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((AIA/CES).
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g
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High Load Diaphragm Design

f Panelized
for
P
li d R
Roofs
f

This program is registered with AIA/CES for continuing professional

education. As such, it does not include content that may be deemed
or construed to be an approval or endorsement by the AIA of any
material
t i l off construction
t ti or any method
th d or manner off handling,
h dli
using,
i
distributing, or dealing in any material or product.

A Cost Effective Solution for Large Low Slope Roofs

Lisa Podesto, PE
Technical Director

Questions related to specific materials, methods, and services will be

addressed at the conclusion of this presentation.

Learning Objectives

Copyright Materials
At the end of this program, participants will be able to:

This presentation is protected by US and

International Copyright laws
laws. Reproduction
Reproduction,
distribution, display and use of the presentation
without written permission of the speaker is
prohibited.
prohibited

1 Highlight
1.
Hi hli ht iimportant
t t hi
high
h lload
d di
diaphragm
h
d ti li
detialing
2. Explore sub diaphragm design techniques
3. Introduce the collective chord modification theoryy
4. Discover high load effects on diaphragm deflection

The Wood Products Council 2010

Overview

Rigid vs. Flexible Wood Diaphragms

C
Calculation
l l ti Methods
M th d
Rigid vs. Flexible
High Load Diaphragm Table
Sub-diaphragms
Collective Chord design
Diaphragm Deflection
Diaphragm Design Example

Flexible, Rigid and Semi-Rigid Diaphragms

Diaphragm (Plan View)

Flexible
Diaphragm load is distributed to shear walls by
tributary area

Rigid
Diaphragm load is distributed to shear walls by wall
stiffness and torsion

Semi-rigid
Between flexible and rigid,
rigid dependent on stiffness

L/2

L/2

Flexible Diaphragm

Rigid All walls Identical

w

sw

sw

Flexible

.25wL

.50wL

.25wL

Rigid (no
Torsion)

.333wL

.333wL

.333wL

di
L/2

L/2

L/2

Flexible vs. Rigid

Flexible, Rigid or Semi-Rigid

w

Which do you have?

Stiffness

Flexible

2K

2K

.25wL

.50wL

.25wL

Rigid (no .40wL

Torsion)

.20wL

.40wL

L/2

L/2

Prescribed flexible
Calculated flexible
Prescribed rigid
Else, semi-rigid

L/2

Prescribed Flexible Diaphragm

Prescribed Flexible Diaphragm

In many cases wood diaphragms are permitted

to be idealized as flexible

CBC 2007 Sec. 1613.6.1

Diaphragms constructed of wood structural panels.

Shall also be permitted to be idealized as flexible,
provided all of the following conditions are met:

ASCE 7-05 Sec. 12.3.1.1 exempts one- and two-family

dwellings from rigid diaphragm analysis.
analysis

CBC 2007 Sec 1613.6.1 adds following text to the

ASCE provisions.

Prescribed Flexible Diaphragm

1 C
1.
Concrete
t topping
t
i is
i non-structural
t t l and
d is
i lless th
than 1
1.5
5
in.
2 Each line of vertical elements of LFRS complies with
2.
allowable story drift of ASCE7-05 Table 12.12-1
3 Vertical elements of LFRS are light framed walls
3.
sheathed with wood structural panels or steel sheets
4. Cantilever portions of the diaphragm designed in
accordance with Sec. 2305.2.5

Calculated Flexible Diaphragm

ASCE 7-05 Sec. 12.3.1.3

Diaphragms are permitted to be idealized as
fl ibl when:
flexible
h
The diaphragm deflection is more than two times the
average story drift of adjoining shear walls

DIAPHRAGM 2 x SHEARWALLS

Calculated Flexible Diaphragm

Prescribed Rigid Wood Diaphragms (CBC 2305.2.5)

(Average Deflection)

SHEARWALLS

DIAPHRAGM

Open front
Cantilevered diaphragms
g

The longer the

diaphragm the more
likely it is to calculate as
flexible

Semi-Rigid Diaphragm

Semi-rigid results in force distribution

somewhere between rigid and flexible
Thus, an envelope approach can be used
where the both rigid and flexible models
are used and the highest forces from each
are selected

Deflections (4-term eqns)

Shear Wall (IBC 2305.3.2)

