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SUMMARY / ABSTRACT
This report
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Thanks to Professor Dan Zhao and Mr. Song Chen of the School of mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore for guidance and
helping to this report.
CONTENTS
1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................1
1.1 LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................................1
1.2 BASIC THEIRY OF TURBULENT FLOWS.....................................................................3
1.1 SIMULATION.............................................................................................................1
2 CASE STUDY...............................................................................................................4
2.1 MULTIPLE UDF FOR SINGLE ORIFACE.....................................................................4
2.1.1 Correlation Coefficient
3 DISCUSSIONS...........................................................................................................12
3.1 HEADING 2.............................................................................................................13
3.1.1 Heading 3 13
3.2 HEADING 2.............................................................................................................13
3.2.1 Heading 3 13
4 CONCLUSTION........................................................................................................17
5 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................24
6 APPENDICES.............................................................................................................25
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE 3.1 THIS IS THE CAPTION TO A TABLE, AND THE STYLES USED IN TABLES.
14
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE 2.1: GRAMMAR OPTIONS IN WORD 2010
FIGURE 2.2: THE HOME TAB IN WORD 2010 SHOWING STYLE ON THE RIGHT HAND SIDE
6
FIGURE 3.1: THIS
IN
CAPTIONS
INCLUDE THE
CAPTIONS
DEFAULT TO
ABOVE CONTENT.14
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX HEADING 1 16
APPENDIX 1 EXAMPLE TITLE 26
APPENDIX 2
27
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
1 INTRODUCTION
! Title,Thesis Title
%% FFT of x1
Y=fft(x1,NFFT)/L; %/L is to get original amplitude
figure;
2 Chock W.B., E. Lin, Li J.N., Rahul S. - January 2017
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
plot(f,2*abs(Y(1:NFFT/2+1))); grid on
title('Single-Sided Amplitude Spectrum of v2x')
xlabel('Frequency(Hz)'); ylabel('FFT(v_{2x})')
FFT of a function of time is an even function. Therefore, in the above codes, only single
sided amplitude of that variable is plotted. Through FFT analysis, we can easily obtain
the frequency of the specific variable of that local point.
! Title,Thesis Title
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
Dependence
0.00-0.30
Slightly correlated
0.30-0.50
Averagely correlated
0.50-0.80
Obviously correlated
0.80-1.00
Highly correlated
' '
uv ,
u w
'
'
or
u ,
v ,
w mean
The correlation coefficient can represent this relationship. The most widely used
correlation coefficient is the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, which is
defined as:
cov ( u ' , v ' ) E[ ( u' u ' ) (v ' ' )]
u ' v ' =
=
u' v '
u ' v'
Due to the definition of Reynolds decomposition,
'
u =
'
E [u ' v ' ]
u' v'
In matlab, the following code can be used to compute the correlation coefficients.
correlation_x1x2=corr(x1,x2);
Chock W.B., E. Lin, Li J.N., Rahul S - January 2017
! Title,Thesis Title
where x1 and x2 are two column vectors depending on time step.
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
E [ ( x ( t )x ) ( x (t+ )x )]
2
x (t)
and its
E[ ( x ( t )x ) ( y (t + ) y )]
x y
By using the auto- and cross-correlation coefficients, one can easily find the repeating
phenomenon of the local vortex. The MATLAB codes can be as following to find a
signals auto-correlation coefficient and two signals cross-correlation coefficient with
time difference :
[autoCorrelation,lag1]=xcorr(x1,'coeff');
[crossCorrelation,lag2]=xcorr(x1,x2,'coeff');
! Title,Thesis Title
S x ()
x (t)
describes the
distribution of power into frequency components composing this signal. For a stationary
random process, the resulting power spectral density is the Fourier transform of its autocorrelation coefficient. Mathematically, the power spectral density is defined as:
+
S x ( ) =
1
R x ( ) eit d
R x ( ) = S x () eit d
x (t )
S x ()
and
and
S xy ( )=
1
R ( )eit d
2 xy
R x ( ) = R xy (w)e it d
In MATLAB, there are several methods to calculate the energy spectral density. One
basic method is to process the signal
x (n)
directly. Assume the period of FFT is N, the resulting spectral density graphs period is
also N. For a random long signal with limited samples, this method has large errors. In
order to minimize the errors and smooth the distribution of spectral density figure, other
improved methods such as Bartletts Method and Welchs method should be applied.
In this report, Welch method is applied to compute and plot spectral density of signals.
