FP

FA
TA

Military history of the North-West Frontier

Northern Areas

Mastuj

NW

fending Pashtun (or Pathan) tribes, punctuated by three

wars against Afghanistan. Many British ocers who
went on to distinguished command in the First and
Second World Wars learnt their soldiering on the NorthWest Frontier, which they called the Grim.[3]

CHITRAL

Gilgit

Chitral

Kalam

Afghanistan

Saidu
Sharif

BAJAUR
AGENCY
MOHMAND
AGENCY

Jalalabad

Kabul

Dasu
KOHISTAN

SWAT

Dir

SHANGLA

Naran

Battagram

Malakand
BUNER

Mansehra

Charsadda Mardan

Parachinar
KURRAM
AGENCY

Peshawar
Landi Kotal
Nowshera
KHYBER
AGENCY
ORAKZAI
Darra Adam
AGENCY
Khel
HANGU
Thal

Miramshah
Bannu

Lakki
Marwat
Jandola

SOUTH
WAZIRISTAN

Tank

Haripur

Abbottabad

1 Contestants

Kashmir

Further information: History of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

See also: Military history of Pakistan

Murree
Islamabad

Kohat

Karak

NORTH
WAZIRISTAN
Razmak

Swabi

Punjab

Pezu

1.1 Afghanistan

Wana

BALOC

Kulachi

HISTA

Dera
Ismail
Khan

DERA ISMAIL
KHAN

In 1747 when Ahmad Khn Abdl seized control of

Kandahar, Kabul, and Peshawar, and, as Ahmad Shah
Durrani, was proclaimed Shah of the Afghans.[4] He
went on to conquer Herat and Khorassan, and established
an empire from the Oxus to the Indus.[5] On his death in
1773, the Afghan domain included Baluchistan, Sindh,
the Punjab, and Kashmir.[4] Ahmad Shah was succeeded
by his son Timur Shah Durrani, whose rule of twenty
years saw the Afghan tide begin to ebb. Timur left many
sons but no heir, and the resultant internecine struggles
for the throne lasted more than thirty years. During this
period the Punjab was eectively ceded to its erstwhile
governor Ranjit Singh, Iran recovered Khorassan, and
Sindh broke away.[4] In 1813 Sikh forces from the Punjab crossed the Indus and seized the old Mughal fort at
Attock. In 1819 Kashmir was lost, and west of the Indus Derajat also. Four years later the winter capital at
Peshawar came under attack.[6]

Map of the present-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province (green),

previously the North-West Frontier; and FATA (purple)

The North-West Frontier (present-day Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa) region of the British Indian Empire was
the most dicult area to conquer in South Asia, strategically and militarily. It remains the western frontier of
present-day Pakistan, extending from the Pamir Knot
in the north to the Koh-i-Malik Siah in the west,[1] and
separating the present-day Pakistani frontier regions
of North-West Frontier Province (renamed as Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa), Federally Administered Tribal Areas and
Balochistan to the east from neighbouring Afghanistan
in the west. The borderline between is ocially known
as the Durand Line and divides Pashtun inhabitants of Further information: Durrani Empire
these provinces from Pashtuns in eastern Afghanistan.
The two main gateways on the North West Frontier are
the Khyber and Bolan Passes. Since ancient times, the
Indian subcontinent has been repeatedly invaded through
these northwestern routes. With the expansion of the
Russian Empire into Central Asia in the twentieth century, stability of the Frontier and control of Afghanistan
became cornerstones of defensive strategy for British India.

In 1826 Dost Mohammad Khan emerged as undisputed

ruler in Kabul, and was there proclaimed Emir.[7] He defeated a further attempt to oust him by his exiled rival
Shuja Shah Durrani in 1833; however the Sikhs seized
all of Peshawar the following year. In 1837 Dost Mohammad launched a counter-attack through the Khyber, but
the Afghan force was halted at Jamrud Fort.[8] Dost Mohammad had sought assistance from the East India ComMuch of the Frontier was occupied by Ranjit Singh in the pany against the resurgent Punjab, but was rebued. So
early 19th century, and then taken over by the East India Dost Mohammad turned to Imperial Russia for help.[7]
Company when it annexed the Punjab in 1849.[2]
Further information: Emirate of Afghanistan
Between 1849 and 1947 the military history of the fron- See also: European inuence in Afghanistan
tier was a succession of punitive expeditions against of1

1.2

Sikh Empire (17991849)

Main article: Sikh Empire

Maharaja Ranjit Singh (Punjabi: ),
also called Sher-e-Punjab (The Lion of the Punjab)
(17801839) was a Sikh ruler of the sovereign country
of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. His Samadhi is located
in Lahore, Pakistan.
He then spent the following years ghting the Afghans,
driving them out of western Punjab, taking opportunity
of the Afghans being embroiled in civil war. The deposed Afghan king Shah Shuja rallied a signicant number of tribes and received British backing in the form of
the Sikh army against the Barakzai king Dost Muhammad. The civil war in Afghanistan coupled with a British
backed assault meant that the Sikhs could virtually walk
into Peshawar. They managed to capture Pashtun territory including Peshawar which was under direct British
supervision and control.

