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Abstract:
Nomenclature:
1. Introduction
Free spans is a phenomena that can occur for power
cables, umbilicals and pipelines. It can happen along
the cable route if the seabed is so uneven that the cable
cannot adapt to it, as shown in Pic. 1. Free spans can
also occur if the cable exits a J-tube bell mouth above
the seafloor. The reason for the uneven seabed can
*Johan.1.hedlund@se.abb.com
KEYWORDS
Bending Stiffness, Free span, Structural damping, Vortex Induced Vibrations
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2. Methodology
A power cable usually consists of 1 or 2 layers of helically
wound armour wires. For umbilicals and flexible pipes
without bitumen covered armour the methodology,
described in [3], is well established for determining the
stresses and strains in the armour wires when subjected
to tension and bending. That model uses coulomb
friction along with the contact pressure between the
wire and surrounding materials and this results in
that the wire either is stuck or slides, this is called
stick-slip. The helical geometry is the same for cables
as for umbilicals and flexible pipes and is very well
described in [6]. The same methodology is applicable
for submarine cables with some modifications and will
be used to calculate the dynamic bending moment.
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(1)
(5)
(6)
(2)
(7)
(3)
(8)
Where:
(4)
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(12)
(13)
(9)
(15)
This is a differential equation with a diffusion term,
a transient term with an exponent and a source term
which can be solved numerically for us. A numerical
solver based on [7] was used. With the solution for us
the strain reduction in the wire along the arc due to
axial sliding can be established. By adding the constant
bending component and the component from the
axial sliding the strain, , from bending motions is
established.
(16)
(10)
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3. Results
The dynamic bending moment is a function of how
curvature varies with time. For VIV the curvature
along the arc is a function of the dynamic mode shape
displacement that is expressed by:
(18)
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(20)
From figure 4 the damping is established in terms of
critical damping for a given mode shade, amplitude
response and frequency.
(21)
(22)
4. Analysis
The response amplitude for VIV is essential for
calculating stresses and fatigue loading. The amplitude
response is a result of the flow regime around the cable
and the structural damping. The bending stiffness of
the cable governs when onset of VIV occurs and which
vibration frequency that is induced.
(23)
(24)
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5. Discussion
Cables are in general known to be very resilient against
fatigue and few cases are known where VIV has been an
issue. This might be due to the fact that submarine cables
are very flexible and easily adapts to the seabed compared
to pipelines. The high damping and viscoelastic behaviour
of the dynamic bending stiffness also contributes to
preventing the onset of vortex induced vibrations.
However, if free spans occurs there are at the moment
no best practice for assessing the risk for VIV and
the resulting effects for submarine cables. This article
proposes a method to adapt the cables behaviour to
a well-established standard for steel pipelines. The
standard, [1] takes several environmental parameters into
consideration such as current statistics, current profile,
wave statistics, wave spectrum, directionality, turbulence,
seabed profile, and soil data. This makes it applicable in
all kinds of conditions such as current dominated, wave
dominated, both shallow and deep water, and for a wide
range of soil conditions.
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7. References
[1] DNV Recommended Practice RP-F105 Free Spanning Pipelines,
2006, Det Norske Veritas
[2] N. Sdahl, O. Steinkjer, E. Gjlmesli and K. Hansen-Zahl, 2011,
Consistent VIV Fatigue Analysis Methodology of Umbilicals,
Proceedings of the 30th International Conference on Ocean and
Arctic Engineering, OMAE2011-49459
[3] G. Skeie, N. Sdahl and O. Steinkjer, 2012, Efficient Fatigue Analysis
of Helix Elements in Umbilicals and Flexible Risers: Theory and
Applications Journal of Applied Mathematics, Vol. 2012, 246812
[4] L. Halvor, H. Braaten, T. Kristianssen and F.G. Nielsen, 2007,
Free-pan VIV Testing Of Full-Scale Umbilical, Proceedings of
the Seventeenth International Offshore and Polar Engineering
Conference.
[5] J. Mullins, D. Morin, A. Tyrberg, C. Sonesson and J. Ekh, 2015,
Bitumen shear mechanics in a dynamic subsea electrical cable,
Proceedings of the 34th International Conference on Ocean and
Arctic Engineering, OMAE2015-41110
[6] M. Lutchansky, 1969, Axial stress in armour wires of bent submarine
cables, Journal of Engineering Industry. 91(3) 687-693.
[7] J.E. Guyer, D. Wheeler and J. A. Warren, 2009, Fipy: Partial
Differential Equations with Python, Computing in Science &
Engineering. 11(3) 6-15
[8] R.D. Blevins, 1994, Flow Induced Vibrations, Krieger Publishing Co.,
Florida, USA, 336-337
[9] G.E. Balog, K. Bjrlow-Larsen, A. Ericsson and B. Dellby, 2006,
Vortex Induced Vibration on Submarine Cables, Cigr Session 2006
8. Biographies
Johan Hedlund was born on 16 April 1987 in Karlskrona
Sweden. He graduated from the faculty of engineering at
Lund University with a master of science in 2012 and took
up a position in engineering at ABB High Voltage Cables
after that.
6. Acknowledgement
The author would like to thank for all the support from
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