8vh3
vh
h

0.75hen da
EAb Gv tv
b

Diaphragm (IBC 2305.2.2)

5vL 3
vL

0.188 Len
8 EAb 4Gv tv

( X )
c

2b

APA L350 (www.apawood.org) has comprehensive

li ti off input
listing
i
t parameters
t
and
d examples
l

Deflections (4-term equations)

Deflections (4-term equations)

Shear Wall (CBC 2305.3.2)

Diaphragm (CBC 2305.2.2)

Total

b v n

Total

0.25 v L
1000Ga

( X )
c

8vh3
vh
h

0.75hen da
EAb Gv tv
b

2b

SDPWS
SDPWS
unblocked
and
bl k d
blocked

Deflection (3-term eqn.)

v h
1000Ga

SPDWS

APA L350 (www.apawood.org) has comprehensive

listing
g of input
p p
parameters and examples
p

Diaphragms and Shear Walls

Diaphragm
Diaphragm (SDPWS 4.2.2)
5vL 3
0.25vL

8EAW 1000Ga

bendingshearnailslipanchorageslip

bendingshearnailslipchordconnectionslip

5vL 3
vL

0.188 Len
8 EAb 4Gv tv

b v n

( c X )
2W

Ga values for blocked and unblocked diaphragms

Deflection of Unblocked Diaphragms is 2.5 times the deflection of

p g
blocked diaphragm.
If framing members are spaced more than 24o.c., testing indicates
further deflection increase of about 20%
20%, or 3 times the deflection of
a comparable blocked diaphragm. (This is based on limited testing
of the diaphragm by APA)

Large & High Load Diaphragms

How to design for lateral loads

High Load Diaphragm Design

Table 4.2B in SDPWS referenced in 2009 IBC
Based on APA full scale testing
APA report 138
ES 1952 now incorporated in code

3x normal diaphragm shear values

1800 plf ASD for seismic
2520 plf - ASD for wind

40% increase for wind loads

All edges are blocked
8-10 panel width with purlins at each end

Utilizes multiple rows of nails

Fastener Pattern Figure 4C in 2008 SDPWS

for use with High-Load Diaphragm Table

4 nominal three lines

3 nominal two lines

Avoid Nail Splitting

4.2.7.1 notes
High-Load
High
Load Diaphragm Table
Loads were limited by lumber splitting
splitting.

2x4

2X4

3X4

Slide provided by John Lawson, S.E., Kramer and Lawson

Clarification to High Load Diaphragm Table

Intermediate Nailing
Maximum spacing 12 o.c.
Exception: 6
6 o.c
o c for spans greater than
32 o.c.
Intermediate Member Size
2x framing allowed at intermediate framing
members where fasteners are 12
12 or 6
6 o.c.
oc

Notes to High Load Diaphragm Table

Th
The shear
h
values
l
in
i the
th table
t bl are for
f cases 1 and
d
2
The shear values are applicable to cases 3
3,4,5
45
and 6 provided fasteners at all continuous edges
are spaced in accordance with the boundary
fastener spacing

Diaphragm Layout Cases

Clarification to High Load Diaphragm Table

Load Perpendicular to Cont. Edge

Boundary, edge and intermediate nailing

(case 1 and 2)

Continuous Panel Edge Nailing

(Panel Edge Nailing- for case 1, 2
Boundary Nailing - for case
3,4,5 and 6)

Boundary
N ili
Nailing
Intermediate
Nailing

Panel Edge
Nailing
g

Note: Framing omitted

for clarity

Load Parallel to Cont. Edge

Clarification to High Load Diaphragm Table

B
Boundary,
d
edge
d and
d intermediate
i t
di t nailing
ili
(case 3,4,5,6)
Edge Nailing
Boundary
Nailing

(use boundary nailing at

continuous
ti
edge
d per note
t
d.)

Field
Nailing
Note: Framing omitted
for clarity

Seismic Diaphragm-to-Wall Anchorage Forces

Sub-diaphragm Concept

Advantages

Sub-diaphragm is a portion of a larger wood

diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer local
forces to primary diaphragm struts and main
diaphragm
p g ((2006 IBC 2302.1))

Eliminates the need for long-span

long span design of walls for
out-of-plane bending
Transfers anchorage forces to main members, thus
reducing the number of connections required to fulfill
continuous cross tie requirements.
Members used as cross-ties are typically better
suited for accommodating the necessary connections
Reduces cost the larger the roof the greater are the
savings provided by the use of sub-diaphragms.

