Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Schools
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____________________
1. OBPP is listed as a Promising Program by Blueprints for Healthy Youth Development, and a large, systematic review of anti-bullying programs
worldwide concluded that programs inspired by the work of Dan Olweus worked best (Ttofi and Farrington 2011, 4142).
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Before students are asked about their bullying experiences, they are provided with a definition of what does
and does not constitute bullying. According to OBPP, an individual is being bullied when he or she is the target
of aggressive behavior by another student or students (for example, when others say mean things, deliberately
and systematically ignore someone, physically hurt others, spread negative rumors, or do other hurtful things),
when a power imbalance exists between the individuals involved, and when the bullying behavior happens more
than once. All three conditions must be present for the actions to constitute bullying behavior. After reading a
clear definition of bullying, students are asked in the OBQs question 4, How often have you been bullied at
school in the past couple of months? and later in question 24, How often have you taken part in bullying another
student(s) at school in the past couple of months?
Depending on their answers to these corresponding questions, students are classified into four groups.
If students answer 2 or 3 times a month, About once a week, or Several times a week to question 4, they
Figure 1.
are considered to be bullied for the purposes of the analyses. If they select these same responses to question 24,
they are defined as someone who bullies
Yes
No
Yes
Bullied
others and
was bullied
by others
Bullied
others
(only)
No
Was
bullied by
others
(only)
Not
involved
Question 24:
Have you taken
part in bullying
another
student(s) at
school in the
past couple of
months, 2 or 3
times a month
or more?*
*Paraphrased questions
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Hispanic or Latino
17%
7%
5%
Since 2007, the OBQ has been administered more than three million times to students across the United States.
During the 20132014 school year, more than 150,000 questionnaires were collected from 629 schools that had
Arab or Arab American
2%
purchased the OBQ but not yet implemented OBPP. These schools had identified a need but had not yet begun
using the program. It was from this collection of questionnaires that a representative sample was drawn for this
Other
9%
9%
with 1,000 girls and 1,000 boys in each of the ten grades for a total of 20,000 questionnaires in the sample.
The sample was purposefully
No response drawn so
9%that the distribution of bullying status (not involved, bullied by
others only, bully others only, and bully others and also are bullied) within gender and grade was consistent
0% more than
20%
40%
60% This means
80% that the100%
with the distribution for all of the
150,000 students
surveyed.
20,000 student
Percentage
of students
questionnaires sampled were representative, with regard
to bullying
status, gender, and grade, of all the student
*Students
could select
more
than one response.
questionnaires
collected
in the
20132014
school year at schools that had never implemented OBPP.
Just over one-half (53 percent) of the total sample was composed of white students, which greatly exceeded
the next largest groups, Hispanic or Latino (17 percent) and black or African American (13 percent). About
9 percent of the sample did not respond to the ethnicity question, and 9 percent identified as an ethnicity not
listed among the response options (see figure 2).
Figure 2. Ethnicities of students surveyed*
100%
Percentage of students
80%
60%
53%
40%
17%
20%
0%
White
Hispanic
or Latino
13%
7%
5%
2%
Black or American
Asian
Arab or
African
Indian
American
Arab
American
American
9%
9%
9%
Other
Don t
know
No
response
Limitations
It is important to keep in mind that, although the sample is representative of the questionnaires collected, it was
not extracted from a representative database of the national student body. Although student questionnaires were
collected at schools prior to program implementation, only schools that had decided to administer the OBQ (typically
an indication that they intend to implement the program) are included in the sample. Therefore, it is possible that
schools that administer the OBQ (and intend to implement OBPP) differ somewhat from schools that do not intend
to implement OBPP, that use another anti-bullying program, or that do not have any anti-bullying program at all.
Nonetheless, because of the sheer quantity of the questionnaires, the diversity of the schools, and the
reliability of the findings due to the large sample size, the authors believe the data presented in this report can
be considered a reasonable representation of bullying behavior and related problems nationally. In particular, the
patterns of results reported, including age trends and gender differences, are likely to be quite similar to what would
be obtained with a large-scale nationally representative sample of students, and, in fact, many trends are consistent
with available national data (see Robers, Kemp, and Truman 2013; U.S. Department of Education 2015).
