Weight is,

W mg m 9.81 3.32*106 h
At sea level h 0

40 103 N m 9.81 3.32 106 0

m 4077.471967 kg
mass remains constant.
at the elevation,

W 4077.471967 9.81 3.32 106 10 103 m

39864.63 N
39.86 kN

From the given figure, name the link lengths.

r1 9 ft; 1 0
r2 4 ft; 2 2
r3 7 ft; 3 3
r4 1.5 ft; 4 270
now the vector equation is,
r1 r2 r3 r4 0

r1 cos 1 r2 cos 2 r3 cos 3 r4 cos 4

i r1 sin 1 r2 sin 2 r3 sin 3 r4 sin 4 0
equate the individual components and substitute the values.
. . . . . . 1

9cos 0 4 cos 2 7 cos 3 1.5cos 270 0

. . . . . . 2

9sin 0 4sin 2 7 sin 3 1.5sin 270 0

now, differentiate the vector loop equation,

r&= r& ir& ei

i1,3,4
&
& & &
r&
but, r& 0 for links 1, 3, 4 r&

1 r2 r3 r4 0
1,3,4 ir1,3,4 e

& i2
and r&2 = r&

2 ir2 2 e
&
&
&
&
i r1&
1 cos 1 r3 3 cos 3 r4 4 cos 4 r2 ir2 2 cos 2

&
&
i 2 r1&
1 sin 1 r3 3 sin 3 r4 4 sin 4

r& ir & i sin

&
now, &
1 4 0
&
&
i r3&
3 cos 3 r2 2 cos 2 r2 sin 2

2 2

&
&
r3&
3 sin 3 r2 cos 2 r2 2 sin 2 0
equate the individual components to zero.
7&cos 4&cos r&sin 0 . . . . . 3
3

&
&
7&
3 sin 3 r2 cos 2 4 2 sin 2 0
Also, & 5rad min

. . . . . . 4

solve the equations,

2 124;3 195
&
&
2 2.852 rad min ; r2 33.09 ft min

(a) The two boundary conditions based on the given coordinate system (assuming no slip
condition at the plate interface) is.
at y 0, u U 2
at y h, u U1
given u ay b
at y = 0,
U 2 a 0 b b U 2
at y h,
U1 a h U 2 a

U1 U 2
h

U1 U 2
y U2
h

(b) Now given,

U 2 2U1 2U
u

U 2U
y 2U
h

3Uy
u
2U
h
differentiate the velocity with respect to distance,
u

du
3U

dy
h
the shear stress acting on the plate are,
du
3U
3U

dy
h
h
velocity variation is linear and thus the shear stresses are constant thought the gap.

upper lower

3U
h

let the angle BAO be

Apply the sine rule,
2.3
1.8

sin 180 180 73 sin

31.34
now the tangential and normal components are:
Tt 600 cos 512.46 N
Tn 600sin 312.07 N

Assuming the clockwise direction to be positive.

Now, between A and B,
0 x 72 in. T 650 lb ft
72 x 108 T 650 825 175 lb ft
108 x 162 T 95 270 175 lb ft
162 x 216 T 95 lb ft
The variation of torques is:

(a)
The stopping distance is,
d dis tan ce travelled in 3 s dis tan ce travelled by applying the deceleration.
v 2 u 2

2a

ut

02 442

2 20

44 3
180.4 ft

b
the shortest stopping distance is,
d dis tan ce travelled in 0.75 s dis tan ce travelled by applying the deceleration.
v 2 u 2

2a

ut

02 442

2 20

44 0.75
81.4 ft

Calculate the deflections of beam under individual loading system (using elementary
beam theory).
m ga 2b 2
y1 1 1
3EIl
here, a = lenght on left side of load; b lenght of right side of load.