How to design for lateral loads

How to design for lateral loads

Normal Diaphragm Design

Sub-Diaphragm Design
T i l load
Typical
l d transfer
t
f

Connections required for

each line of sub-purlins

Lateral
Load

Lateral
Load

= 102

= 1800

connections

connections

Aspect ratio 2.5:1 max.

How to design for lateral loads

Normal Diaphragm Design

Typical Load Transfer

Lateral
Load

Subdiaphragm
(Typical) max aspect
ratio = 2.5:1
2 5:1

Connections required for

each
h line
li off purlins
li

Subdiaphragm is designed the same as a diaphragm

Sub-diaphragm Summary

Use off the

h the
h subdiaphragm
bd h
concept often
f
reduces number of connections
Reduces
R d
costt off wood
d roofs
f
APA document (Z350) provides connection
details and has tables to aid the designer

Reference

Examples:
Sub-diaphragms
Continuous cross-ties
Anchorage details

APA Publication Z350

Reference

How to design for lateral loads

Traditional Chord Design

Examples:
Diaphragms Design
Sub-diaphragm Design
Deflection Calculations

Works
W k wellll on smallll and
d moderate
d t size
i b
buildings
ildi

APA Publication L350

Lateral Load

How to design for lateral loads

How to design for lateral loads

Collective Chord Design

Traditional Chord vs. Collective Chord

Based on 8 oc tie spacing

More
M
economical
i l on llarge b
buildings
ildi
Realistic way to model chord action
X

Traditional

Collective

120

160

19 kips

6.2
6
2 kips
max

400

400

40 kips

4.5 kips
max

750

1100

211 kips

9.0 kips
max

Lateral Load
Y

Results of Example done by Kramer and Lawson

How to design for lateral loads

Multiple Nailing Zones

Economizes
E
i
on material
t i l and
d titime
Less nails
Less nailing time
1
2

2
1

How to design for lateral loads

Diaphragm Deflection Calculations

Two
T
Equations
E
ti
to
t choose
h
from
f
2006 IBC traditional equation
2005 AF&PA NDS simplified equation **suggested
suggested you
use this equation**

Collective Chord Modification

Reduces diaphragm deflection calculations
Complicates equation for moment of inertia
See John Lawsons
Lawson s paper for resulting equation

Multiple nailing zones

More accurate deflections when taken into account
Using virtual work method, equation is derived for you in
John Lawsons paper

How to design for lateral loads

High Load Diaphragm Design Example

Calculation Methods Resources/Examples

Hi h L
High
Load
d Di
Diaphragm
h

Sub-Diaphragm

Collective Chord

Diaphragm Deflection

Design Criteria

CBC table
bl 2306
2306.3.2
32&
Diaphragms and Shear Walls
Design/Construction Guide -APA form L350A

192 x 120 tilt-up building

Diaphragms and Shear Walls

Design/Construction Guide -APA form L350A
Lateral Load Connections for Low-Slope
R f Di
Roof
Diaphragms
h
APA F
Form N
No. Z350A

8 30 ft high wall with 4 ft parapet

Thinking Outside the Box: New approaches

to very large flexible diaphragm by John
Lawson
Thinking Outside the Box: New approaches
to very large flexible diaphragm by John
Lawson

Design Process

Part A. Diaphragm Design

Diaphragm Loads (Seismic only)

Diaphragm Analysis (Transverse)

Structural Panel and Fastener Pattern

S l ti (T
Selection
(Transverse))

Diaphragm Analysis (Longitudinal)

Structural Panel and Fastener Pattern

Selection ((Longitudinal)
g
)

Panelized Roof System

Check for seismic load only
Importance Factor 1.0
Seismic Category D (SS = 1.68,
1 68 S1 = 0.6)
0 6)
NOTE: The example is simplified to illustrate specific points and
d
does
nott iinclude
l d allll lload
d combinations
bi ti
and
d allll d
design
i checks
h k
otherwise required.