For a more detailed look at how student data are reported to individual schools, see a sample Olweus
Bullying Questionnaire Standard Report, which can be accessed at www.violencepreventionworks.org.
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is more stable over grade levels, remaining between 4 and 6 percent between third and twelfth grade.
Figure 3. Students who have been involved in bullying 23 times a month or more
30%
Percentage of students
25%
22%
19%
20%
19%
Bullied by others
17%
17%
15%
15%
10%
10%
9%
9%
Bullied others
5%
6%
5%
5%
4th
5th
4%
5%
6%
5%
4%
9th
10th
7%
5%
5%
11th
12th
0%
3rd
6th
7th
8th
Grade level
Bullying can have serious effects during the school years and into
adulthood. One of the best tools that schools have for decreasing the
problems associated with bullying behavior is to implement evidencebased prevention programs.
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A strong correlation exists between age (grade) and bullying victimization for both genders. In third through
tenth grade, girls have a slightly higher (2 to 4 percent) prevalence of bullying victimization than boys (see figure 4).
In the eleventh
twelfthwho
grades,
victimization
ratesaby
gender
are within
1 percentage point of each other.
Figure 4.and
Students
have the
been
bullied 23 times
month
or more,
by gender
Figure 4. Students who have been bullied 23 times a month or more, by gender
30%
Girls
Percentage of students
25%
20%
15%
23%
21%
20%
21%
Boys
18%
17%
18%
18%
16%
15%
10%
17%
12%
13%
9%
9%
5%
0%
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
11%
9th
8%
8%
10th
11th
7%
7%
12th
Grade level
The trends across grades for self-reported bullying behavior are also similar between girls and boys until
high school, when the percentage of boys who report bullying others increases with increasing grade while the
percentage of girls who report bullying others decreases (see figure 5). Among elementary and middle school
students, there is a 1 to 2 percent difference between boys and girls in bullying behavior, but this difference
increases to 3 percent by tenth grade and 4 percent in eleventh and twelfth grade. Boys consistently bully other
students Figure
more than
girls do,
especially
in high
school.
5. Students
who
have bullied
another
student(s) 23 times a month or more, by gender
Figure 5. Students who have bullied another student(s) 23 times a month or more, by gender
30%
Percentage of students
25%
20%
15%
10%
Boys
7%
6%
4%
4%
4%
4%
4th
5th
6th
7th
5%
5%
0%
Girls
3rd
6%
6%
5%
7%
5%
8th
5%
4%
9th
7%
7%
3%
3%
3%
10th
11th
12th
6%
Grade level
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The amount of bullying perpetrated by students who are also bullied two to three times a month or more
(sometimes referred to as bully-victims) increases with age for boys but stays relatively constant for girls. Nearly
one-quarter of high school boys who are bullied report that they also bully others, which is much higher than the
rate that occurs for elementary and middle school boys (see figure 6). On average, 11 percent of girls are both
Figure 6.and
Students
who areand
bullied
who also
other students
occurring
23
timesThe
a average percentage
bullied
bully others,
this and
number
staysbully
relatively
constant(both
across
all grade
levels.
month
or more)
Figureof
6.boys
Students
who are
bullied others
and who
also
bullybullied
other students
who report
bullying
and
being
is higher(both
at 17occurring
percent. 23 times a
month or more)
Figure 6. Students who are bullied and who also bully other students
(both occurring 23 times a month or more)
30%
30%
23%
Percentage of students
25%
23%
Percentage of students
25%
20%
16%
20%
15%
10%
14%
15%
16%
Boys
14%
Boys
10%
Girls
10%
Girls
10%
5%
12%
10%
12%
10%
5%
0%
Grades 35
0%
Grades 68
Grades 35
Grades 912
Grades 68
Grades 912
Boys
report
theywho
were
most
frequently
bullied
by or
other
boys,
it was
Figure 7.
