 t of goods, respectively 1 300 t. From the
first warehouse 100 t of goods are delivered per day, and from the second
warehouse 25 t of goods are delivered per day. After how many days, in the two
warehouses, the quantities of goods will be equal? After how many days, the
quantity of goods from the first warehouse will be double the quantity of goods
from the second warehouse?
34) Find the natural numbers x, y, z:
a)

5+1190 ;
5 xyz=2
xyz

b)

xy 5+ 3 4 xy=2 141;

c)

=6 631.
7 xyz4
xyz

35) Solve:
a) 15 + 23 7 + x = 153 + 71 21;

b) 86 - x (50 - 6 8) 34;

c) 32 5 + x < 31 6 - 7 2;
2.

d) 23 x - 18 x - 4 x 29 - 13

***
36) The sum of three numbers is 175. If we add to each of them the same number
we obtain the sums 64, 72 and 99. Find the numbers.
37) Solve:
a) x + 2x + 3x + + 100x 5 049x < 44 - 3 13;
b) x + 2x + 3x + + 100x = 5 050;
c) 2x + 4x + 6x + 8x + 10x 13 < x + 3x + 5x + 7x + 9x + 12.
38) Find the natural numbers x and y, if:
c) 2x + 3y = 8;

a) (x + 1) (x + 2) = 42;

b) 3x + 7y = 42;

d) (x + 3) (y + 5) = 72;
5x+2= 31

e) (x + 1)(x + 2) = 17(x + 1); f) 5x + 5x+1 +

39) Answering at all 100 questions of a test, a student received 340 points. For
each correct answer he received 5 points, and for each wrong answer were
deducted 3 points. How many correct answers did he give?

1.15. Divisibility of natural numbers

A natural number a is divisible by a natural number b if there is a natural

number c, in such way a = b c. Number a is called multiple of b, and b is called
divisor of a.
We use the following notations:
a bwe read a is divisible by b
bawe read b is dividing a

Obs. The natural number a is divisible by the non-zero natural number b if

the remainder of the division of a : b is zero.
A prime number is a whole number larger than the number 1 and one that can be
equally divided only by itself and 1.
All prime numbers beyond 2 are considered odd because all even numbers can be
divided evenly by 1 themselves and by 2.

So even numbers larger than 2 wont fit into the definition of a prime number.

Since prime numbers are not formed by multiplying any two or more numbers
they cannot be divided by any number.
Prime number definition: A prime number is a positive integer which has only
two factors, which can be 1 and the number itself.
For example, lets consider the number 2.

2=21

So, 2 has factors 2 and 1. It means it has only two numbers as factors. Hence it is
a prime number.
Now, lets consider the number 6.
1

6=32=3121=32

6 has three factors 3, 2 and 1. So it is not a prime number.

Such numbers are called composite numbers.
If any two numbers have no common factor other than 1 then they are assumed
to be relatively prime. If two numbers are relatively prime, then their greatest
common factor is 1 and in case the two numbers are not relatively prime then
their greatest common factor is the largest number that will divide both numbers
equally.
For example we have two numbers 16 and 15 where the factors for 15 are 3, 5,
and 15. The factors for 16 are 2, 4, 8, and 16. We can see that both 15 and 16 are
composite numbers yet they are relatively prime. In case we are taking numbers
a, b, c, das relatively prime numbers then the least common multiple of the two
relatively prime numbers a and b is their product ab.
Properties:
1. We use for a multiple of n the notation Mn.
a)

( a+b )n=a n+ M b =bn + M a

b)

( a+1 )n= M a+1

c)

( a1 )n=

M a+1, if n is even
M a1, if n is odd

d)

an bn ( ab ) k =M (ab ) , k N

2. The number of divisors of a natural number written as a product of powers

of distinct prime numbers

n=p e1 p2e pe3 p ek

1

is (e1 +1)(e2+1) (ek+1).