Diaphragm Loads
Vertical Loads
DL Roof = 10 psf
LL Roof = 30 p
psf
DL Wall = 100 psf
Seismic Loads
CS = SDS/(R/I)
CS max = SD1/T(R/I)
CS min = 0.5S1/T(R/I)
SDS = 1.12
SD1 = 0.6
R = 4, I = 1
SDC Category D

W ROOF= 192 x 120 x 10 = 230,400 lbs (16.3%)

W WALL = (30/2+4) x 100 x 2 x (192 +120) = 1,185,600 lbs (83.7%)
,
+ 1,185,600
,
,
= 1,416,000
,
,
lbs
W TOTAL = 230,400
V TOTAL = 0.28 x 1,416,000 = 396,480 lbs
V TRANSVERSE = (120 x 10 + 19 x 100 x 2) x 0.28 = 1,400 lbs (plf)
V LONGITUDINAL = (192 x 10 + 19 x 100 x 2) x 0.28 = 1,600 lbs (plf)

CS =1.12/(4/1) = 0.28 > 0.01

( ) = 0.50>0.28
CS max =0.6/.3(4/1)
CS min =0.5x0.6/(4/1) = 0.075<0.28

V = CS W
W=0.28W
0.28W

Diaphragm Loads (Transverse)

case 2

case 4

Diaphragm Layout Cases

w = 1,400 plf

B
192
48
48

48
48

48
48

48
48
Sub-purlin
Purlin

Girder

N
4

Diaphragm Analysis (Transverse)

(Case 4)
w = 1400 plf
Load w:

192

CASE 4

CASE 2

Shear V:

V max
v max
v 40
v 72

= 1,400
1 400 x 192 /2 = 134
134,400
400 lb
lbs
= 134,400 / 120 = 1,120 plf
= (134,400 40x1,400)/120 = 653 plf
= ((134,400
,
72x1,400)/120
,
)
= 280 plf
p

v max = 1
1,120
120 plf
v 40 = 653 plf
v 72 = 280 plf

1,120 plf

High Load Diaphragm Table

280 plf @ 72

653 plf @ 40

(Case 4)

v = 1,120plf
1 120 lf ((case 4)
A

192
48

48

48

48

2640/2=1320
A

N
4

High Load Diaphragm Table (2306.3.2)

Panel and Nailing Pattern Selection

v = 653 plflf (case

(
4)
A

v max = 134,400 / 120 = 1,120 plf

case 2 and 4

1340/2 = 670

v 40 = (134,400 40x1,400)/120 = 653 plf

case 2
D

adjust edge spacing to 4 o.c.

case 4

The table gives shear values for Case 1 and 2. For

cases 3,4,5,6 values are applicable providing fasteners
at all continuous edges are spaced in accordance with
boundary fastening spacing.

C v 72 = (134,400 72x1,400)/120 = 280 plf

case 2 and 4

v max = 1,120 plf < 1320 plf

19/32 R
Rated
t d Sh
Sheathing
thi E
Exposure 1
4x Framing
3 rows of 10d Common Nails
@ 4, 4, 12

v 40 = 653 plf > 670 plf

19/32 Rated Sheathing Exposure 1
3x Framing
2 rows of 10d Common Nails
@ 4, 6, 12 (adjusted 4,4,12 )

v 72 = 280 plf < 320 plf

19/32 Rated Sheathing Exposure 1
2x Framing
1 row of 10d Common Nails
@ 6, 6, 12

Panel and Nailing Pattern Selection (Transverse)

D

192
48

48

48

case 2

Diaphragm Loading (Longitudinal)

192

48
48

48

48

48

W= 1,600 plf

4x Fram
ming
3 rows of 10d Comm
mon Nails
@ 4, 4
4, 12

3x Fra
aming
2 rowss of 10d @ 4, 4, 12

2x Framing
g
1 rows of 10d @ 6, 6, 12

3x Fra
aming
2 rowss of 10d @ 4, 4, 12

4x Fram
ming
3 rows of 10d Comm
mon Nails
@ 4, 4
4, 12

Capacity

1,290 plf

650 plf

320 plf

650 plf

1,290 plf

Diaphragm Analysis (Longitudinal)

Panel & Fastener Pattern Selection

w = 1600 plf

Load w:

v max = 96,000 / 192 = 500 plf

v max = 500 < 650 < 1,290 plf

19/32 Rated Sheathing Exposure 1
3x Framing
2 rows of 10d Common Nails
@ 4, 6, 12

