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Smaller particle size
Do not scatter light
Appear clear
Lyophilic to water
Lyophobic to alcohol
Types of Colloids
a. Lyophilic Colloids
Large organic molecules
Capable of being solvated or associated with the
molecules of the dispersing phase
When added, disperses readily
More substance being added to the dispersion
system, viscosity rises
As viscosity rises and the concentration of molecules
is sufficiently high, the liquid sol becomes a semisolid
or semisolid dispersion called GEL
Gels owe their rigidity to an intertwining network of
the disperse phase that entraps and holds the
dispersion medium
What causes Gels to liquidate?
o Change of temperature
o SOME GELS - THIXOTROPY (Returns to normal
when left undisturbed)
b. Lyophobic Colloids
Generally composed of inorganic materials
Little interaction between dispersion phase and
dispersion medium
Does not spontaneously disperse; special
individualized procedures are required
Addition to the dispersion medium DOES NOT greatly
affect viscosity
c. Association or Amphiphilic Colloids
Formed by grouping or association of molecules that
exhibit both lyophilic and lyophobic properties
Forms dispersions in aqueous and nonaqueous media
Depending on their individual character and the
nature of the dispersion medium, they may or may
not become greatly solvated.
Generally increase the viscosity of the dispersion
medium with an increase in concentration.
Other Types of Colloids:
d. Natural Colloids
Self-dispersing upon addition to the dispersing
medium
Example: Acacia
e. Artificial Colloids
Materials that require special means for prompt
dispersion
May require pulverization of coarse particles to
colloidal size by a colloid mill, a micropulverizer, or
by chemical reaction under highly controlled
conditions.
5. XEROGEL
Formed when the liquid is removed from a gel and only the
framework remains
Examples: Gelatin sheets, tragacanth ribbons, and acacia
tears.
I.
First Classification
A. Inorganic
Usually two-phase system
Examples are: Aluminum hydroxide gel, bentonite
magma
B. Organic
Mostly single-phase systems
Examples: Gelling agents (like carbomer and tragacanth)
and those that contain an organic liquid, such as
Plastibase
c) Inorganic hydrogels
o Bentonite gel (10%-25%), Veegum and silica
B. Organogels
Divided into six subcategories
a) Hydrocarbon type
o Examples: Petrolatum, mineral
oil/polyethylene gel (Plastibase)
o Plastibase/ Jelene - a combination of mineral
oils and heavy hydrocarbon waxes with a
molecular weight of about 1,300
o Petrolatum consists of a liquid component
together with a protosubstance and a
crystalline waxy fraction
b) Animal, vegetable fats
o Examples: Lard, Cocoa butter
c) Soap base greases
o Examples: Aluminum stearate with heavy
mineral oil gel
d) Hydrophilic organogels
o Also called polar organogel
o Soluble to about 75% in water and
completely washable
o Gels look and feel like petrolatum
o Nonionic and stable
o Example: Carbowax bases (PEG ointment)
o Carbowax - polyethylene glycols of high
molecular weight
e) Polar
f) Nonionic
Acacia
CMC Sodium
Alginic Acid
Povidone
Bentonite
Maltodextri
n
Carbomer
Ethylcellulos
e
Hydroxypropyl
cellulose
Sodium
alginate
Starch
Hydroxyprop
yl methyl
cellulose
Polyvinyl
alcohol (PVA)
Tragacanth
Magnesium
aluminum
silicate
Cetostearyl
alcohol
Xantham
gum
Colloidal
silicon
dioxide
Propylene
glycol
alginate
Methylcellulo
se