Examples:
1. The number of divisors of n = 23 is 3 + 1 = 4;
2. The number of divisors of n = 72 = 2232 is (3+1) (2+1) = 12;
3. The perfect squares have an odd number of divisors and reciprocal: a
number which has an odd number of divisors is a perfect square. The
numbers with three divisors are the perfect squares of the prime numbers.
Examples:
1. The number of the divisors of n = 36 = (23)2 = 2232 is (2+1) (2+1) =
9.
2. The number of the divisors of n = 49 = 72 is 3.
4. If a natural number A is divisible by a prime number p, but is not divisible by
p2, then A is not a perfect square.
*
1) Write all the factors of the number:
a) 48;b) 50;c) 75; d) 36;e) 100;

f) 1001; g)125 h) 24; i) 91; j) 19; k) 35.

2) a) Write all the multiples of 7, smaller than 100.

b) Write all the multiples of 11, smaller than 142.
c) Write all the multiples of 5, bigger than 24 and smaller than 48.
d) Write all the multiples of 17, bigger than 35 and smaller than 200.
e) Write all two digit multiples of 13.
f) Write all three digit multiples of 234.
3) a) Show that 12 is a divisor (factor) of 180 and a multiple of 6.
b) Show that 8 is a divisor of 984 and a multiple of 2.
c) Show that 91 is not a divisor of 3332, but is a multiple of 7.

d) Show that 35 is a divisor of 700, but is not a multiple of 8.

e) Show that 24 is a divisor of 5!, but is not a multiple of 5.
f) Show that 75 is a divisor of 1410, but is not a multiple of 3.
g) Show that 234 is a divisor of 68 and a multiple of 8.
h) Show that 1213 is a multiple of 26, but is not a factor of 1413.
4) Prove that:
a) 23 | 345;
e) 8 323

b) 6 | 204 396;

41;

c) 1 245

15;

d) 47 | 47;

g) 111 | ( abc + bca+ cab ;

f) 59 | 12 095;

h) 30n |(5n6n+15n 2n+1);

j) 50 500

i) 27 540

(1 + 2 + 3 + + 100);

(12+ 22+ 32+ 4 2) ;

k) 21| (1 + 2 + 3 + + 20).

5) a) Prove that the sum of two odd natural numbers is divisible by 2.

b) Prove that the sum of two even natural numbers is divisible by 2.
c) Prove that the sum of two natural numbers, one even and one odd is not
divisible but 2.
6) a) Write all the factors of 15 and find the natural numbers x if 15

b) Find the natural numbers x if 26

(2x+1).

c) Find the natural numbers x if 32

(2x+4).

d) Find the natural numbers x if 70

(2x+5).

e) Find the natural numbers x if 45

(3x 3).

7) a) Find the natural numbers x if x+1

b) Find the natural numbers y if y 5

c) Find the natural numbers z if z+4

14 and 12 x 100.

37 and 10 y 120.
24 and 10 z 50.

(x+1).

d) Find the natural numbers u if 2u+1

45 and 0 u 22.

8) a) Prove that the product of two consecutive natural numbers is divisible by 2.

b) Prove that the product of three consecutive natural numbers is divisible by 3.
c) Prove that the product of five consecutive natural numbers is divisible by 5.
9) a) If x = 35a + 63b, a, b
b) If x = 48a + 64b, a, b

N , then prove that x

N , then prove that x

c) If x = 5a + 3b+ 2c, and y = 4a +6b + 7c, a, b, c

7.
8.
N , then prove that x+y

9.

10) Prove that

a)

abbab2
b 7 ;

c)

1 a11a+8 9;

b)
d)

bc+
ca
ab+
11 ;
bc+
ac+
cb
11 ;
ab+
ca
+ bc+

**
11) Prove that number a = 12013 + 22013 + 32013 + 42013 is divisible by 2.
12) Prove that

4 ba+ ba
3
5 ab+

and

3 ba+
30 11
ab+
.