1.3

British East India Company

CHRONOLOGY

Franco-Russian Treaty of Tilsit, alerted the HEIC to the

external threat posed from the north-west.[9]
By 1819 only Sindh and the Sikh Empire remained outside the Companys control. Napoleon was vanquished,
but the Empire of the Tsars had begun to expand south
and east. Russian inuence grew likewise, and by the
early 1830s Qajar Irn was within the Tsars sphere. Attempts by Irn to recover Herat in 1834, and again in
1837, raised the spectre of Russian armies on the road
to Kandahar, whence direct access to India through the
Khojak and Bolan passes.[10]
Meanwhile, the conict between Afghanistan and the
Punjab focused on the Khyber route. Dost Mohammad
appealed to the HEIC for aid in recovering Peshawar, but
the Company could not help him without alienating its
treaty ally Ranjit Singh. When Dost Mohammad redirected his appeal to Russia, the Governor-General Lord
Auckland resolved to depose Dost Mohammad, and replace him with Shuja Shah Durrani. Restored to his
throne in Kabul, the exiled former ruler would accept the
Sikh gains west of the Indus, and the Company controlling his foreign policy. The agreement was formalised
with the Treaty of Simla signed in June 1838 between
Shah Shuja, the HEIC, and Ranjit Singh.[11]
Further information: Company rule in India
See also: East India Company

1.4 British Indian Empire

Main article: British Raj

2 Chronology
2.1 18001837 (Afghan-Sikh Wars)
Battle of Attock (1813)
Battle of Multan (1818)
Battle of Shopian (1819)
Battle of Nowshera (1823)
Battle of Jamrud (1837)

Hill Tribes men sniping a British Force

At the beginning of the nineteenth century, the East India Company controlled southern India, Bengal, Bihar,
and Orissa (modern Odisha). Dominance was gained at
the expense of its French equivalent, the Compagnie des
Indes. Britain and France were at war, and the FrancoPersian alliance of 1807, followed the same year by the

2.2 183848 (First Afghan War to Second

Sikh War)
First Anglo-Afghan War (18381842)
Sindh Campaign (1843)
First Anglo-Sikh War (184546)
Second Anglo-Sikh War (184849)

2.5

2.3

18781898 (Second Afghan War to Frontier Rebellion)

184958 (Second Sikh War to Sepoy 2.5 18781898 (Second Afghan War to
Revolt)
Frontier Rebellion)

In the period following the annexation of the Punjab in

1849 until the Indian Rebellion of 1857, several expeditions were undertaken against almost every tribe along
the whole of the North-West Frontier, most notably under
Sir Charles Napier and Sir Colin Campbell, under orders
from the governor-general, Lord Dalhousie. Disgusted at
being instructed to burn Pathan villages, rst Napier and
then Campbell resigned and returned to England. Campbell had already decided that the best method of dealing
with the tribesmen on the frontier was through bribery.[12]

In 1877, Amir Sher Ali received a Russian mission in

Kabul, but refused to accept one from India. The following year Sher Ali signed a treaty with Russia. India
sent a mission anyway, but the mission and its armed escort were denied passage through the Khyber Pass. India threatened to invade, and when no apology was forthcoming, did so. Sher Ali died while eeing to Russian
territory, and his son Yakub succeeded him. On May 26,
1879, Amir Yakub signed the Treaty of Gandamak,
whereby Afghanistan surrendered its foreign policy to InWhen the Sepoy Rebellion broke out Amir Dost Mo- dia, which in turn promised protection from aggression.
some territory and accepted a British
hammad Khan came under internal pressure to seize the Afghanistan ceded[14]
in
Kabul.
Resident
advantage and attack India. However he stood by his
treaty obligations. This allowed Indian troops on the fron- In September 1879, some six weeks after establishing his
tier to deploy to Delhi and deal with the revolt centered residency, Sir Louis Cavagnari and his escort were murthere.[2]
dered. Hostilities promptly resumed. Yakubs army was
defeated in September 1880, and his throne was oered
Operations against the Baizai (1849)
to, and accepted by, Abdur Rahman, who agreed to surrender all claims on the Khyber, the Kurram, Sibi, and
Operations in the Kohat Pass (1850)
Pishin.[15]
Mohmand Expeditions (18512)
Ranizai Expedition (1852)