Gender
of that
students
are
bullied
23 times
a month
more,
andwhile
of those
whomore
bullycommon for girls to be
them by both girls and boys (see figure 7). Among bullied girls, nearly half (49 percent) report being bullied by
Figurebullied
7. Gender of students who are bullied 23 times a month or more, and of those who bully
them both boys and girls, 18 percent by boys only, and 33 percent by girls only. In contrast, among bullied boys, 37 percent
report being bullied by both boys and girls, 53 percent by boys only, and 10 percent by girls only.
Figure 7. Gender of students who are bullied 23 times a month or more,
and of those who bully them
75%
Girls
Girls Boys
Boys
Percentage of students
Percentage of students
75%
50%
53%
50%
18%
0%
49%
33%
25%
25%
0%
49%
53%
18%
By boys only
By boys only
37%
37%
33%
10%
10%
By girls only
By girls only
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As mentioned earlier, to get a reasonable estimate of the percentage of children and youth involved in
bullying, it is useful to classify students into one of four categories:
were bullied only (bullied two to three times per month or more but did not bully others)
bullied others only (bullied others two to three times per month or more but were not bullied)
bullied others and were bullied (bullied two to three times per month or more and bullied others two to
three times per month or more)
not involved
About 17 percent of all students were involved in bullying (see figure 8). Twelve percent of students in grades
three through twelve were only bullied by others, 3 percent only bullied other students, and 2 percent were both
bullied and bullied others.
Figure 8. Students involved in bullying, in total by bullying type
Bullied others, 3%
Bullied by others,
12%
Bullied others and
were bullied by
others, 2%
Rates of bullying involvement are similar for boys and girls, although (to a slight degree) girls are more
Students
bullying,
gender and
type
likely to be bullied, while Figure
boys9.are
moreinvolved
likelyinto
bullybyothers
(seebullying
figure
9).(as percentage of all
students) [typesetter: change & was to and were; add Percentage of students under boys
diagram too]
Figure 9. Students involved in bullying, by gender and bullying type (as percentage of all students)
Girls
Boys
Not involved
82%
Bullied by others
83%
14%
11%
Bullied others
2%
4%
2%
2%
0%
25%
50%
75%
Percentage of girls
100%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
Percentage of boys
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The percentage of students involved in bullying behavior is highest among third graders, with about one in
four students reporting that they engage in bullying behavior, are bullied by others, or both (see figures 10 and 11).
That percentage steadily declines within each grade for both boys and girls. The vast majority of girls who report
involvement with bullying are bullied by others; only a small percentage indicated that they bully others or are
bullied
by10.
others
are also
boys
in by
elementary
and middle
school who
report
Figure
Girlsand
involved
in bullied.
bullying,Most
in total
and
bullying type
(as percentage
of all
girls)involvement with
bullying are bullied. However, later in high school this is no longer the case; in the eleventh and twelfth grades,
there is a more even split between those who are bullied and those who bully others.
Figure 10. Girls involved in bullying, in total and by bullying type (as percentage of all girls)
30%
Bullied others
Bullied by others
24%
Percentage of girls
22%
20%
20%
21%
20%
14%
13%
11%
10%
8%
0%
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
Figure 10. Girls involved in bullying, in total and by bullying type (as percentage of all girls)
Grade level
Figure 11. Boys involved in bullying, in total and by bullying type (as percentage of all boys)
Figure 11. Boys involved in bullying, in total and by bullying type (as percentage of all boys)
30%
30%
Percentage
boys
Percentage
ofof
girls
25%
25%
24%
21%
20%
20%
21%
22%
20%
18%
21%
19%
Bulliedothers
othersand
andwere
werebullied
bulliedbybyothers
others
Bullied
Bullied others
Bullied others
Bullied by others
Bullied by others
20%
17%
14%
13%
12%
13%
10%
10%
13%
12%
11%
8%
0%
0%
3rd
3rd
4th
4th
5th
5th
6th
7th
8th
6th Grade
7th
level 8th
Grade level
9th
9th
10th
10th
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11th
11th
12th
12th
What are the ways in which students are most often being bullied?