The following code can be called in MATLAB:
[Pxx,f]=pwelch(xn,window,noverlap,nfft,Fs,range);
where
xn
value of nfft
nfft
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
will use a fast method to compute. window is the window function and defines the
length of partitioned
nfft ,
Fs=5000;
n=0:1/Fs:1;
xn=autoCorrelation;
xn2=crossCorrelation;
nfft=2^(14);
window=boxcar(3000);
noverlap=20;
range='half';
[Pxx,f]=pwelch(xn,window,noverlap,nfft,Fs,range);
[Pxx2,f2]=pwelch(xn2,window,noverlap,nfft,Fs,range);
plot_Pxx=10*log10(Pxx);
plot_Pxx2=10*log10(Pxx2);
figure(1)
plot(f,plot_Pxx); grid on;
title('Spectral Density of Auto-corr. of p_{2}(t)')
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('FFT[p_{2}(tau)] (dB)')
figure(2)
plot(f2,plot_Pxx2); grid on;
title('Spectral Density of Cross-corr. of p_2 and v_{2z}')
xlabel('Frequency (Hz)'); ylabel('FFT[R_{p2 and v2z}] (dB)')
! Title,Thesis Title
2 PROBLEM SETUP
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
Fig
The flow goes through a square tube where the flows direction is in x-direction. The
tubes length of side is
placed parallel to the cross-section of the tube. The origin is placed at the centre of the
hole outlet where x=0, y=0, z=0 . The thickness of the orifice is
bias flow with inlet velocity
u =0.115 m/ s
h=1.55mm . A
x=3 l , a pulsed
pressure is applied to the outlet. The pressure frequency is ranging from 100Hz to
600Hz with each step adding 50Hz. The mean pressure is
amplitude 5 pa .
Four kinds of orifices will be examined. The first one is a single circle whose diameter
2 a=
6 mm. The second one is double circles arranged in the flow direction with a
distance of 3 mm . The third one is tilde square whose hole edge length is
5.32 mm
and the inclined angle is 45 degrees. The fourth one is tilde triangle whose side length is
computed as
5.71 mm.
11
! Title,Thesis Title
same with the single circle. The operating point is set that the density of the flow is
constant which is
=1.2 kg /m3 .
[cite1] Mendez S, Eldredge J D. Acoustic modeling of perforated plates with bias flow
for large-eddy simulations[J]. Journal of Computational Physics, 2009, 228(13): 47574772
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
3 CASE STUDY
13
! Title,Thesis Title
10 Hz
to
600 Hz
by adding
50 Hz
for
each step. We measure the pressure and velocity of point 2 where the flow has passed
the orifice. After the simulation, the data of pressure and velocities are processed by
MATLAB.
In the simulation, we log the data of two points. Point 1 is located before the flow
passes through orifice while point 2 is located after the flow passes through the orifice.
The states changing of point 1 are relatively small comparing to point 2. Thus, the states
of point 2 will be analysed in details. The evolution of the velocity in three directions of
point 2 are shown in Figure
Fig
The evolutions of velocities are plotted starting from 0.5 second when the flow has
reached a relatively steady state when comparing to the transient ones. The x-direction
velocity is fluctuating around 7.1 m/s while for y- and z-direction, the velocities are
fluctuating around 0 m/s with an amplitude around 0.02 m/s.
14 Chock W.B., E. Lin, Li J.N., Rahul S. - January 2017
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
3.1.1 Correlation
The correlation between pressure and velocity are showed in Table 1. The correlation
between velocities are shown in Table 2.
Correlation
V2x
V2y
V2z
P2
-0.1188
-0.0064
0.0005
Correlation
V2x
V2y
V2z
V2x
-0.0331
0.0600
V2y
-0.0331
-0.4715
V2z
0.0600
-0.4715
v2 y
explained by the geometry confinement. The flow is confined in the square tube where
in y- and z- direction, the flow has limited space to circulate. If one flow potion goes in
positive y direction, then another portion must have to move into negative z direction
due to the incompressible property.
Correlation figures between pressure and velocities are shown in Figure . The
correlation among velocities are shown in Figure .
15
! Title,Thesis Title
Fig : Correlation of
p2 and v 2 x
Fig : Correlation of
p2 and v 2 y
Fig : Correlation of
p2 and v 2 z
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
Fig 3: Correlation of v 2 y
and v 2 z
17
! Title,Thesis Title
3.1.2 Auto-correlation
Auto-correlation analysis is conducted similarly on the pressure and velocity
components.
-Pressure
Fig 4 Auto-correlation of
p2
-Velocities
Fig 5 Auto-correlation v x2
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
Fig 6 Auto-correlation v y 2
Fig 7 Auto-correlation v z 2
v x2
change of time shift. For y-velocity and z-velocity, they show the similar behaviours
with the case of auto-correlation of pressure. The phases are bother alternating.
However, unlike the situation in x-direction, the gradients of their auto-correlation
coefficients are not constant.