Second Afghan War (18781880)

First Black Mountain Expedition (1852)

Zakka Khel Expeditions (18789)

Shirani Expedition (1853)

Operations against the Mohmands (187880)[16]

Afridi Expedition (1853)

Aka Khel Expedition (1854)
Operations against the Orakzais (1855)
Miranzai Valley Expeditions (18556)

Operations against the Zaimukht (18789)

Operations against the Marris (1880)
Mahsud-Waziri Expedition (1881)

Bozdar Expedition (1857)

Expedition to the Takht-i-Suliman (1883)

Expedition against the Hindustani Fanatics (18578).[13]

Third Black Mountain Expedition (1888)

Sepoy Rebellion (18578) (Indian Mutiny)

2.4

18591878 (Sepoy Revolt to Second

Afghan War)

Kabul Khel Expedition (1859)

Mahsud Expedition (1860)
Umbeyla Campaign (1863)
Operations at Shabkadar (18634)

Operations in the Zhob Valley (18901)

Fourth Black Mountain Expedition (1891)
Miranzai Expeditions (1891)
Hunza-Nagar Expedition (1891)
Mahsud Expedition (18945)
Chitral expedition (1895)
Tochi Valley Expedition (1897)

Second Black Mountain Expedition (1868)

Siege of Malakand (1897)

Bazotee Expedition (1868)

Operations of the Buner Field Force (18971898)[17]

Operations in the Tochi Valley (1872)

Jowaki Expedition (18778)

Tirah Campaign (1897)

Operations against the Utman Khel (1878)

First Mohmand campaign (1897-1898)

2.6

18981914 (Frontier Revolt to Great

War)

Mahsud Blockade (190002)

Zakha Khel Expedition (1908)
Mohmand Expedition of 1908

2.7

19141918 (First World War)

CHRONOLOGY

Operations against the Mahsuds (1917)

Operations against the Marri and Khetran tribes
(1918)[19][20]

2.8 191939 (between the wars)

Having upheld Afghan neutrality while India was engaged
in the Great War, Habibulla sought full independence for
Afghanistan in February 1919.[21] Such a reward might
have consolidated his rule, but later that month he was
murdered.[22]
His successor Amanullah pursued a similar policy by different means. With Indias Army de-mobilising, and
its Government preoccupied with violent unrest in western India, Amanullah sent his troops across the Frontier
in early May. At the end of the month he sought an
armistice, which was granted on June 3.[23] By the Treaty
of Rawalpindi signed in August, Afghanistan gained control of its foreign aairs, and in turn, recognised the
Durand Line as its border with India.[24]
The short-lived war had long-term consequences in
Waziristan, where tribesmen rallied to Amanullahs
cause. The western militia posts were abandoned. Many
of the militia deserted, taking their modern weapons and
joining their fellow tribesmen in attacking the remaining
posts. As a result, the Indian Armys Waziristan Force
was fully engaged in re-establishing the posts and restoring the lines of communication from November until May
1920. The western base at Wana was nally reoccupied
in December 1920.[25]

Madras Regiment War Memorial, Bangalore, mentions lives lost

in the North West Frontier by the Madras Sappers

In support of the British war eort, the Indian Army

deployed expeditionary forces to the Western Front,
East Africa, Gallipoli, Mesopotamia, Sinai and Palestine.[18] India was thus vulnerable to hostile attention
from Afghanistan. A Turco-German mission arrived in
Kabul in October 1915 with obvious strategic purpose.
However, Amir Habibulla abided by his treaty obligations and maintained Afghanistans neutrality, in the face
of internal opposition from factions keen to side with the
Ottoman Sultan.[15] Hostilities on the frontier remained
local.