200 9.81 32 7 2
1.407 10 4 m
3
6
2
9
12
2
3 205 10 10 N m 10 10 m 10 m
Similarly,
y1

y2

1000 9.81 52 52
9.969 104 m
3 205 103 10 6 N m 2 109 10 12 m 2 10 m

200 9.81 32 7 2
1.407 10 4 m
3
6
2
9
12
2
3 205 10 10 N m 10 10 m 10 m
Calculate the frequency of transverse vibrations using the Dunkerley's equation,
0.4985
0.4985
fn

13.94 Hz
1 2 3
1.407 9.969 1.407 *10 4
y3

The bushing fails by the shear stress.

The shear area is given by, A = pi* diameter of washer* thickness
Therefore, the shear stress is,
F

A
F
25 ksi
1
0.75 in
in
16
F 3681.55 lb
3680 lb

The force component due to weight of the block along the incline is,
Fincline mg sin
normal component of weight is,
N mg cos
frictional force acting at the interface is,
f s mg cos
since the block is moving up,
the frictional and weight components act downwards along the incline
Apply the work energy method,
mg sin mg cos f ma

(a )
10 9.81sin 25 0.3 10 9.81cos 25 100 10 a
a 3.187 m s 2
acceleration is negative and thus the block will come to rest.
calculate the time taken as,
v u at
0 2 3.187 t t 0.63 s

10 9.81sin 25 0.3 10 9.81cos 25 50 10 a

a 1.813m s 2
acceleration is positive and thus the block will not come to rest.

The horizontal force component is,

FH Agh
1000 kg m3 2*3 m 2 9.81m s 2 1 m
= 58860 N
dis tan ce from the top free surface is,
Ig
bh3
22
h*
h
h
1 1.33 m
Ah
12 bh h
12 1
thus, d1 r h* 2 1.33 0.67 m
vertical component of force is,
FV weight of the fluid(imaginary) above the curved surface.

g 3 area of quarter circle

22
4

=3 1000 9.81

92457.07 N
d 2 centroid of the surface.
4r 4 2

0.8488 m
3
3
consider the free body diagram of gate c
=

hinge

FV d 2 FH d1 P r 60 cm 0

92457.07 0.8488 58860 0.67 P 2 0.6 0

P 45352.4 N

The critical or whirling speed is equal to the natural frequency of transverse vibrations.
Calculate the deflections of beam under individual loading system (using elementary
beam theory).
m ga 2b 2
1 1
;
3EIl
here, a = length on left side of load; b = length of right side of load.

d4
Assuming E= 200 109 N/m 2
64
2
2
12 9.81 0.2 m 0.2 m 64
1
1.599 10 3 m
9
2
3 4
3 200 10 N m 10*10 0.4 m
I

Calculate the deflection due to distributed load( load of the shaft itself)

2
4
5 Al gl 4 5 7500 10 0.4 9.81 0.4 64
5mgl
s

7.848 106 m
4
9

2
384 EI
384 EI
4 384* 200 10 10
4

a neglecting the mass of shaft,

fn

0.4985
0.4985

12.466
1
1.599*103

N f n 60 748 rpm

taking the mass into consideration,

0.4985
0.4985

12.44 Hz
6
s
7.848

10
3
1
1.599 10
1.27
1.27

fn

N f n 60 746 rpm

TL
GJ

1 radians

1 N m 1 m
1 N/m 2 J

J 1 m4

pdV pdV
1

for 1-2 process: linear p-v process

p aV b
at state 1 : 1 105 N m 2 2 103 m 3 a b
at state 2 : 20 105 0.2 10 3 m3 a b
solve the above equations,
a 10.56 108 ; b 22.11105 p 10555.6V 22.11 105 N/m 2
for 2-3 process: ploytrophic process
C
pV C V
p
n

