Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CONFLICTS OF LAWS
Conflicts of law - Part of international law which deals with legal problems
involving foreign element concerning the conflict in the application of local and
foreign laws, raised in a proper forum.
That part of municipal law of a state which directs its courts and administrative
agencies, when confronted with a legal problem involving a foreign element,
whether or not they should apply a foreign law/s (Paras).
Elements
I. Legal problem involving foreign element
--If there is no foreign element, there is no conflict of law.
Foreign elements is a factual situation that cut across territorial lines and affected
by diverse laws of two or more states -- Saudia vs Morada
1. One or both litigant is alien
2. Cause of action arises in foreign state
- location of the res
- place of celebration
- place of the act
- place of the crime
II. Assumption of the proper forum
Cases involving COL, forum may:
1. Refuse - apply forum non conviniens, no COL
2. Assume- forum may apply the following:
a. local law -- lex fori
b. Foreign law - lex causae
c -- apply both -- Cadalin vs POEA
III. Conflict between local and foreign law
- if there is no conflict between the two, there is nothing to resolve.
- court can apply foreign law if properly pleaded and proved, application
discretionary to the court.
IV. Choice of law to be applied
-Which law applies? - depends on the factual situation and connection of
the foreign element, apply characterization process of determining under what
category a certain set of facts or rules falls.
- Purpose - to enable the forum to select the proper law.
SOURCES of COL
Direct sources
Art. 14, 15, 16, 1039, 1183, 1347 at marami pa
Article 26 of Family Code
Section 129 of Corporation Code
Treaties - Hague convention, Warsaw, COGSA
Jurisprudence
International Custom
General Principles of law
lex loci celebrationis
LEx loci actus
LEx rei sitae/lex situs
BASIS
Nature
Persons
involved
Transactions
involved
Remedies
and
Sanctions
CONFLICT OF LAW
Municipal in character
Dealt
with
by
private
individuals;
governs
individuals in their private
transactions which involve a
foreign element
LAW OF NATIONS
International in character
Sovereign states and other
entities
possessing
international personality, e.g.,
UN; governs states in their
relationships
amongst
themselves
Private transactions between Generally affected by public
private individuals
interest; those in general are
of interest only to sovereign
states
Resort to municipal tribunals May be peaceful or forcible
Peaceful: includes diplomatic
negotiation, tender & exercise
of good offices, mediation,
inquiry
&
conciliation,
arbitration, judicial settlement
by ICJ, reference to regional
agencies
Forcible: includes severance
of
diplomatic
relations,
retorsions,
reprisals,
embargo,
boycott,
nonintercourse,
pacific
blockades,
collective
measures under the UN
Charter, and war.
Examples:
Article. 16 of the Civil Code - real and personal property subject to
the law of the country where they are situated and testamentary
succession governed by lex nationalii
Article 829 of the Civil Code - makes revocation done outside
Philippines valid according to law of the place where will was made
or lex domicilii
Article 819 of the Civil Code - prohibits Filipinos from making joint
wills even if valid in foreign country
ii.
The proper foreign law was not properly pleaded and proved
FACTUAL SITUATION
Beginning of personality of natural
person
Ways & effects of emancipation
Age of majority
Use of names and surnames
Use of titles of nobility
Absence
Presumptive death & survivorship
Celebrated Abroad
Between Foreigners
Celebrated in RP
Mixed
Between Foreigners
Mixed
POINT OF CONTACT
National law of the child (Article 15,
CC)
Same
Same
Same
Same
Same
Lex fori (Article 43, 390, 391, CC;
Rule 131 5 [jj], Rules of Court)
POINT OF CONTACT
Lex loci celebrationis is without
prejudice to the exceptions under
Articles 25, 35 (1, 4, 5 & 6), 36, 37 &
38 of the Family Code (bigamous &
incestuous marriages) & consular
marriages
Lex loci celebrationis EXCEPT if the
marriage is:
a. Highly immoral (like bigamous/
polygamous marriages)
b. Universally
considered
incestuous (between brothersister,
and
ascendantsdescendants)
Apply 1 (b) to uphold validity of
marriage
National law (Article 21, FC)
PROVIDED the marriage is not
highly
immoral
or
universally
considered incestuous)
National law of Filipino (otherwise
public policy may be militated
against)
Exceptions
RULES ON PROPERTY
FACTUAL SITUATION
REAL PROPERTY
Successional rights
Capacity to succeed
POINT OF CONTACT
Lex rei sitae (Article 16, CC)
National law of decedent (Article 16
par. 2, CC)
National law of decedent (Article.
1039)
Contracts involving real property The law intended will be the proper
which do not deal with the title law of the contract (lex loci
thereto
voluntantis or lex loci intentionis)
Contracts where the real property is The principal contract (usually loan)
given as security
is governed by the proper law oft the
contract (lex loci voluntatis or lex
loci intentionis)
NOTE:
the mortgage itself is
governed by lex rei sitae. There is a
possibility that the principal contract
is valid but the mortgage is void; or it
may be the other way around. If the
principal contract is void, the
mortgage will also be void (for lack of
proper cause or consideration),
although by itself, the mortgage
could have been valid.