13) a) Find how many natural numbers like

5 xyz

are divisible by 89.

b) Find how many natural numbers like

71xy

are divisible by 24.

c) Find how many natural numbers like

4 xyz

are divisible by 67.

d) Find how many natural numbers like

3 xyz

are divisible by 222.

14) a) Find the greatest four digit natural number divisible by 37.
b) Find the smallest four digit natural number divisible by 43.
c) How many three digit natural numbers are divisible by 19?
d) How many three digit natural numbers are divisible by 15?

e) How many three digit natural numbers are divisible by 23?

f) How many three digit natural numbers are not divisible by 13?
g) How many four digit natural numbers are divisible by 47?
15) Prove that 1024 divides the product of the first 100 nonzero natural numbers.
16) a) The remainder of the division of a natural number a by 28 is 14. Prove that
a is divisible by 7.
b) The remainder of the division of a natural number b by 48 is 36. Prove that b is
divisible by 12.
17) Prove that 2990 1

21 and 852 632

7.

Hint: use property 1.

18) a) Prove that 1001 is divisible by 7, 11, 13, 77 and 91.
b) Prove that all the numbers

abcabc

are divisible by 7, 11 and 13.

19) a) Prove that the product of 5 consecutive natural numbers is divisible by 120.
b) Prove that the product of 6 consecutive natural numbers is divisible by 720.
c) Prove that the product of 7 consecutive natural numbers is divisible by
5040.
20) a) Find all the common factors of 45 and 60. Which one is the greatest?
b) Find all the common factors of 75 and 50. Which one is the greatest?
c) Write the common multiples of 9 and 12 smaller than 145. Write the LCM.
d) Write the common multiples of 6 and 8, smaller than 99. Write the LCM.
21) a) Find the value of the natural number a knowing that the number of
multiples of 12 smaller than a and greater than 38 is 9.
b) Find the value of the natural number b knowing that the number of multiples of
15 smaller than b and greater than 150 is 5.
c) Find the value of the natural number c knowing that the number of multiples of
24 smaller than c and greatest than 42 is 11.
d) Find the value of the natural number d knowing that the number of multiples of
30 smaller than d and greater than 300 is 6.

22) Find all the natural numbers

x , x 18,2 x+ 3 5.

23) Find the non-zero natural number n in such way

a) The numbers n, n+2, n+6, n+14 and n+18 to be prime.
b) The numbers n+1, n+7, n+13 and n+19 to be prime.
24) Find the numbers a, b and c if c is a prime number and c = (2a 5)(2b 8).
25) Prove that number A = 12321 is not a perfect square.
26) a) Prove that A = 20 + 21 + 22 + 23 + + 22003 is divisible by 7.
b) Prove that B = 30 + 31 + 32 + 33 + + 32004 is divisible by 4.
c) Prove that C = 71 + 72 + 73 + + 72004 is divisible by 57.
d) Prove that D = 91 + 92 + 93 + + 92012 is divisible by 10.
e) Prove that E = 1 + 71 + 72 + 73 + + 71995 is divisible by 400.
f) Prove that F = 131 + 132 + 133 + + 132012 is divisible by 7.
g) Prove that G = 1 + 51 + 52 + 53 + + 52011 is divisible by 31.
Hint: a) 2004 terms can be grouped three by three.
27) Find the number of factors each of the following numbers has: 80, 91, 92, 95,
100, 360, 400, 1200.
Hint use property 2.
***
28) Prove that there are no three digit natural numbers, divisible by 35, which
have an odd number of factors.
29) Find the natural numbers n if the sum of the factors of n is n + 7.
30) Prove that number a is divisible by number b, where:
a = 222 + 217 + 26 + 25 + 21 + 20 and b = 217 + 2 + 1
31) a) If
b) ) If

cd

2 ab=
, prove that number
cd

6 ab=
, prove that number

abcd
is a multiple of 17.

abcd
is a multiple of 53.

32) Find the natural number n, if 2n + 7 | n + 23 and n + 23 | 2n + 7.