1/ n

C p2V2n

calculate the polytrophic index using the equation,

p2V2n p3V3n
20 0.2n 4 1n n 1
C
C p2V2
p

pV 1 C V
thus,
2

C
dV
p

10555.6V 22.11 105 dV

1
2

V2
10 10555.6
22.11V
2

C ln V

3
2

V2
V2
105 10555.6 2 22.11V2 10555.6 1 22.11V1 p2V2 ln 3
2
2

V2

0.2 *10 3

3
10555.6
22.11 0.2*10

2
103 m3 1
5
5
2

10

20

10
N
m

0.2
L

ln
2

1L
2*10 3
0.2

3
22.11 2*10
10555.6

2


1889.79 643.77 1246.01 J

The normal stresses in the rods are equivalent,

4F
4F
n AB
BC
2
2
d AB d BC
FAB FBC
2
32
5.1
26.01FAB 9 FBC
Angle of inclination of member BC with the horizontal is
3
tan 1 36.87
4
Apply Lame's rule at the ring B,
FBC
F
FAB

sin 180 sin 90 sin 90

. . . . 1

9 FBC
FBC

26.01sin 36.87 90 sin 90

37.11 37.1

FAB
4000

sin 180 36.87 sin 36.87 90 37.11

FAB 1839.826 N
n

4 FAB 4 1839.826

260.3 MPa
2
d AB
32

The critical or whirling speed is equal to the natural frequency of transverse vibrations.
Calculate the deflections of beam under individual loading system (using elementary
beam theory).
m1 ga 2b 2
1
;
3EIl
here, a = length on left side of load; b = length of right side of load.

d4
I
; E= 210 109 N/m 2 ;
64
for 250 kg load, a 0.6 m ; b = 1.9 m
250 9.81 0.6 m 1.9 m 64
2

3 21110 N m 0.18 2.5 m

9

3.908 105 m

for 500 kg load, a 1.5 m ; b = 1 m

500 9.81 1.5 m 1 m 64
2

3 21110 N m 0.18 2.5 m

9

1.353 10 4 m

for 200 kg load, a 2 m ; b = 0.5 m

200 9.81 2 m 0.5 m 64
2

3 21110 N m 0.18 2.5 m

9

2.406 10 5 m

Calculate the deflection due to distributed load( load of the shaft itself)
s

5mgl 4
5 190 9.81 2.54 64

8.719 10 5 m
384 EI 384* 211109 0.18 4
0.4985

fn

1 2 3

s
1.27
0.4985

8.719 10 5
3.908 10 1.353 10 2.406 10
1.27
5

a 5s 0.5
v

dv dv ds
dv

v
dt ds dt
ds

dv
5s 0.5
ds
v

40

vdv 5s 0.5ds
0

s1.5
v
5

2
1.5
2

v 2 10

1.5

40

40
v 41.07 m s
1.5

30.5 Hz

The heat conducted in the insulating material must be equal to the convected heat and
radiated heat at the surface.
Qconduc Qconv Qradi
kA
k

Ttan k Ts
4
hA Ts T A Ts4 Tsurr

Lins

Ttan k Ts
4
h Ts T Ts4 Tsurr

Lins

0.06

60 273 Ts

5 Ts 20 273 0.9 5.67 10 8 Ts4 20 273

0.03
2 333 Ts 5 Ts 293 5.103 Ts4 2934 10 8

f Ts 5.103* Ts4 *10 8 7Ts 2507.094

the roots of the equation can be found out by trial and error method.
the temperature must lie between 60 and 20C.
Substitute an average temperature of 40 + 273 = 313 K
f Ts 173.7

for Ts 300 f Ts 6.249

for Ts = 295 f Ts 55.63

295 Ts 300

At Ts 299.5 f Ts 0.0002614

The dotted line shows the initial levels of the manometer before applying the pressure
difference.
Let the drop of mercury in the tank be h .
Apply the pressure balance. The pressure on top of the lowest level of liquid in tube must
be same for the tube and the tank.
p m g L sin h

Now, since the volume of the manometeric fluid remains constant.

volume change in tank =volume change in tube

D h d 2 L
4
4
2
d
h 2 L
D
thus the pressure difference is,

d2
p m g L sin 2 L
D

d 2
p m gL sin 2
D

if a simple manometer shows a height of h for the same pressure difference.

d 2
h L sin 2
D

d 2
thus the term sin 2 must be lesser to show a larger change L.
D

1
thus sensitivity of manometer is

d 2
sin

D 2

higher the sensitivity, higher the seen displacement.

thus the angle should be less and d < D.