Many types of behaviors can be classified as bullying if the behaviors meet the definition presented earlier. On
the OBQ, students are asked about the frequency with which they are bullied in ten different ways (see figure 12),
which are summarized here:
Verbal: the student is called mean names or teased in a hurtful way
Rumors: the student is the target of false rumors or lies
Exclusion: the student is left out on purpose or completely ignored
Sexual: the student is bullied with words or gestures having a sexual meaning
Racial: the students race is the focus of the bullying
Physical: the student is hit, kicked, or pushed
Threat: the student is threatened or forced to do things against his or her will
Cyber: the student is bullied via a mobile phone or other electronic device
Damage: the student has personal property taken or damaged
Figure 12. Form
of bullying:
byingender
studentaffected,
is bullied
any way not previously discussed
Another
way2: aStudents
Figure 12. Forms of bullying: Students affected, by gender
Girls
Boys
Verbal
16%
Rumors
15%
Exclusion
11%
14%
Sexual
Type of bullying
15%
8%
Racial
5%
Threat
5%
Cyber
6%
Damage
8%
5%
4%
purpose (exclusion).
5%
8%
0%
8%
4%
Another way
7%
6%
Physical
11%
5%
7%
10%
15%
Percentage of girls
20%
25%
0%
5%
10%
15%
20%
25%
Percentage of boys
____________________
2. The results for Another way are only reported in figures 12 and 16 since previous investigation by the authors has shown that a high proportion of
these responses overlap with the nine defined forms of bullying.
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10
Among all boys and girls, being verbally bullied occurs more
often than any other form of bullying, with 16 percent of girls and
15 percent of boys reporting being verbally bullied two to three times
a month or more. The spreading of rumors and being excluded are
the next most common ways students report being bullied and occur
more often for girls than boys. Another gender difference is observed
for physical bullying, where 8 percent of boys report being physically
bullied compared to 5 percent of girls (see also Harris, Petrie, and
Willoughby 2002 and U.S. Department of Education 2015 for findings
of similar gender differences in physical bullying among nationally
representative samples).
Cyberbullying ranks as the least commonly reported form of
bullying for boys (4 percent) and one of the lowest for girls (6 percent).
This low rate of cyberbullying may seem counterintuitive given the
great deal of media attention it has received in recent years, suggesting
a more widespread prevalence. These results and a good deal of
empirical research, however, suggest that the threat of cyberbullying is
exaggerated in the media (see Olweus 2013). Nonetheless, cyberbullying
can certainly be very hurtful and devastating and needs to be taken
seriously. It is important to keep in mind that even while cyberbullying
must be addressed, the key problem facing our nations students is the
more traditional forms of bullying.
Whereas figure 12 shows the percentage of all students who
report being bullied by the various forms of bullying, the following two
figures look at a smaller group of students, only those students who
report being bullied two or three times a month or more to question 4
(How often have you been bullied at school in the past couple of
months?). In figures 13 and 14, we can see possible changes in how often
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11
Figure 13. Forms of bullying for girls who reported being bullied 23 times a month or more, according
to question 4 (How often have you been bullied at school in the past couple of months?)
100%
75%
Verbal
Rumors
78%
70%
Exclusion
76%
55%
46%
50%
56%
48%
48%
47%
25%
Percentage of girls
0%
100%
Racial
Sexual
Physical
75%
50%
25%
34%
22%
35%
27%
23%
23%
27%
18%
18%
0%
100%
Threat
Cyber
Damage
75%
50%
28%
25%
19%
17%
68
912
27%
15%
31%
21%
13%
14%
68
912
0%
35
35
68
912
35
Grade level
*According to question 4 (How often have you been bullied at school in the past couple of months?)
