Embryology

assignment -5
Submitted by
Mohammed aathif
6-04-2016

Abstract:
Cardiovascular system is the organ system that permits the blood to
circulate and transport nutrients,hormones ,cellular waste products to
and form the cell to give nourishment against the disease and helps to
maintain the homeostasis.The heart is a muscular pumping organ located

medial to the lungs along the bodys midline in the thoracic region. The bottom
tip of the heart, known as its apex, is turned to the left, so that about 2/3 of the
heart is located on the bodys left side with the other 1/3 on right. The top of the
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heart, known as the hearts base, connects to the great blood vessels of the body
the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary trunk, and pulmonary veins. .
Cardiovascular system is the first system begins to start functioning,
which occurs about 21-28 days
The primordial heart and the vascular system develop in the middle
of the third week

Primordial heart is formed from the splanchnic mesoderm

( cardiogenic region)
During 22-24 day the heart begins to beat

In 2-3 weeks the pair of thin walled tubes develop

In the 3rd week there is truncus arteriosus outflow, heart contracting
and the paired heart tube fuse .
In the 4th week the heart tube elongates and curves to form s
shape.
In the 5th week there is a formation of the atria and ventricular
septum and the foramen ovale
At the 37th week the difference in the pressure closes the foramen
ovale and leaving a fossa ovalis .

Formation of aorticopulmonary septum:

Aorticopulmonary septum is formed from the neural crest cells and
actively separates the aorta and the pulmonary arteries and fuse
with interventricular septum in the heart
Neural crest cells migrate through pharyngeal plexus 3,4,6 and
invade both the bulbar ridges and the truncal ridges from the hind
brain
Bulbar and truncal ridges grow and twist around each other fuse
to form the aorticopulmonary septum
This aorticopulmonary septum divides the truncus arteriosus and
the bulbus cordis into aorta and pulmonary trunk

TERALOGY OF FALLOT:
Embryological basis :

It is caused because of the abnormal migration of the neural crest

cells it cause due to the skewed development of the
auricopulmonary septum
Tetralogy of the fallot leads to the shortest diameter of the
pulmonary trunk and the longest diameter of the aorta
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 There are four types in the tetralogy of the fallot

a.
b.
c.
d.

A large ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Pulmonary stenosis
Right ventricular hypertrophy
An overriding aorta

Ventricular septal defect:

The heart has 4 chambers , they are right atrium, right ventricle,
left atrium and the left ventricle .
The septum prevents the blood from mixing between the two sides
of the heart
Ventricular septal defect leads to the hole in the interventricular
septum. This leads to the mixing of the deoxygenated and the
oxygenated blood from the right ventricle and the left ventricle.

Pulmonary stenosis:
Pulmonary stenosis defect leads to the narrowing in the pulmonary
valve and the block in passage to the pulmonary artery
In the pulmonary stenosis the pulmonary valve doesnt open
completely.
As the result of this , enough blood doesnt pass through the lungs .

Right ventricular hypertrophy :

In this defect the muscle of the right ventricle is thick than outside
In this defect the heart works harder to pump the blood .
Overriding aorta:
this defect occurs in the aorta
In healthy heart , the aorta comes from the left ventricle
In the tetralogy of the fallot the aorta arises inbetween the left
ventricle and the right ventricle

The above figure shows the difference between the normal heart and the
tetralogy of the fallot

Formation of the atrial septum:

In the roof of the primitive atrium ,there is formation of the crescent
shaped septum primum and grows towards the atrioventricular
canal
Foramen primum is formed between the septum primum and the
atrioventricular cushions
Foramen secundum is found in the center of the septum primum

The formen ovale is the opening between the upper limb and the
lower limb of the septum secundum
4 Functional closure of the foramen ovale is facilitated by decrease
in the right atrial pressure from the occlusion of the placental
circulation and by increase in the left atrial pressure due to the
increased pulmonary venous return.
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 After some time the septum secundum and the septum primum
fuse completely to form the atrial septum
If there is an incomplete fusion of the septum secundum and the
septum primum it leads to the atrial septal defects.
Atrial septal defects are
a) Probe patency of the foramen ovale
b) Premature closure of the foramen ovale
c) Foramen secundum defect

Probe patency of the foramen ovale:

Incomplete anatomical fusion of the septum primum and the septum
secundum

Premature closure of the foramen ovale:

There is an hypertrophy in right side of the heart and there is
undevelopment in the left side of the heart

Foramen secundum defect:

It is caused by excessive resorbtion of the septum secundum,septum

The above image shows the normal heart and the heart with the atrial
septal defect

Patent ductus arteriosus:

It is the congenital heart defect where the ductus

arteriosus( connection between the pulmonary artery and the
aorta ) fails to close after the birth
Normally patent ductus arteriosus closes soon after 12-18
hours birth through the smooth muscle contraction and forms
the ligamentum arteriosum
If it remains open the aortic blood will be shunted into the
pulmonary artery
This opening is because of the decresed oxygen level( hypoxia
) and the immaturity
It can be treated by using the prostaglandins synthesis
inhibitors like indomethacin which helps to promote the
closure
Patent ductus arteriosus is the most commonly found birth
defect affecting the maternal with the rubella infection
Tachycardia, dyspnea, cardiomegaly, heart murmur,
respiratory problems , widened pulse pressure are the
common symptoms for the patent ductus arteriosus

The above image shows the patent ductus arteriosus .

Postductal coarctation:

Postductal coarctation occurs if there is an abnormal constriction of

the Aorta.
A postductal coarctation is found distal to the origin of the left
subclavian arteryand found inferior to the ductus arteriosus
Symptoms are the increased blood pressure ion the upper
extremities , high risk of the cerebral haemorrhage , bacterial
endocarditis, lack of pulse in the femoral artery and the turner
syndrome.

The above image shows the postductal defect

Formation of atrioventricular septum:

The dorsal and the ventral atrioventricular cushions fuse together to
form the atrioventricular septum
The atrioventricularseptum partition the atrioventrricular canal into
right and left atrioventricular canal
Failure of this fusion leads to several defect like
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a) Left and the right shunting

b) Mitral valve regurgitation
c) Elisteins anomaly

Left and right shunting:

It is the shunting of blood from the left atrium to the right atrium.
It leadsto the enlarged right atrium and ventricle.

The above image shows the defect in the atrioventricular septum

Reference:
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WH2R4KHfbMDAIQ_AUIBigB#imgrc=yJtxJZ4tWSp_uM%3A