The heat conduction equation is,

T
Q kA
L
T
3 1000 W 0.2 0.6
2.5 102 m
T 625C

Three streams are in liquid phase. No work is done in the process. Neglect the kinetic and
potential energy changes.
Apply the conservation of mass,
m&1 m&2 m&3
15 m&2 m&3
Apply the energy balance equation,
0 Q& m&h m&h

i i

e e

0 Q& m&1h1 m&2 h2 m&3h3

Obtain the enthalpies of liquids at the given conditions.
h1 enthalpy saturated liquid, 95C 397.96 kJ kg

h2 enthalpy saturated liquid, 25C 104.89 kJ kg

h3 enthalpy saturated liquid, 75C 313.93kJ kg

0 Q& m&1h1 m&2 h2 m&3h3

0 1 15 397.96 m&2 104.89 15 m&2 313.93

m&2 6.02 kg s

m&3 15 m&2 21.02 kg s

Work done in an adiabatic process is,

p V p4V4 mR T3 T4
W 3 3

1
M 1
calculate the specific heat ratio as,
p3

p4

T
248
3

T4
1
1.1

295
178

thus work done is,

W

73.22 8.314 kJ kmolK 295 178

28.97 kg kmol
1.1 1

u p cos 22.5i sin 22.5 j

u q sin 22.5i cos 22.5 j
rA 2i 4 j
rB 10i 2 j
now,

rB / P p rB p rA p

rB u p u p rA
up up

10 cos 22.5 2sin 22.5 2 cos 22.5 4sin 22.5 cos 22.5i sin 22.5 j
8cos 2 22.5i 2 sin 2 22.5 j

rB / P p

8cos

22.5 2sin 2 22.5 6.835 ft

2

similarly,

rB / P q rB uq uq rA uq uq
10sin 22.5 2 cos 22.5 2sin 22.5 4 cos 22.5 sin 22.5i cos 22.5 j
8sin 2 22.5i 2 cos 2 22.5 j

rB / P q

8sin

m 3 kg

1 slugs
0.20556 slugs
14.5939 kg

22.5 2 cos 2 22.5 2.070 ft

2

F ma
0.20556 slugs 32.2 ft s 2

1 lbf
1 slugs ft/s 2

6.6192 lbf
2.
m 3 kg

2.20462 lbm
6.61386 lbm
1 kg

F ma
6.61386 lbm 32.2 ft s 2
6.6192 lbf

1 lbf
32.174 lbm ft/s 2

(a)

1
1
KE mv 2 5000 1502 56250 kJ
2
2
PE mgh 5000 9.78 10000 489000 kJ

b
KE 10000 kJ
1 2
mv2 KE1 10000
2
1
1000 N m
5000 v22 56250 10000 kJ
2
1 kJ
v2 162.8 m s

Since QA and QP are of same length a, the angle of inclination with the horizontal is
same.
Thus the angular velocity of link QP is same as of link OQ (But in opposite sense of
rotation).

