Acknowledgment

The project has come into existence due to

great effort put into by me , my parents , my elder
brothers Dr. Ayyub Khan and Dr. Rashid Khan and
others.
I would like to thanks my biology teacher Mr.
Vivek John and Mr. Issac William for strong
support. I would also like to give me heart full
thanks to my principal for his support and relief in
me with this I would also thanks my family who
helped me to make this project presentable and
attractive and any improvement will be greatly
acknowledged.

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Introduction
Hepatitis is a viral disease. It is mainly five
types.
1.)
2.)
3.)
4.)
5.)

Hepatitis
Hepatitis
Hepatitis
Hepatitis
Hepatitis

A
B
C
D
E
Hepatitis A

Hepatitis

is

highly

contagious

liver

infection caused by the Hepatitis A virus. The

hepatitis A virus is one of several types of hepatitis
viruses that causes inflammation that affects your
livers ability to function.
You are most likely to contract hepatitis A from
contamination food or water or from close contract
with someone whos already infected. Mild cases of
hepatitis A dont require treatment, and most
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people who are infected recover completely with no

permanent liver damage.
Practising good hygiene inducing washing
you hand often- is one of the best ways to protect
against hepatitis A. Effective vaccines are available
for people who are most at risk.

SYMPOTMS
Fatigue
Nausea and vomiting
Abdominal pain of discomfort, especially
in the area of your liver on your right side
beneath your lower ribs.
Loss of appetite
Low grade fever
Dark urine
Muscle pain
Yellowing of the skin and eyes (Jaundice)
Signs and symptoms of hepatitis a usually last
less than two months, but may last as long as six

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months . Not everyone with hepatitis A develops

signs or symptoms.
When to see a doctor
If youve been exposed to hepatitis A , you may
prevent infection by having a hepatitis A vaccines
or immunoglobulin therapy within two weeks of
exposure. Ask your doctor or your local health
department about receiving the hepatitis A vaccine
if:
A

restaurant

where

you

recently

ate

reports a hepatitis A outbreak.

Someone close to you, such as someone
you live with or someone who is your
caregiver, is diagnosed with hepatitis A.
You recently shared needles for self
injected drugs with someone who has
hepatitis A .
You recently had sexual contact with
someone who has hepatitis A.

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CAUSESHepatitis A is caused by infection with the

hepatitis A virus. The hepatitis virus is usually
spread when a person injects tiny amounts of
contaminated fecal matter . The inflammation can
impair liver function and causes other signs and
symptoms of hepatitis A.
Hepatitis A

virus can be transmitted sexual

ways. Such as:

When someone with the virus handles the
food

you

eat

without

first

carefully

washing his or her hands after using the

toilet.
Drinking contaminated water
Eating raw selfish from water polluted with
sewage being in close contact with a
person who no signs or symptoms
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 Having sex with someone who has the

virus
RISK FACTORSYoure at increase risk of hepatitis A if you:
Travel or work in regions with high rates of
hepatitis A
Are a man who has sexual contact with
other man
Are HIV positive
Use injection or non-injected illicit drugs
Live with another person who has
hepatitis

concentrated

receive
for

clatting-

hemophilis

factor
another

medical condition
TEST AND DIAGNOSISBlood tests are used to detect the presence of
hepatitis A in your body. A sample of blood is
taken, usually from a win in your arm m and sent
to a laboratory for testing. Your doctor may also

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discuss your signs and symptoms as part of

making diagnosis.

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TREATMENT AND DRUGSNo specific treatment exists for hepatitis A.

your body will clear the hepatitis A virus on its
own. In most cases of hepatitis A, the liver heals
damage.
Hepatitis A treatment usually focuses on
coping with signs and symptoms of hepatitis A
infection for instance:
Expect to have less energy > many people with
hepatitis A infection feel tired and have less energy
for their daily tasks .
Rest when you need to you may feel tired and
sick for a few months .
Find ways to cope with nausea:-Nausea can
make it difficult to eat. Find ways to make it food
more appeating. Eat small snacks throughout the
day, rather than three large meels. If youre having
trouble eating enough claries avoids law calories
foods for instance drink fruit juice or milk , rather
than water.
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Give your liver a rest :- Your liver may have

difficulty processing medications and alcohol if you
have

hepatitis

A.

Reuious

your

medications,

including over the counter drugs with your doctor.

Your doctor may recommend stopping on changing
of some of your medications. Stop drinking alcohol
while you have signs or symptoms of hepatitis A
infections.
LIFE STYLE AND HOME REMEDIES:If you have hepatitis A, you on take steps to
reduce the risk that you may pass the virus to
other take step to.
Avoid sexual activity: Avoid all sexual activity if you have hepatitis A,
since many kinds of sexual activity can expose
your partner to infection. Condoms dont adequate
protection.
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Wash your hands thoroughly after using the

toilet:Scrub vigorously for at least 20 seconds and rinse
well. Dry your hands with a disposal towels.
Dont prepare food for other while your activity
infected:-

You

can

easily

pass

this

highly

contagious infection to other people

Medication of Hepatitis A
Acetaminophen

(Tylenol,

Tempra,

Feverall)