Figure 14. Forms of bullying for boys who reported being bullied 23 times a month or more, according
Figure 14.toForms
of bullying
boys
who
reported
beingatbullied
times
month
more*
question
4 (Howfor
often
have
you
been bullied
school 23
in the
past acouple
ofor
months?)
100%
75%
Verbal
Exclusion
Rumors
80%
71%
80%
43%
50%
44%
50%
46%
42%
49%
25%
Percentage of boys
0%
100%
Racial
Sexual
Physical
75%
50%
36%
31%
45%
31%
29%
25%
40%
37%
32%
34%
0%
100%
Threat
Damage
Cyber
75%
50%
28%
25%
17%
28%
15%
28%
14%
21%
18%
26%
0%
35
68
912
35
68
912
35
68
912
Grade level
*According to question 4 (How often have you been bullied at school in the past couple of months?)
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12
Figure 15. Bullying in a single form: Students affected 23 times or more per month by a single
Exclusion
Type of bullying
9%
Physical
6%
Sexual
4%
Racial
4%
Damage
2%
Cyber
2%
Threat
2%
12%
Rumors
56%
0%
100%
80%
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
9
8
7
6
5.9
5.9
4.0
3.9
Bullied others and were bullied by others
3.3
3.2
4.0
3.9
Bullied
by others
3.3
3.2
4
3
2
1
3.3
3.3
Bullied by others
Grades 35
Grades 68
Grades 912
times
per month
orby
more
Figure 17.
Duration
of bullying,
reported
students bullied 23 times per month or more
40%
Percentage of students
Percentage of students
60%
Figure 16. Experiencing multiple forms of bullying: Average number of forms reported (out of 10
Figure
16. Experiencing multiple forms of bullying: Average number of
possible
forms)*
40%
Percentage of students
Figure 16. Experiencing multiple forms of bullying: Average number of forms reported (out of 10
possible forms)*
20%
40%
30%
30%
20%
20%
10%
21%
21%
25%
20%
25%
20%
12%
10%
0%
12%
0%
12 weeks
12 weeks
About 1 month
About 1 month
About 6 months
About 6 months
14%
14%
About 1 year
About 1 year
Several years
Several years
40%
ercentage of students
Percentage of students
40%
30%
30%
20%
25%
21%
20%
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material for personal20%
or group use is permissible.
21%
20%
10%
10%
12%
12%
14%
14%
25%
13
Girls
At school
On playground/athletic field (during recess/breaks)
32%
In the lunchroom
Bullying location
Boys
34%
35%
29%
In hallways/stairwells
30%
26%
In classteacher in room
31%
26%
30%
28%
16%
In the bathroom
19%
12% 13%
29%
25%
19%
11% 12%
Figure 19. Number of places students report being bullied 12 times or more
5% 7%
Percentage of students
50%
48%
40%
30%
32%
20%
20%
10%
0%
3+
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14
Grade level
3rd5th
Bullied by others
Grade level
6th8th
17%
Bullied others
23%
Bullied others
and were bullied
by others
19%
Not involved
25%
27%
39%
30%
38%
30%
9%
0%
Grade level
9th12th
49%
14%
50%
75% 100%
Percentage
of students
0%
18%
0%
Percentage
of students
Percentage
of students
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15
Sibling or friend
75%
Girls
Percentage of students
50%
62%
52%
Boys
46%
25%
43%
Girls 42%
Boys
30%
38%
34%
28%
25%
25%
0%
100%
75%
50%
Parent or guardian
Girls
Boys
60%
46%
49%
25%
35%
43%
26%
0%
Grades 35
Grades 68
Grades 912
25%
Boys
Girls
34%
29%
38%
34%
18%
Grades 35
Grades 68
Grades 912
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16
important focus of OBPP. One of the four simple rules students learn as part of the program is We will try to help
students who are bullied.