QP &
Now, let the horizontal distance OP be x.
x a cos a cos 2a cos

differentiate the equation with respect to time,

x& 2a&sin
thus the magnitude of velocity of slider is 2a&sin
workdone force displacement

time
time
In S.I units Nm s
In English units lbf ft/s
Force
b Pr essure
Area
In S.I units N m 2

a power

In English units lbf in 2 or lbf ft 2

stress Force / Area

c Modulus of Elasticity =
strain length / length
In S.I units N m 2
In English units lbf in 2 or lbf ft 2
angular displacement
d Angular Velocity
time
In S.I units rad s
In English units rad s

e Energy capacity to do work

In S.I units Nm s
In English units lbf ft/s

f Momentum mass velocity

force
velocity force sec ond
acceleration

In S.I units N s
In English units lbf s
shear force
g Shear stress =
shear Area
In S.I units N m 2
In English units lbf in 2 or lbf ft 2
Q
h Specific heat =
m T
N m m / s 2
In S.I units c p
m2 s2K
NK
In English units c p ft 2 s 2 R

i thermal expansion coefficient

In S.I units

In English units

strain
T

j Angular momentum = mass angular velocity

force
angular velocity
acceleration

N
rad / s N s / m
m / s2
In English units lbf s/m
In S.I units

a
n

b
n

F
4 F 4 5 1000 N

3.98 MPa
2
Area d 2
40
4 F 4 5 1000 N

7.07 MPa
2
d2
30

Force
2 F 2 5 1000 N

5.093 MPa
2
2 area d 2
25

The coordinates of points are:

A 3.5sin 40,3.5cos 40 2.25, 2.68
B 3sin 75,3cos 75 2.89, 0.77

Let the instantaneous center be I = x, y

sin ce the instantaneous center must lie on a line perpendicular to the velocity vectors.
Slope of the linke joining the velocity vector initial points and the I must be equal.
for velocity at point A,
2.25 x
2.68 y
for velocity at point B,

....... 1

tan10

tan 32

2.89 x
0.77 y

.. ..... 2

Solve 1 and 2

x, y 1.527, 1.417
b
AI

2.55 1.527

2.68 1.417 4.161

BI

2.89 1.527

0.77 1.417 2.587

now,
cons tan t
vA
29.4

7.065 rad s
AI 4.161
v
24.6
Also, B
9.511rad s
BI 2.587
the velocities are not consistent

1
1
a ib ei a ib e i
2
2
1
1
a ib cos i sin a ib cos i sin
2
2
1
1
a ib cos i sin a ib cos i sin
2
2
2
1 a cos ai sin ib sin i b sin a cos

2 ai sin ib sin i 2b sin

1
i 2 1
2a cos 2b sin

2
a cos b sin

Consider the left manometer.

Equate the pressures above the datum at section 2.
pgly sg gly w g 9 p2
p2 350 kPa 1.24 1000 kg m 3 9.81m s 2 9 cm
351.094796 kPa
consider the inverse tube manometer in the middle.
equate the pressure below the section at 4.

1m
1 kPa

100 cm 1000 N m

p4 p2 sg castor w g 8 3
351.094796 0.952 1000 kg m3 9.81m s 2 11 cm
352.1220992 kPa
Consider the manometer at the right.
Equate the pressure at section 5.

1m
1 kPa

100 cm 1000 N m

plinseed sglinseed w g 9 p4 sg castor w g 12

plinseed

0.898 1000 kg m3 9.81m s 2

0.952 1000 kg m 3 9.81m s 2

352.1220992
1m
1 kPa
1m
1 kPa

9 cm

12 cm

100 cm 1000 N m
100 cm 1000 N m

plinseed 352.45 kPa

The vertical distance from hill to the cloud remains constant.

The initial horizontal distance from the car to the point of projection of light is:
h
tan
x
h
150
x

412.12 m
tan tan 20
differentiate the equation with respect to time,
d
x& h cot h cos ec 2 & . . . . . 1
dt

150 cos ec 2 20 20 s
180
447.6 m s
differentiate equation 1 with respect to time,
d
&cos ec 2
h cos ec 2 & h 2 cos ec cos ec cot &2 &
dt
&=0
&= constant &
&
x& 2h cos ec 2 cot &2
&
x&