120
C

v 32 = (96,000 32x1,600)/192 = 233 plf

v 72 = 233 plf < 320 plf

Shear V:
19/32 Rated Sheathing Exposure 1
2 F
2x
Framing
i
1 row of 10d Common Nails
@ 6, 6, 12

V max
v max
v 32

= 1,600 x 120 /2 = 96,000 lbs

= 96,000 / 192 = 500 plf
= (96,000
(96 000 32x1,600)/192
32 1 600)/192 = 233 plf
lf

v max = 500 plf

v 32 = 233 plf

Panel & Fastener Pattern Selection

D

E
A

192
48

48

48

192
48

48

48

48

B
3 F
3x
Framing
i
2 rows of 10d @ 4, 6, 12

3
3
3x Framing
2 rows of 10d @ 4, 6, 12
B

3x Framing
g
2 rows of 10d @ 4, 4, 12

C
2x Framing
1 rows of 10d @ 6, 6, 12

g
4x Framing
3 rows of 10d Common Nails
2v
@ 4, 4, 12

3x Framing
2 rows of 10d @ 4, 6, 12

Capacity

48

320 plf

650 plf

High Load Diaphragm Fastener Pattern

2x Framing
1 rows of 10d @ 6, 6, 12

3x Framing
2 rows of 10d @ 4, 6, 12
B

4x Framing
g
3 rows of 1
10d Common
n Nails
@ 4, 4, 12v

Panel & Fastener Pattern Selection (Combined)

High Load Diaphragm Fastener Pattern

D B
4 or 6
4
6

3 nominal two lines

Boundaries
Intermediate
4
Other edges

4 nominal three lines

Design Example (Continued)

Wall Anchorage Force

FP= 0.8 I SDS wp

Part B. Wall to Diaphragm Anchorage

Anchorage Forces (Seismic only)

Sub-diaphragm
Sub diaphragm Analysis and Design (E
(E
W)
Wall
W ll anchorage
h
tto S
Sub-purlin
b
li (E
(E-W)
W)

Cross-tie Load Transfer (E-W)

(ASCE 7-05 equation 12.11-1 )

FP= 0.80 x 1.0 x 1.12 x wp = .90

wp = 100 x 34 x 17/30 = 1,927plf

FP= 0.90 x (100 x 19) = 1,734 plf > 400x1.12 > 280 plf
Sub-diaphragm Depth
L SUB E-W

= 1,734 x 20/1290 = 27 ft

L SUB E-W = 1,734 x 8/1290= 11 ft

L SUB E-W = 1,734 x 4/1290= 5.4 ft
L SUB N-S = 1,734 x 8/650 = 22 ft < 40 ft (girder spacing)

Cross-tie Load Transfer (N-S)

E-W USE: 32 ft wide sub-diaphragm

,
4 = 6,940
,
lbs
F TIE = 1,734x
F TIE = 1,734 x 8 = 13,872 lbs
F TIE = 1,734 x 40 = 69,360 lbs

Sub-diaphragm Design (E-W)

Sub-diaphragm Design (E-W)

w = 1,734
1 734 plf
w = 1,734 plf
1

Wallll load
l d for
f anchorage
h
force
f
= 1, 734 plf
lf

Length-to-width
Length
to width = 40/32 = 1.25 < 2 (o.k.)

Subdiaphragm Shear 1,084 plf < 1,290 plf

(v=(wl/2)/width =1,734x20/32 = 1,084) main diaphragm

sheathing/nailing is adequate for subdiaphragm

48

48

48

48

192

Maximum chord force = 10,834 lb

(T = wl2/8x32 = 1,734 x 402/(8x32), important to check
combined tension-bending)

Wall Subpurlin Anchorage (E-W)

Continuous Cross Ties

1

2
Large number of
connections are
required for just one
line of sub-purlins

3
Fewer connections
are required for one
line of purlins.

6,940
F TIElb= per
1,734xsubpurlin
4 = 6,940 lbsanchor
4
48

48

48

48

192

Sub-diaphragm Load Transfer (E-W)

Sub-diaphragm Load Transfer (E-W)

6,940 lbs

Continuity Ties

1,734x18/32=976 plf

Typical Sub-diaphragm

40'

Subpurlins
b l
@ 2 oc, use every other
h subpurlin
b l to
transfer wall forces into the sub-diaphragm (wall
need
d nott b
be checked
h k d for
f bending
b di between
b t
anchors)

1,734 pllf
1

Subdiaphragm
(Case 2 E
E-W
W direction)

6,940 lbs
48

48

48

48

192

32'
C

Sub-diaphragm Load Transfer (E-W)

Ties at 4-0 o.c.