33) Given a = 22n+152n+3 1,

n N . Which of the following numbers divides a?

a) 5; b) 2; c) 6; d) 3; e) 4; f) 10.
34) a) Prove that 21 + 22 + 23

b) Prove that 21 + 22 + 23 + 24 + + 22013 7.

1.16. Divisibility rules

*
1) Given 28, 35, 49, 120, 1294, 2373, 5401, 145340, 225035.
a) Write the numbers which are divisible by 2.
b) Write the numbers which are divisible by 5.
c) Write the numbers which are divisible by 10.
2) a) Write all natural numbers divisible by 2, smaller than 27.

b) Write the natural numbers divisible by 5, greater than 7 and smaller than 48.
c) Write the natural numbers divisible by 10, between 68 and 205.
3) Write all the numbers
a) 2;

b) 5;

23 a

c) 10.

4) Find how many numbers

a) 2;

b) 5;

b) 5;

7 x3 y

are divisible by:

c) 10.

5) Write all the numbers

a) 2;

divisible by:

5 x x

divisible by:

c) 10.

6) a) Write all the even natural numbers

b) Write all the odd natural numbers

x 7 x .

x 7 x .

7) a) How many three digit numbers, formed using only digits 0, 1, 6 and 5 are
divisible:
i) by 2

ii) by 5

iii) by 10.

b) ) a) How many three digit numbers, formed using only digits 0, 2, 7 and 9 are
divisible:
i) by 2

ii) by 5

iii) by 10.

8) Prove that the numbers n2(7n6 534 +3n2 1) are divisible by 2, for any
natural number n bigger than 1.
9) Find all the natural numbers
10) If

2 ab+ b 3 a+ ab 4=567,

35 xyy

are divisible by 10, xy.

than prove that

3.
ab

**
11) The sum of two natural numbers is 37. One of them is even, and the other is
divisible by 5. Find the two numbers.
12) a) How many numbers

a 47 bc

are divisible by 2?

b) How many numbers

x 24 yz

are divisible by 5?

c) How many numbers

x 27 xy

are divisible by 10?

13) a) Prove that from three consecutive numbers at least one is divisible by 3.
b) Prove that from six consecutive numbers at least one is divisible by 5.
14) a) Find the numbers

27xy

divisible by 2 and the sum of the digits 22.

b) Find the numbers

9 xy 8 z

divisible by 5 and the sum of the digits 22.

c) Find the numbers

45 xyz

divisible by 10 and the sum of the digits 11.

15) Prove that number A + B + C is divisible by 63, where A = 1 + 3 + + 41,

B = 10 + 30 + + 410 and C = 100 + 300 + + 4100.
16) The sum of eight natural odd consecutive numbers is 192. Find the numbers.
17) A and B are two two-digit natural numbers. If A B = 10 and

25
AB
, Find

the numbers.
18) S1 = 1 + 2 + 22 + + 22011 and S2 = 1 + 2 + 3 + + 2009. Prove that S1 S2
is divisible by 10.
***
19) Prove that the numbers 10n 1 are divisible by 9, for any n natural number.
20) Given

ab
, ab0, and

ba=a

ab
b+ b .

a) Prove that 9a = b(a + 10).

b) Find all the numbers
21) If

ab

for which the statement is true.

+ bca+
cab
9
abc
, prove that

bca
cab
27
abc
.

1.17. Mean (Average) of two or more natural numbers

The mean of two natural numbers a and b we obtain:

M a=

a+b
2 .

The mean of n natural numbers we obtain: :

M a=

a1 +a2 + a3+ +a n
.
n

We observe that the mean of some numbers is a number between the smallest
min {a 1+ a2+ a3 ++ an } M a max {a1 +a2 +a 3+ +an }
and the greatest of the numbers.

*
1) Calculate the mean of the numbers:
a) 3 and 11;
38;

b) 4 and 56;

c) 202 and 38;

d) 0 and

e) 31 and 53;

f) 2011 and 2009;

g) 447 and 333; h) 2011 and 1;

2) The average of the numbers 11 and x is 22. Find x.