2 150 cos ec 20 cot 20 s

180

858.5 m s 2

a heat flux is,

q h Ts T
50 30 5 1250 W m 2
b heat flus is,
q h Ts T
800 30 5 20000 W m 2
Comparitively heat flux in case of water is much larger than that of air.
more heat transfer occurs in case of water and thus the hand would feel colder in case b .
The coordinates of points are:
A 0,3, 0 ; B 2, 2, 2
unit vector in direction of BA is,
r 2 0 i 2 3 j 2 0 k
u
0.666i 0.333 j 0.666k
2
2
2
2

Angle with the positive y axis is,

cos 1 0.333 109.47

here, 180 70.53

Calculate the heat required by the oxygen to evaporate with the maximum rate.
& evaporation
Q& mh
0.005 214
1.07 kW
now, the heat transfer rate from the spherical tank is,
Q&

1
4 k

T Ti
1 1
1

ri ro
ho 4 ro2

1.07 103 W

ri inner radius; ro outer radius ri t

t thicknesss of insulation

20 183
1
1
1
1

4 0.01 1.5 1.5 t

10 4 1.5 t

t
1
2.38409
100
2
10 1.5 t
1.5 1.5 t
t 0.05463 m 54.63 mm

Gas Cycles
The working fluid remains
in the gas phase throughout
the entire cycle. No phase
change occurs.
The whole cycle lies above
the saturation dome in the
property diagrams of the
working fluid.

Vapor Cycles
Phase change of the
working fluid occurs. It
exists as a vapor for the
part of the cycle and liquid
for the remaining part.

Part or the whole of the

cycle lies inside the
saturation dome in the
property diagrams of the
working fluid.
Otto cycle, Diesel cycle
Ideal Rankine, Carnot
etc. are examples of the gas cycle etc. are examples of
cycles.
the vapor cycles.
Heat is carried in the form Heat is carried in the form
of sensible heat
of latent heat.
Since no phase change
Since phase change occurs,
occurs, easier to handle in
difficult to handle.
compression, expansion
processes.

x B distance from pulley to block B vertically.

the total length of string remains constant.
L s A2 h 2 xB
differentiate the equation with respect to time,
1
0
2 s AvA 0 vB
2
2 sA h2
2

v s 2 h2
h
vA B A
vB 1
sA
s A
differentiate the equation with respect time again,

h
h
1
a A vB
0 2 2
1

2
s A
s A
sA

h
2 1

s A

hvB
s A2 s A2 h 2

aB

aB

h
1
s A

mass flow rate at the inlet is,

m&i AV
1 1
total amout of mass entering in an amount of time t is,
t

sin ce V1 constant

mi AV
1 1dt AV
1 1t
0

Similarly, total amount of mass leaving in an amount of t is,

t

t
dt
2 T

me A2V2 dt A2V2 cos

t

2T
t
A2V2
sin

2T 0

2 A2V2T
t

sin

2T
Apply the conservation of mass,
mass in tank = total mass entering - total mass leaving
mcv mi me
2 A2V2T
t
r12 h AV
sin
1 1t

2T

1
r12

1 1t
AV

2 A2V2T
t
sin

2T

The coordinates of points are:

A 5, 0, 0 ; B 0, 2,3.2 ; C 0, 2,3.2
forces in the vector form:

r
FAC 400

r
FAB 400

0 5 i 2 0 j 3.2 0 k
2
2
2
0 5 2 0 3.2 0
0 5 i 2 0 j 3.2 0 k
2
2
2
0 5 2 0 3.2 0

319.27542i 127.71017 j 204.33627k

319.27542i 127.71017 j 204.33627 k

resultant force at A is,

r
r
r
FR FAC FAB

638.5508568i 408.6725484k
magnitude of the resultant force is,
FR

638.5508568

408.6725484 758.1295724 758 N

2

B
638.5508568
cos 1
147.380756 147
758.1295724
C

90
758.1295724

cos 1

408.6725484
57.3807569 57.4
758.1295724

cos 1

The coordinates of points are:

A 0, 0,3 , B 2, 1.25, 0

C 2,1.25, 0 ; D 1, 0, 0
The forces in vector form:

r
TBA TBA

r
TCA TCA

r
TDA TDA

0 2 i 0 1.25 j 3 0 k
2
2
2
0 2 0 1.25 3 0

TBA 0.52409i 0.32756 j 0.78615k

0 2 i 0 1.25 j 3 0 k
2
2
2
0 2 0 1.25 3 0

TCA 0.52409i 0.32756 j 0.78615k

0 1 i 0 0 j 3 0 k
2
2
2
0 1 0 0 3 0

TDA 0.31623i 0.94868k

r
W mg k 3 103 kg 9.81 k 29430k
Apply the equations of equilibrium.
r
r
r
r r
TBA TCA TDA W 0
r
0.52409TBA 0.52409TCA 0.31623TDA i 0.32756TBA 0.32756TCA j

0
0.78615TBA 0.78615TCA 0.94868TDA 29430 k

Equate the individual components to zero.

0.52409TBA 0.52409TCA 0.31623TDA 0
0.32756TBA 0.32756TCA 0
0.78615TBA 0.78615TCA 0.94868TDA 29430 0
solve the above equations,
TDA 20681 N
TBA TCA 6239 N

Determine the distance travelled and the final velocity of particle after the specified time.
At t = 0.76s,
v u at 0 2 9.81 0.76
14.9112 m s
1
1
s ut at 2 0 2 9.81 0.762 5.67 m
2
2
s 2.93
thus the particle entered the curved path.
calculate the angle of travel(measured with respect to given x axis),
length of curve 5.67 2.93

radius of curve
3.84

A)
Change in dimension
Original dimension
0.3* 2

0.0309
20 0.3* 2
B

Change in dimension
Original dimension
0.2* 2

0.02
20

resultant force is:

r
FR 800k 600i 300 j 200 j 400 j
600i 900 j 800k
unit vector in the direction of resultant force is,
r
FR
600i 900 j 800k
nF r
0.446i 0.667 j 0.595k
FR
6002 9002 8002
resultant moment at origin is,

i
j
k i
j k
i j k
i
k
j

4
0
0 2
0 2 4 0 4
0
0
0
600 300 0 0 200 0

0 0 800
0 400
0
i 400 j 0 3200 k 1200 400
r
M

400i 3200 j 1600k

moment vector in the direction of resultant force vector is,
r
r r r
M F M nF nF

400i 3200 j 1600k 0.446i 0.667 j 0.595k

0.446i 0.667 j 0.595k

606.92i 907.65 j 809.68k

moment vector perpendicular to the resultant force is,
r
r r
MN M MF

400i 3200 j 1600k 606.92i 907.65 j 809.68k

206.92i 2292.35 j 2409.68k
Assume the wrench acts at the point A x, 0, z
r
r r
M N rA FR

i
j
k
x
0
z
600 900 800
206.92i 2292.35 j 2409.68k 900 zi 800 x 600 z j 900 xk
206.92i 2292.35 j 2409.68k

equate the individual components.

900z 206.92
800 x 600 z 2292.35
900 x 2409.68
thus x=2.677;z 0.229
thus the wrench is ,
r
F 600i 900 j 800k
r
M F 606.92i 907.65 j 809.68k
Acting at point 2.677, 0, 0.229

Since the string does not slip on the cylinder,

v r

v 10
2 rad s
r 5
r
r 1, 0, 0 r i
r
v k
in vector form,
r r r
v r
r
Assume, x i y j z k

i
j

k 1
0
x y

0
z

k j z k y

equate the individual components.