Wall-to-Subpurlin Connection (Design for 7,000 lbs)

APA wood structural

panel sheathing

Tack weld hanger or

provide Pneutek pins.

Sub-purlin to
Wall
Connection

Sub-purlin to Sub-purlin
connection

Anchorage Element Design

Strength design forces for steel elements
of the wall anchorage system shall be 1.4
times the force otherwise required by this
section

Diaphragm to wall anchorage

using embedded straps shall be
attached to or hooked around the
reinforcing steel or terminated so
as to directly transfer force to the
reinforcing steel. (ASCE 7-05
12.11.2.2.5)

Add steel box to hanger

for compressive stress
Steel channel

Conccrete or
CMU wall

Subpurlin

Subpurlin-to-Subpurlin Continuity Tie Connection

Strap installed over

sheathing (not shown)

Purlin

Subpurlin

(ASCE 7
7-05
05 12.11.2.2.2)
Plan

Anchorage (E-W) Wall-to-Girder

Wall-to-Girder Connection

Design for 7
7,000
000 lbs
Ledger/diaphragm
chord (shown behind)

4 tributary area, same force as wall-tosubpurlin connection

6,940 lb per subpurlin anchor

APA wood structural

panel sheathing

Concrete or
CMU wallll

Girder
(glulam shown)

Wall-to-Girder Connection

Continuous Girder Ties (E-W)

Design for 7
7,000
000 lbs
Continuity Ties

APA Wood Structural

Panel Sheathing

Typical Sub-diaphragm

48

Top mounted
T
t d
hanger

48

Girder
(glulam shown)

48

48

192

Continuous Girder Ties (E-W)

6,940 lbs

Continuous Girder Ties (E-W)

976 plf
69,400 lbs

40'

1,734 plff

1,734x18/24=976 plf

Subdiaphragm
(Case 2 E-W direction)

As lload
A
d iis ttransferred
f
d iinto
t th
the girder
i d ffrom th
the
subdiaphragm, the axial load in the girder increase from
6,940
,
lb to 69,400
,
lb
The girder-to-girder connection must resist 69,400 lb
976 x 32 = 27,360
,

6,940 lb

976
9
6x3
32 = 27,360
,360

69,400 lbs
6,940 lbs

69,400 lb

69,400 lb

976 plf

6,940
,
lb
32'

Girder-to-Girder Connection

Continuous Purlin Ties (N-S)

Design for 70,000 lbs

Wood structural panel sheathing not
shown for clarity

8 typical

N-S continuity ties located at

each purlin line (Typ.)

Girder (glulam
beam shown)

Hanger
Tension ties on both
sides of girder
50,000 lbs. Use (10) 3/4" diameter bolts
75,000 lbs. Use (12) 1" diameter bolts

13,900 lb

1,734x8 =13,872 lb

Wall-to-Purlin Connection

Purlin-to-Purlin Continuity Tie Connection

Design for 14,000 lbs

APA wood structural
panel sheathing

Inserts to
provide
approx.
12K

6" wide tension tie

embossed to go
over hanger

APA wood
structural
panel sheathing

Purlin (Typ.)

Elevation

Top-mount
g
hanger
Full length steel
channel

Glulam p
purlin

Elevation

Plan

Wood structural panel sheathing not

shown for clarity

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the evaluation for this course by logging into CES Discovery and
clicking
li ki on th
the Course
C
E
Evaluation
l ti link
li k on the
th left
l ft side
id off th
the page.

Were here to answer your

y
questions.
This concludes The American
Institute of Architects Continuing
Education Systems Course

WoodWorks!
Lisa Podesto, P.E.
Office: 530.596.4031
Cell: 530.520.7966
lisa@woodworks.org
www woodworks org
www.woodworks.org