TANGIBLE PERSONAL PROPERTY (CHOSES IN POSSESSION)
1
IN GENERAL
Lex rei sitae (Article. 16, CC)
Exceptions: same as those for real EXCEPTION: same as those for real
property
property EXCEPT that in the
example concerning mortgage, the
same must be changed to pledge of
personal property)
MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION
Vessels
Other means
THINGS
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
OTHER THEORIES:
a.
National law of the debtor or creditor
b.
Domicile of the debtor or creditor
c.
Lex loci celebrationis
d.
Lex loci solutionis
Taxation of debts
Domicile of creditor
Administration of debts
Lex situs of assets of the debtor (for
these assets can be held liable for
the debts)
Negotiability or non-negotiability of The right embodied in the instrument
an instrument
(for example, in the case of a
Swedish bill of exchange, Swedish
law determines its negotiability)
Validity of transfer, delivery or In general, situs of the instrument at
negotiation of the instrument
the time of transfer, delivery or
negotiation
Effect on a corporation of the sale of Law of the place incorporation
corporate shares
Effect between the parties of the sale Lex loci voluntatis or lex loci
of corporate shares
intentionis (proper law of the
contract) for this is really a
contract; usually this is the place
where the certificate is delivered)
Taxation on the dividends of Law of the place of incorporation
corporate shares
Taxation on the income from the sale Law of the place where the sale was
of corporate shares
consummated
Franchises
Law of the place that granted them
Goodwill of the business & taxation Law of the place where the business
thereto
is carried on
Patents, copyrights, trademarks, In the absence of a treaty, they are
trade names
protected only by the state that
granted them
NOTE: foreigners may sue for
infringement of trademarks and trade
names in the RP ONLY IF Filipinos
are granted reciprocal concessions in
the state of the foreigners
b. By a DOMICILIARY of the RP
Powers
&
encumbrance
POINT OF CONTACT
Lex loci celebrationis (Article 17 {1})
of Lex situs (Article 16 [1])
b. Consular contracts
Exception
Alienation
property
&
encumbrance
INTRINSIC
VALIDITY
(INCLUDING
INTERPRETATION OF THE INSTRUMENTS, AND
AMT. OF DAMAGES FOR BREACH)
RULES ON CRIMES
FACTUAL SITUATION
ESSENTIAL ELEMENTS
PENALTIES
OF A CRIME AND
POINT OF CONTACT
Lex loci delicti (law of the place where
the delict was committed)
NOTE: liability for foreign torts may be
enforced in the RP if:
a. The tort is not penal in character
b. If the enforcement of the tortious
liability wont contravene our public
policy
c. If our judicial machinery is adequate
for such enforcement
POINT OF CONTACT
Generally where committed (locus
regit actum)
POINT OF CONTACT
General rule: the law of the place of
incorporation
EXCEPTIONS:
a. For constitutional purposes
even of the corporation was
incorporated in the RP, it is nor
deemed a Filipino corporation &
therefore cant acquire land,
exploit our natural resources, 7
operate public utilities unless
60% of capital if Filipino owned
Receivers
FOUNDATIONS (COMBINATION
INDEPENDENT OF INDIVIDUALS,
FOR PROFIT)
OF CAPITAL
USUALLY NOT
1. CASES
1. CADALIN VS POEA - 12-5-94 - court of forum will not enforce any
foreign claim obnoxious to the public policy of the forum.
-- foreign procedural law is inapplicable in the forum. Procedural matter
are governed by the law of the forum even if the action is based on foreign
law.
2. HSBC VS SHERMAN - an agreement to sue and be sued is a specific
court does not preclude the filing of suit in the residence of plaintiff or
defendant - renuncio non prasunitur
3. SALVACION VS BVP - When the local law gives protection to the
foreigner with prejudice against a national, , interpretation should be in
favor of the national.
4. LAUREL VS GARCIA - lex situs is applicable only in a dispute over the
title of an immovable such that capacity to take and transfer, or the
interpretation and effect of conveyance and the essential validity of
transfer not when the issue is tether authority of the government to sue the
immovable is in question.
5. AZNAR VS GARCIA - Renvoi - when the nationality of the deceased
(foreigner) states that the law of the domicile (Phil) should govern, then
the successional rights of the heir is govern by the Phil law.
6. SAUDI ARABIAN AIRLINE VS CA 10-8-98 - when the factual situation
of the case has significant relation to the place of the forum, and the
defendant is a foreign corporation engaged in doing in business in the Phil
and the plaintiff is a resident therein, the court can acquire jurisdiction over
the case.
8. PAKISTAN VS OPLE - if respondent did not present evidence of foreign
law, it is presumed that the foreign law is the same as the law of the
forum.
- stipulation of the parties does not deprive the forum of its jurisdiction
REBUS SiC INSTANTIBUS - opposite of pacta sunt servanda - justify the
non performance of the treaty - requires political act
9. BANCO DE BRAZIL VS CA 6-16-00 - an action for damages iis an
action in personam.
- summon by publication or service of summon to the ambassador of
Brazil does not acquire jurisdiction to the petitioner.