3) In History, Irina has the marks 6, 120 and 8. How much will be her average?
4) Corina reads a thermometer at 12 oclock in 5 days of the week and finds the
values 130C, 170C, 150C, 200C, and 100C. Calculate the average temperature in
those five days.
5) Three numbers have a sum of 80. The average of the first two is 12, and the
average of the last two is 36. Find the numbers.
6) a) The average of 7 numbers is 138. Find their sum.
b) The average of 13 numbers is 74. Find their sum.
7) Find the average of the numbers:
a) 7, 8, 36;

b) 20, 81,103;

c) 12345, 21, 675;

d) 2x, 4x, 5x, 9x; c) 12, 14, 16, 18; f) 80; 43 and 66.
**
8) three numbers a1, a2, a3 are given. Knowing that the average of the first two is
12 and a3 = 9, calculate their average.
9) The average of the numbers a, b, c and d is 35. Find the average of the
numbers a, b, c, d and 25.
10) The average of three numbers is 28. Two of them are 32 and 18. Find the third
number.

11) The average of three consecutive natural numbers is 19. Find the smallest
number.
12) Find the natural number x if the average of the numbers x, 9 and 2x is 7.
13) The average of the numbers 15, x, 13, 3x is 17. Calculate x.
14) Five children measure their heights and the values are 135cm, 140cm, 122cm,
150cm, and 138cm. Find the average of their heights.
15) The average of a1 and a2 is x, and the average of a3, a4 and a5 is 11x, and the
average of a6, a7, a8 and a9 is 88x. Find the average of the 9 numbers.
16) In grade V there are 25 students. Calculate the class average at the Romanian
test, if the marks are registered in the following table.
Mark
Number of
students

4
1

5
1

6
2

7
5

8
6

9
4

10
6

17) The average of a, b and c is 24. The average of a and b is 16. Find the value of
c.
18) The average of four non-zero natural numbers is 21. Which number can be the
greatest? But the smallest?
***
19) The average of the numbers a1, a2, a3,, a10 is 41, and a10. Calculate the
average of the first 9.
20) Three natural numbers are given, and the average of the first two numbers is
14, the average of the last two is 20, and the last number is four times more than
the second. Find the three numbers.
21) Find a and b if the average of the numbers

, aba
, aa

abba
, bb

is 1375.

1.18. Equalities and inequalities

1) Solve:
a) x + 8 = 17;
3;

b) 13 + x =24;

e) x + 3 = 78;

f) 71 + x = 108; g) x 23 = 15;

i) 23 + x = 173; j) 156 x = 28;

c) x 5 = 13;

d) 18 x =
h) 102 x = 15;

k) 87 + x = 100; l) 143 x = 29.

2) Find x:
a) 2x = 28;

b) 5x = 35;

e) 12x = 144;
57;
i) 1157: x = 13;

c) x7 = 182

f) 4x = 156;

d) 36x = 324;

g) x:6 = 1751;

j) x:15 = 15;

k) x:10 = 1000;

a) 7x =73;

b) 52x+1 = 513;

c) 252x+1 = 518;

e)2x = 16;

f) 3x + 16 = 25;

h) x:19 =

l) x:5 = 100.

3) Solve:
d) 43x-1 = 210;

g) 5x + 9 = 134; g) 6x + 47 = 83.

4) Solve:
a) 2x + 15 = 23; b) 156 3x = 18; c) 7x + 21 = 63; d) 2x 11 = 37;
e) 9x + 35 = 46; f) 124 5x = 69; g) 4x 35 = 29; h) 120 7x = 57;
i) 15x + 9 = 234; j) 13x 39 = 169;k) 12x + 72 = 144;

l) 3x 11 = 145.

5) Solve:
a) 2(x + 3) + 17 = 59;

b) 7(x 2) + 9 = 44;

c) 8(x + 3) + 7 = 71;

d) 5(2x 11) + 17 = 52;

366;

e) 6(3x + 4) + 15 = 201;

f) 17(2x + 3) 25 =

g) 4(5x 12) 34 = 118;

h) 125 3(2x 1) = 98; i) 238 5(x 1) = 193.