:-Acetaminophen reduce fever by acting directly on

the hypothalamic heat regulating centers thereby
increasing dissipation of body heat via vasodilation
and sweating it relieves sild to moderate pain
Analysis Agent
METOCLOPRAMIDE (Reglan) :-

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Metoclopramide os a dopamine antagonist that

stimulates acetylcholine release in the myenteric
plexus. It acts centrally on chemoreceptor trigger
in the floor of the fourth ventricle and this action
provides important antiemetic activity. Antiemetic.
Hepatitis

vaccines,

inactivated

and

Hepatitis vaccines (Twinrix) :- this combined

hepatitis A and hepatitis B vaccines used for active
immunization of persons older than 18 years
against disease caused by HAV and infection by all
known sub types of hepatitis B virus (HIV)
Hepatitis

vaccine,

inactive

(HAURIX,

Vagta) :- Hepatitis A vaccine may be administered

with immunoglobulin injection without affecting
efficacy

HEPATITIS B
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Hepatitis B is serious liver infection caused by

the hepatitis B virus (HBV) for some people,
hepatitis B infection becomes chronic , leading to
liver failure, liver cancer or cerrhosis a condition
that causes permanent scarring of the liver .
Most people Infected with hepatitis B as adults
recover fully, even if their signs and symptoms are
sever infants and children are much more likely to
develop a chronic hepatitis B infection although no
cure exists for hepatitis B , a vaccine can prevent
the disease . If youre already infected m taking
certain precaution can help prevent spreading
HBV to others.

SYMPTOMS
Sugbs abd symptoms of hepatitis B usually
appear anout three months after youre been
infected and range from mild to severe. Signs and
symptoms of hepatitis B may include:
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Abdominal pain
Dark urine
Fever
Joint pain
Loss of appetite
Nausea of and vomiting
Weakness and fatigue
Yellowing of your skin and the whites of

your eyes ( jaundice).

Most infants and children with hepatitis B
never develop signs and symptoms . The some is
for some adults.
When to see a doctor seek medical care if you
have any signs or symptoms that worry you.
If you know youve veen exposed to hepatits
B , contact your doctor immediately. A preventive
treatment may reduce the risk that the virus will
infects your bidy . But the treatment must be given
24 hours of exposes the hepatitis B virus.

CAUSES

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Hepatitis

infections

is

caused

by

the

hepatitis B virus (HBV) . The virus is passed from

person to person through blood. Semen or other
body fluids . When HBV

enters your liver, it

involves the liver cell and begins to multiply . This

caused inflammation in the liver and leads to the
signs symptons of hepatitis B infection . common
ways HBV Is transmiited include:
Sexual contact you may become infected if
you have unprotected

sexual contact sexual

contact with on infected partner whole blood ,

saliva , semen or vaginal secreation enter your
bady.
Sharing of needle - Hepatitis B virus easily
transmitted
contaminated

through
with

needles

infected

and

blood

airings
Sharing

intravenous (IV) drug paraphenzanalia puts you at

high risk of hepatits B .

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Accidental needle sticks -

Hepatitis B is a

concern for health care workers and anyone else

who comes in contract with human blood .
Mother to child pregnant women infected
with HBV

can pass the virus to their babies

during childbirth .

Acute us chronic Hepatitis B

Hepatitis B infection may be either short lived
( acute hepatitis B ) or long lasting ( chronic
hepatitis B ).
Acute hepatitis B infection > lasts less than six
months if the disease of acute, your immune
system is usually able to clear the virus from your
body , and you should recover completly within a
few months . Most people who acquire hepatitis B
as adult have an acute infection.

SHARING OF NEEDLE :-

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Hepatitis B virus easily transmitted through

needles and syrings contaminated with infected
blood.

Sharing

intravenous

(IV)

drug

paraphoznalia puts you at high risk of hepatitis B .

ACCIDENTAL NEEDLE STICKS:Hepatitis B is a concern for heeled care

workers and anyone else who comes in contract
with human blood.

MOTHER TO CHILD:Pregnant women infected with HBV can pass

the virus to their babies during childbirth.
Acute vs. chronic hepatitis B:Hepatitis B infection may be either short lived
(acute hepatitis B ) or long lasting ( chronic
hepatitis B ).

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 Acute hepatitis B infection lasts less than six

months . if the disease is acute your immune
system is usually above

to clear the virus from

your body, and you should recover completed

within a few months. Most people who acquire
hepatitis B as adult have an acute infection .
Chronic hepatitis B infection lasts six months
or longer . when your immune system cant fight
off the virus, hepatitis B infection may become
lifelong, possibly leads to serious illness such as
cirrhosis and liver cancer. Most infants infected
with HBV at birth and many children infected
between 1 and 5 years age become

chronically

infected. Chronic infection may go undetected for

decades until a person becomes seriously ill from
liver disease .