19
! Title,Thesis Title
3.1.3 Cross-correlation
There are several cross-correlation combinations.
-
p2 and v x2
p2 and v y 2
p2 and v z 2
p2 and
z- directions, they are changing signs. This indicates the phase difference between xdirection and y- or z-direction. The cross-correlation coefficients all tend to 0 as time
step goes to infinity which is expected.
-
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
and v y 2
and v z 2
21
! Title,Thesis Title
These cross-correlation coefficients illustrate the dependence between two velocities in
different directions. At 0-time shift, it has the largest value. And as the time lag
increases, the cross-correlation coefficient decreases. However, the cross-correlation
coefficients are all limited to 0.06, which is in accordance with the values listed in table.
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
23
! Title,Thesis Title
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
This corresponds with our expectation that the energy density at the amplitude
100,150,200,250until 600 are largest since they are the frequencies of the output
pressure. The spectral density of the velocities in three directions are shown in Fig
25
! Title,Thesis Title
to the FFT of its variables, but the frequencies do not perfectly match the output
frequencies.
For the spectral density of correlations, the results are shown in Fig
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
p2v 2 x
p2v 2 y
27
! Title,Thesis Title
p2v 2 z
p2 is the pressure at
point 2 and it is effected by the output pressure. Note the unit is in decibels, thus the
intensity is actually really small. The following figure is generated by unmodified code
that uses FFT to cross-correlation directly.
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
3.1.6 Vorticity
The vorticities of the flow passing through a circle orifice with multiple sine signal
outputs are illustrated in the following Fig and Fig. One is in three dimension and the
other one is two-dimensional contour of vorticity. The colour bar indicates the
magnitude of the vorticity.
29
! Title,Thesis Title
1) Flow is transforming from relatively laminar flow to relatively more turbulent flow
as the flow distance increases.
2) The vorticity is relatively strong at the vicinity of orifice where the flow is passing
through.
The first point could be explained that it is caused by the increasing of Reynolds
number. As commonly agreed, laminar flow occurs at low Reynolds numbers, where
viscous force is dominant; turbulent flow occurs at high Reynolds number and is
dominated by inertial forces which tend to produce chaotic eddies.
The vorticity plot in flow directions and y-direction are shown in the following figures.
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
The statistical vorticity plots are in accordance with our observation from three- or twodimensional vorticity illustrations. Furthermore, from the flow-direction plot, we can
see the magnitude of vorticity is largest at the centre. It is much larger than the vorticity
near the orifice walls. This could be explained that it is because of the geometry
confinement and near the wall of the orifice, the resistance is usually larger. From the
vorticity plot in y-direction, we could get the information of the magnitude of vorticity
at the vicinity of the orifice. The vorticity has its largest magnitude inside the orifice.
The vorticity at the outlet of the orifice has smaller magnitude comparing to that inside
but larger than that at the inlet of the orifice. As the flow passes the orifice, the
magnitude of the vorticity decays at a relatively fast rate.
31
! Title,Thesis Title
4 DISCUSSIONS
please include these
Correlation
V1x
V1y
V1z
V2x
V2y
V2z
P1
-0.0503
0.0015
0.01785
0.00150
0.01054
P2
-0.0507
0.00041
0.0016
0.01728
0.01053
0.00148
0.00038
Correlatio
n
V1x
V1y
V1z
V2x
V2y
V2z
V1x
-0.1522
-0.1654
-0.4648
0.0059
0.0367
0.6021
0.0032
0.1589
-0.3661
-0.0198
0.1012
-0.1947
-0.2659
0.0368
-0.2659
V1y
V1z
V2x
V2y
V2z
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
Based on the ranking system illustrated in introduction section, the correlations are
ranked by different colours. The darker the colour, the more dependent the relation of
two variables is. In terms of pressure related variables, we could have two observations:
1) The velocity in x direction has a stronger dependence on the pressure than that in yand z- direction.
2) The pressure dependence of x-direction velocity of point 1 is stronger than that of
point 2.
The first observation could be explained that it is because that the pressure fluctuation is
in x-direction, which effects the x-direction most effectively. The second observation
might be explained like this: the fluctuating pressure is transmitted through the orifice.
The flow before passing the orifice is confined to a smaller space as geometry indicated
and they are more less turbulent than the flow after passing the orifice. However, after
the flow passed the orifice, they become more turbulent and have more free space to
dissipate their energy, which results that they are less affected by the fluctuating
pressure.
In perspective of the correlation among velocity in different directions, we could have
the following observations:
1) The strongest correlation is between v 1 y and v 1 z .