6) Which of the following equations has as a solution the natural number 10:
a) x + 23 = 33;

b) 2x 5 = 25;

c) 4x + 11 = 51;

d) 7x + 4 = 6x + 12;

e) 9x + 76 = 3x 18

f) 133x = 1330.

7) Solve:
a) 5x + 7 = 2x + 3(x + 9) 20;

b) 4x + 31 = 2x;

c) 9x 13 = 4(2x + 1) + x 17;

d) 6x + 10 = 213.

8) Solve:
a) 4x + 3 = 2(2x + 13) 5;
x + 13;

b) 11x + 12 = 3x + 36;

c) x 7 =

d) x + 2x + 3x = 3(2x + 7);
= 3x + 4.

e) 6x 4x + 13 = 2x + 25 + 3;

f) 7x + 12

9) Solve:
a) 2x = 7 = x + 32;
= x + 68;

b) 3x 8 = x + 48;

c) 4x + 5

d) 25 3x = 17 x;
= 2x + 50.

e) 5x + 7 = 23 + x;

f) 6x + 10

10) Solve the inequalities, in the set of natural numbers:

a) x + 3 < 4;
3;

b) x + 5 17;

e) 6x 36;

f) 4x < 35;

i) 5x 11 < 34;

j) 2x 13 5;

m) 2x 8;

n) 112x+1 < 117;

c) x 11 3;

g) x : 4 < 5;

d) x 7

h) x : 3 > 6;

k) 7x + 12 > 19; l) 4x 21 < 3;

o) 13x-2>132001;

p) 9x+1 312.

11) Solve the inequalities, in the set of natural numbers:

a) 2(5x 12) 6; b) 6(2x 3) 4 14;
49;

c) 3(x 1) >12;

d) 7(2x 1)

e) 3(2x 7) + 3 < 2(2x 1) + 6;

f) 4(5x 12) 22 3(6x 4) + 8.

12) Solve the inequalities, in the set of natural numbers:

a) 3x + 5 < 3(x + 2);

b) 4x + 7 > 2(2x + 5);

c) 7x + 41 > 2(3x + 11);

d) 18 + 10x < 5(x + 2) + 2(x + 3).

13) Find the natural numbers n for which 310n+1 + 10n + 7 31 007.
14) The sum of two numbers is 385. Find the two numbers, if one of them is 5
more than the triple of the other.
15) Solve the inequalities, in the set of natural numbers:
a) 7x 5 2x + 60;
4(3x + 2);

b) 18x + 256 > 7(2x + 103);

d) x + 9x < 73 + 37;

e) 2[10 + 7(82 92)] + x < 2011;

c) 12x + 9
f) 41x+6< 4110.

16) Solve:
a) 444 2[x + 6(122 112)] = 220;

b) 139 + 3x [(22)3]5 : (27)4=198;

c) 12x + 3 (452 212) = 2x + 103;

d) [(x 8) : 100 + 30] : 10 70 = 0;

e) {[(17 9) 6 3 + 5] : 10 + 2} : x = 1;
= 1343.

f) 5 + 7[1 + 5(200 189)] + x

17) Solve:
a) 70 + x 5 11< 29;

b) 4x 3(40 16) 8;

c) 12 + 22 + 32 > 2x + 6;

d) 674 10x + 3 18 21 1;

e) x + 10x + 100x < 777 3 111;

f) 12x 4x 6 < 7x + 21 25.

18) Find x:
a) 420 : 21 + 3x = 59;
b) 32x 28 = 6(5x + 2) + 404;
c) 21 + 22 + 24 + 25 x 2x 3x = 32;
d) 7{2 + 6[20 - 3(113 27)]} + x = 2109;
e) 10 {x 10 [216 + 10 (24 + 24 : 4)]} = 1000;
f) 84x + 9 {1 + 2 [3 + 4 (56 - 74)]} = 10(8x + 22) + 207.
19) Solve:
a) 37x+5=[(32)4]5;

b) 1790 : 1763 = 17

d) 232x-1< 23x+8;

e) 11113 > 116+x;

x+12

c) 159 > 15x+2;

f) 2518>5x+2.