z 0; y 1
particle lies in xy plane and thus x 0
0, 1, 0

Effficiency is,
Shaft power

input
if no other losses are considered,
input = shaft power + heat rejected.
shaft power

shaft power + heat rejected
107
0.9
107 QR
`

QR 11.89 hp

Reciprocating Compressors
These are of low operational speeds
Supply of air is pulsating and thus a need
to store compressed tank for constant
supply
Since the engine is of reciprocating type,
cyclic vibrations occur.
More complicated lubricating system is
necessary
They are suitable for low discharge of air
at high pressures
Delivered air is contaminated with the
lubricating oil used
High delivery pressures can be achieved.
Size of the compressor is large for the
given discharge.
Compression process can be assumed to
be as Isothermal.
Owing to their high pressure discharge
and large size, these find their applications
in areas such as;
Oil refineries, refrigeration plants, natural
gas plants etc.

1 1/2
s
6
dv 1 1/2
v
s
ds 6
v
21
1/2
0 vdv 1 6 s ds
v2 1 2
s 3/2
2 6 3

Rotary vane compressors

These are of high operational speeds
Supply of air is continuous.
Less vibrations compared to reciprocating
type since no reciprocating parts are
involved.
Simple lubrication system
They are suitable for high discharge of air
at low pressures
Generally clean quality air is obtained.
Low delivery pressures.
Size of compressor is small for the given
discharge.
Compression process can be assumed to
be as Isentropic.
Many industrial applications of these type
of compressors are:
Automotive, agriculture, dry cleaning,
manufacturing, pharmaceuticals etc.

dv dv ds
dv
v
dt ds dt
ds

2
1

v 0.637 m s

a
efficiency of engine is,
mechanical power
engine
gasoline
efficiency of generator is,
electricpower
generator
mechanical power
given,
generator 0.75;engine 0.3
electric power = 4.5 kW
4.5 kW
0.75
Mechanical power
mechanical power output is = 6 kW

b
electrical power = V I
4.5 103 W 110 V I
I 40.91 Amp

c
total electrical energy produced is,
W power time
3600 s
4.5 kW 1 hr
1 hr
16200 kJ

d overall efficiency is,

electric power
electric power
mechanical power

gasoline
mechanical power
gasoline
generator engine

overall

0.3 0.75
22.5%

e
gasoline energy =

mechanical power
engine

mgasoline echeE , gasoline

mechanical power
engine

mgasoline 41 106 J kg
mgasoline 1.756 kg hr

6 103 J/s 3600 s

0.3
1 hr

2
dy
1 dy x 1 x2
x 1 y e x y 3
3
2 e
dx
y dx
y
1
1 dy
1 dt
let 2 t
3

y
y dx
2 dx
thus the ODE is,
2
1 dt

x 1 t e x
2 dx
2
dt
2 x 1 t 2e x
dx
dt
this is of the form
Pt Q
;
dx

I .F e

integrating factor is,

the solution is,
t I .F Q IF dx C

t e x

2 x

e e
x2

x2 2 x

Pdx

2 x 1 dx

dx C
e e

x2 2 x

e 2 x
t e x 2 x
C
2
y2
from the given boundary condition,
2

2 x

x2
x

y 0 0.5

e e

C C 4.5
0.52
2
thus the solution is,

x2 2 x

y2

2 x

4.5

dx
3t
dt
integrate the above equation,
vx 3t

3t 2
C
2
At t = 0, x = 0
0 = 0+ CC = 0
x

3t 2
2
2

3t 2
4
but y 0.5 x 0.5
1.125t
2
2

thus the displacement of particle is,

3t 2

,1.125t 4
2

x, y

At t = 3s, the particle position is,

3 32

,1.125 34 13.5,91.125
2

x, y

distance from the origin is,

d x 2 y 2 92.1 ft
differentiate the displacement coordinates for velocity,

d 3t 2
,1.125t 4 3t , 4.5t 3

dt 2

differentiate the velocity coordinates for acceleration,

vx , v y

a , a 3,13.5t
2

At t = 3s,

a , a 3,121.5
x

resul tan t acceleration is,

a ax2 a y2 121.5ft s 2

e x

2 x