2) The less strong correlation is between v 1 x and v 2 x
as well as
v1 y
and
33
! Title,Thesis Title
5 STYLE EXMAPLES1
This document is intended to provide useful information about producing a thesis in
terms of content, editing, and production of copies. This document was first written
with Microsoft Word 2010 in 2013; it was last updated in February 2015. No further
updates are planned, and the template is provided as is with no promise of ongoing
support.
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
5.1.1 Requirements
35
! Title,Thesis Title
5.1.1.1.1 Dissertation length
The dissertation should be about 65000 words
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
5.1.1.1.2 Structure
The structure of the dissertation should broadly follow this outline.
Abstract. 2-300 words long and give a very brief overview of the whole
dissertation, including your findings.
Introduction
Middle chapters
o Aims, methods, data, description, analysis
Conclusions. The conclusion section should be quite short, 5 pages at the most,
and normally 1 or 2. It should:
sum up the findings made during your research,
dissertation,
o
References
Appendices
IT IS VERY IMPORTANT to check that your chapters link together coherently; at the
start of each chapter you might have an introductory paragraph setting the scene for the
contents and at the end of each chapter it may help to have a few paragraphs summing
up it's contents.
Spreadsheets should be inserted as tables.
Some students find Excel using in developing the structure with word counts, etc.
Finally, your title is expected to reflect the content!
37
! Title,Thesis Title
5.1.1.1.3 Interaction with supervisor
It is useful to know when your tutor is generally unavailable, bearing in mind that you
will be working on it during the summer holiday period. Make sure you give your text
to the tutor so that they have enough time to look at it before any critical date or
meeting, Check with your tutor whether they want a printed copy or whether a computer
document will do.
Before giving document to tutor:
i.
If you have trouble with English, ask a friend to check it for you.
ii.
iii.
iv.
Tracking changes. If your tutor or someone else edits your document, it is useful
for them to use Track Changes (Alt-TT).
v.
Read the Word for Thesis writing PowerPoint on the camtools site
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
39
! Title,Thesis Title
5.1.2.1.1 Bound copies
We require two canvas bound copies with hard or soft cover. On the spine the lettering
should be in the format:
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
5.1.2.1.2 Electronic copies
These should be in Word or PDF format. It is useful to have it on a CD, but if the whole
lot can be zipped to under 10MB then you can also email it to your tutor.
41
! Title,Thesis Title
6 STYLE EXAMPLES
This section includes examples of all the styles used in the template. This text is in the
Normal Style and should be used for body text. The Title above is in Heading 1 should
be used for chapter titles. It will automatically start a new page and includes some
spacing before and after.
Below is a list of heading styles, the template supports up to 6 levels of headings. Only
the top three levels appear in the table of contents. Headings appear in the table of
contents up to Level 3 and are automatically converted to small caps.
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
6.1 Heading 2
43
! Title,Thesis Title
6.1.1 Heading 3
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
6.1.1.1 Heading 4
45
! Title,Thesis Title
6.1.1.1.1 Heading 5
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
6.1.1.1.1.1 Heading 6
47
! Title,Thesis Title
6.1.1.1.1.2 Heading 6
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
6.2 Heading 2
49
! Title,Thesis Title
6.2.1 Heading 3
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
6.2.1.1 Heading 4
51
! Title,Thesis Title
6.2.1.1.1 Heading 5
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
6.2.1.1.1.1 Heading 6
53
! Title,Thesis Title
6.2.1.1.1.2 Heading 6
HEADING 1 NO NUMBER
Heading 1 No number is used for headings that you dont want to have heading
numbers. For example in the front matter. They do not appear in the table of contents.
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
Heading 2 No Number
Heading 2 No number is used for headings that you dont want to have heading
numbers. For example in the front matter. They do not appear in the table of contents.
Figure 3.2: This is a picture of a running kitten. In addition, this caption style is
used to caption pictures and tables.
Table 3.1 This is the caption to a table, and the styles used in tables.
Table Head Text
Table Text
Table Text
Table Text
55
! Title,Thesis Title
Table Text Tab
This is what it looks like to add a footnote1, and this is how endnote looksi.
This is a quote
This is a dedication; use it for the dedication and quotes in the front matter.
This is a list
List 2
List 3
List 4
List 5
ii
iii
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
7 REFERENCES
Bournemouth
University,
2005,
Citing
References,
www.bournemouth.ac.uk/academic_services/documents/Library/Citing_References.pdf.
[Accessed August 2006].
57
! Title,Thesis Title
8 APPENDICES
APPENDIX HEADING 1 16
APPENDIX 1 EXAMPLE TITLE 26
APPENDIX 2
27
Chapter ! Heading 1 :
! Heading 1
59
! Title,Thesis Title
APPENDIX 2
This is an endnote they will automatically be places at the end of the document section. As default
this is at the end of the references.