20) Find x if 3x 7 = 73 +72.

***
21) Solve in the set of natural numbers:
a) xy + 2 = 8;

b) xy 2y = 15;

d) xy 1 = 6;
12.

e) (x + 2) (y + 5) = 18;

c) 2xy y = 18;
f) (x 3) (y+1) =

22) a) The sum of some natural consecutive numbers is 39. Find these numbers.
b) The sum of some natural consecutive numbers is 30. Find these numbers.
23) Solve in the set of natural numbers:
a) x3(y 1) = 18;
1.19. Word problems

b) x3 + x3y = 24;

c) x4 + x3y = 270.

*
1) Find the natural number which divided by 7 and the answer added with 11
gives a sum equal with 15?
2) The triple of number x decreased by 13 gives 47. Find the number.
3) Ana bought three copybooks and received 188 lei change from a 200 lei bill.
How much does a copybook cost?
4) A person distributed 208 chocolate bars equally to 37 children from an
orphanage. How many chocolate bars did each child receive?
5) 8 girls and 13 boys picked up a total of 278 kg of forest fruits. We know that all
the girls picked up an equal number of kilograms and each boy picked up 2 kg
more than a girl. How many kilograms of forest fruits did a girl pick up?
6) What natural number added with all the even digits gives a sum equal with
143?
7) Which is the natural number, from which by subtracting all the odd digits we
obtain 304?
8) In an apartment building there are 70 flats with 2 and 4 rooms. How many tworoom flats are there, if the number of the four-room flats is 32?
9) Double of x increased by 47 gives 247. Find x.
10) A natural number x is added with 7. The sum is divided by 5. From the
quotient obtained we subtract 14 and we get 51. Find x.
11) From number 4851 we subtract one by one, number x. the double of x and
then the triple of x and we obtain 51. Find the number x.

**
12) In the table below are registered the marks obtained by the students at an
initial test.
Number of students
Mark

3
4

3
5

5
6

6
7

4
8

3
9

2
1
0
a) Find how many students participated in the initial test.

b) Calculate the average of the marks obtained.

c) Find the number of students which obtained marks less than 8.
13) The sum of three natural numbers is 1676/ If from each of the numbers we
subtract the same natural number we obtain the numbers 252, 410 and 114. Find
the numbers.
14) The sum of two natural numbers is 97. If we divide the bigger number to the
smaller numbers we obtain the quotient 4 and the remainder 7. Find the numbers.
15) The difference of two numbers is 110. One of them is with 16 less than 7
times the other one. Find the numbers.
16) Find a number knowing that his triple added with 17 is less than or equal with
25.
17) At number 2536 we add one by one the numbers x, 2x, 3x and we obtain
3736. Find 3x.
18) Patricia has 320 lei. From this amount she buys an atlas, a book with 18 lei
and 12 copybooks with 3 lei each. If she has 154 lei left, find the price of the atlas.
19) Find the natural number which divided by 29 gives the quotient 30 and the
remainder 28.
20) Adding the same natural number x to each of the numbers 14, 23 and 87 we
obtain three sums which added together give 214. Find x.
21) Find three natural numbers knowing that their sum is 280 and the first is 6
times bigger than the third and the second 3 times more than the third.
22) Find 5 consecutive odd natural numbers knowing that adding them with the
double of their sum we get 180.
23) The father and the son have altogether 48 years. The father is three times
older than the son. After how many years the fathers age will be twice as much
the sons age?
24) The mother is 18 years older than the daughter, and after three years the
mother will be three times older than her daughter.
a) How old is the daughter?
b) How many years before the mothers age was 7 times bigger than the daughter
age?