RISK FACTORS:-

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Your risk of hepatitis B infection is increased if

you: Have unprotected sex with more than one
partner.
Have unprotected sex with someone whos
infected with HBV.
Have a sexually transmitted infection such
as gonorrhea or chlrmydia.
Are aman who has sexual contact with
other man
Share needle during intravenous (IV) drug
use.
Share a household with someone who has
a chronic HBV infection .
Have a job that exposses you to human
blood .
Receive hemodialysis for end-stage
kidney(renal) disease.
Travel to regions with high infection rates
of HBV, such As Africa, Central and
Southest Asia , and Eastern Europe.

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COMPLICATIONS:Having a chronic HBV infection can lead to

serious complications such as;
Scarring of the liver (cirrhosis ):- hepatitis B
infection may cause inflammation that leads to
extensive scarring of the liver (cirrhosis). Scarring
in the liver may impair the livers ability to
functions .
Liver cancer- people with chronic hepatitis B
infection have an increased risk of liver cancer.
Liver failure:- Acute liver failure is a condition in
which the vital functions of the liver shut down.
When that occurs a liver transplant is necessary to
sustain life.
Kidney problems:- Hepatitis B infections can
cause kidney problems that may lead eventually to
kidney failure.

TEST AND DIAGNOSIS :19 | P a g e

Doctors sometimes test certain people for

hepatitis
because

infection.

hepatitis

This

is

infection

recommended
often

begins

damaging the liver before it causes signs and

symptoms. Testing for hepatitis B infections in
people who have a high risk of coming in contract
with the virus may help doctors begin treatment or
recommend lifestyle changed that may slow liver
damage.
People who may want to talk to their doctors
about screening for hepatitis B infection include: Anyone who lives with a person who has
hepatitis B infection .
Any one who has had sex with a person who
has hepatitis B infection .
Anyone with an unexplained , abnormal liver
enzyme test
Anyone infected with HIV
Immegrants,
including

internationally

adopted children , from areas of the world

where
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hepatitis

is

more

common

including Asia , the Pacific Island ,

Africa

and Eastern Europe.

People who inject drugs
Men who have sex with men
people who receive kidney dialysis
People who take medications that suppres
the immune system, such as anti rejection

medications used after an organ transplant .

Pregnant women.
Blood tests to detect hepatitis B
infection, blood tests used to diagnose
hepatitis B infection include.
A test to determine whether you can
easily pass HBV to other The hepatitis B
surface antigen ( HBs Ag) test looks for
hepatitis B surface antigen- part of the outer
surface of the virus . testing positive for this
antigen means you have an active hepatitis
B infection and can easily pass the virus to
others.

negative

test

means

probably net currently infected.

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youre

test

immune

to

determine

to

HBV

=>

whether
the

youre

antibody

to

hepatitis B surface antigen (anti HBs) test

determine if you have antibodies can be due
to prior HBV

infection from which youve

recovered . or, it can mean you may already

have

been

vaccinated.

Ineither

case,

positive anti-HBs test means you cant infect

other or become infected yourself because
youre protected by the vaccine or your own
natural immunity.
A test to determine whether you have had
or currently have a hepatitis B infection .
the antibody to hepatitis B core antigen
( anti HBs ) test identifies people who have
an HBV infection . if you may have a chronic
infection that you can transmit to others. A
positive

result

may

also

mean

youre

recovering from an acute infection or have a

22 | P a g e

slight immunity to HBV that cant otherwise

be detected. How test is interpreted often
depends on the results of the other two test.
Additional Tests To Gauge Liver Health And
Infection Severity:If you receive a diagnosis of hepatitis B, your
doctor may perform tests to check the severity
of the HBV infection as well as the health of
your liver. These tests include.
A test to determine how likely you are to
spread HBV to others:- The E antigen blood
test looks for the presence of a protein secreted
by HBV infection cells. A positive result means
you have high level of the virus in your blood
and can easily infect others. If the test is
negative you have lower blood level of HBV and
are less likely to spread the infection.

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A test to determine how much HBV DNA is

in your blood:- The hepatitis B DNA test
detects parts of HBV DNA in your viral load
can help monitor how well antiviral therapy is
working.
A tests to measure liver function:-

liver

function tests may gauge the amount of

damage that has occurred in your liver cell.
Treatments and drugs
If you know you have been exposed to the
hepatitis B virus cell you doctor immediately.
Receiving an injection of hepatitis B immune
globulin within 24 hours of coming in contact
with the virus may help protect you from
developing hepatitis B.
Treatment for acute hepatitis B infection:If your doctor determines your hepatitis B
24 | P a g e

infection is acute meaning it is short lived and

will go away on its own you may not treatment.
Instead, your doctor will work to reduce any
signs and symptoms you experiment while
your body fights the infection. Your doctor may
recommend follow up blood test to make sure
the virus has left your body.
Treatment for chronic hepatitis B infection.
If you have been diagnosed with chronic
hepatitis

infection

your

doctor

may

recommend:
Antiviral medicationsAntiviral medications helps fight the virus and
slow its ability to damage your liver.
Several medications are available your doctor
can suggested which medications may be most
appropriate for you.
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Liver transplant:- If your liver has been

severely

damaged,

liver

transplant

the

surgeon removes your damaged liver most

transplanted

livers

comes

from

deceased

donors though a small number come from

living donors.

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