Figure 22. Response to peers bullying incidents: Empathy and desire to help
versus taking action to help
Percentage of students
100%
100%
80%
80%
Feel
Feel sorry
sorryfor
forand/or
and/orwant
wantto
tohelp
help
bullied
bulliedstudent
student
95%
96%
89%
89%
93%
92%
93%
92%
83%
83%
75%
76%
60%
60%
Try to
bullied
student
Tryhelp
to help
bullied
student
Girls
74%
73%
69%
Girls
Boys
Boys
69%
53% 57%
49% 52%
47% 48%
40% 42%
40%
40%
20%
20%
0%
0%
3rd5th
3rd5th
6th8th
6th8th
Grade level
Grade level
9th12th
9th12th
3rd5th
6th8th
9th12th
3rd5th
6th8th
9th12th
Grade level
Grade level
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17
Percentage of stude
20%
15%
6%
Boys
are more
likely
than
just
and
not respond
tonot
bullying
that they witness or are aware
7% tojoin
Figure Boys
24. Students
who
think
theygirls
could
inwatch
bullying
a student
they do
like
6%
Girls 4%
of, and the percentage increases
with age (see figure 23). More boys than girls also indicate that they could join in
0%
Percentage
Percentage
of studentsof students
30%
Figure 23. Students who just watch what goes on if they find that a peer is being
bullied by another student
20%
30%
20%
14%
20%
10%
7%
Boys
10%
0%
0%
11%
9%
10%
Girls 4%
6%
Boys
Grades 35
Girls 4%
Grades 35
15%
Grades 68
Grades 912
7%
Grades 68
6%
Grades 912
Figure 24. Students who think they could join in bullying a student they do not like
Percentage of students
30%
20%
20%
14%
10%
7%
Boys
11%
9%
Girls 4%
0%
Grades 35
Grades 68
Grades 912
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18
Grade level
3rd5th
Bullied by others
Grade level
6th8th
50%
Bullied others
51%
18%
25%
15%
50%
16%
0%
42%
8%
42%
Not involved
Grade level
9th12th
52%
11%
50%
75%
100%
0%
Percentage
of students
6%
0%
Percentage
of students
Percentage
of students
Percentage of students
Percentage of students
100%
75%
50%
25%
Teachers/
Other 50%
adults
44%
36%
Other
students
19
13%
0%
25%
50%
75%
100%
0%
Percentage
of students
0%
Percentage
of students
Percentage
of students
centage of students
Percentage of students
100%
75%
50%
25%
Teachers/
Other 50%
adults
44%
36%
Other
students
26%
17%
0%
Grades 35
Grades 68
13%
Grades 912
Students report that high school teachers are nearly twice as likely as elementary teachers to do little or
nothing to reduce the amount of classroom bullying (see figure 27). Although bullying occurs less frequently during
Figure 27. Students who feel their teacher has done little or
reducein
classroom
bullying
least two or three times a month
high school
grades, so it is of concern that such high percentages of students do
Percentage of students
100%
75%
50%
41%
31%
25%
Boys
Girls 28%
50%
48%
40%
0%
Grades 35
Grades 68
Grades 912
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20
On average, 93 percent
of girls and 82 percent
of boys feel sorry for
bullied students.
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21
others, as well as to
reaching out to help them. To teach students how to help other students
who are bullied, we need to provide them with the appropriate tools and
prevalence of bullying,
guidance. One of the best ways to help students help others, as well as to
is to implement a
schoolwide anti-bullying
program.
the world (Ttofi and Farrington 2009, 2011), researchers noted that antibullying programs are an effective way to reduce victimization, with an
expected reduction of 20 percent to 23 percent.
A good evidence-based anti-bullying program will have the power to
restructure and strengthen the school environment by teaching everyone
how to identify acts of bullying, how to react to bullying, and how to work
together to reduce opportunities and rewards for bullying behavior. The
results from this report show that bullying remains a major issue facing
a large number of our nations students and that further commitment is
needed from schools and communities around the country to work together
to systematically counteract bullying and make schools a safe place for all
students to learn.
2015 by Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation. All rights reserved. Duplicating this material for personal or group use is permissible.
22
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23
2015 by Hazelden Betty Ford Foundation. All rights reserved. Duplicating this material for personal or group use is permissible.
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25