The long-term plan for control of the district entailed

building metalled roads along the lines of communication to a new central base to be established at Razmak.
In 1921 work began on the southern road up the Tank
Zam from Jandola, under the protection of the Waziristan Force. The following year work on the northern road
from the Tochi began at Idak, shielded by the Razmak
Force advancing to its objective. The two roads met in
1924, linking North and South Waziristan, and enabling
the Indian Army to reorganise both areas as one military district.[26] The Waziristan and Razmak Field Forces
then devolved into brigades based permanently at Manzai,
Razmak, Gardai, and Bannu.[27]

The following year the few tribal sections in South

Waziristan remaining openly hostile were subdued by aircraft alone. For this operation the No. 2 (Indian) Wing
of the RAF under Wing Commander Richard Pink was
based at Tank and Miranshah.[28] Aircraft comprising the
Wana Patrol maintained regular weekly contact with the
Operations in the Tochi (191415)
posts at Wana and Tanai until 1929, when the road from
Operations against the Mohmands, Bunerwals and Sarwekai was completed, and the Manzai brigade reloSwatis (1915)
cated to Wana.[29]
Kalat Operations (1915-16)[19]
Mohmand Blockade (191617)

Punjab Rebellion,[30] including the Amritsar Massacre (1919)

5
Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919)
Operations in Waziristan (191920)
Operations in Waziristan (192124)
Pinks War (1925)
Operation against the Mohmands (1927)
Afridi and Red Shirt Rebellion (193031)
Mohmand and Bajaur Operations (1933)
Loe Agra Campaign (1935)
Second Mohmand Campaign (1935)
Operations in Waziristan (193639)[31]

2.9

19401947 (Second World War to independence)

From 1940 to 1947, Waziristan and indeed most of the

Frontier remained relatively calm[32] and the British were
able to divert most of their military eort to more important theatres. There were, however, brief periods of
trouble[33] on the frontier, which required the British to
continue to maintain a military presence in the region,
although for the main they were able to employ mainly
garrison or rear-area troops during this time, thus allowing them to free up front-line units for active service elsewhere.
Trained regular troops were desperately
needed for the war against Germany and Japan.
Razmak, Wana and Bannu were garrisoned
with half-trained units which suered serious
reverses, losing men, ries, and light machineguns.[34]
In 1944, a British committee under Lieutenant-General
Sir Francis Tuker was set up to review future policy for
the region.[35] As part of its ndings, it recommended
a return to the Curzon Plan, which advocated the withdrawal of all regular forces from tribal territory into outposts, or cantonments, along the administrative border
from where they could keep an eye on things. The unadministered districts would then once again become the
responsibility of the local militias.[35]

2.10 Withdrawal

North-West Frontier region and ordered the withdrawal

of forces from Waziristan, as it was felt that the presence of a regular military force in the region was provoking tensions with the local tribesmen.[35] This withdrawal began on December 6, 1947 and was successfully
completed by the end of the month under the codename
Operation Curzon.[36]

3 Treatment of prisoners-of-war
According to the British ocer John Masters, Pathan
women in the North-West Frontier Province (1901
1955) of British India during the Anglo-Afghan Wars
would castrate non-Muslim soldiers who were captured,
especially British and Sikhs.[37][38] Pathan women urinated into prisoners mouths.[39] A method of execution
by this is recorded: captured British soldiers were spread
out and fastened with restraints to the ground, then a stick,
or a piece of wood was used to keep their mouth open to
prevent swallowing. Pathan women then squatted and urinated directly into the mouth of the man until he drowned
in the urine, taking turns one at a time. There is an incident mentioned when a Hindu man was brutally raped by
a gang of Pashtun women, before they drowned him in
their urine.[40][41][42][43][44][45][46] This method of execution was reported to have been practiced specically by
the women of the Afridi tribe of the Pashtuns.[47]

4 Military formations
4.1 Corps of Guides
Main article: Corps of Guides (British India)
Corps of cavalry and infantry, raised at Peshawar in
1846 by Lt. Harry Lumsden, and later based at
Hoti Mardan.[48] Originally one troop of cavalry and
two companies of infantry,[49] the cavalry component
later expanded to 2 squadrons, and the infantry to
4 companies.[48] Two further infantry battalions were
raised in 1917.[50]
From its inception the corps was clothed in native style,
with smock, baggy trousers and turban of home-spun cotton, and jerkin of sheepskin. The cotton was dyed grey
with a derivative of a dwarf palm known as mazari, while
the leather was dyed khaki with mulberry juice. Thus
was military dress rst coloured khaki for its camouage
eect, and the Guides were the rst troops to wear it.[51]
The drab colour is well suited to the barren rocky terrain of the North-West Frontier, and all but one of the
other Punjab frontier units soon followed the Guides
example.[52]

In 1947, following the independence, the North-West

Frontier region became a part of the newly formed nation of Pakistan.[36] Based upon the recommendations
of the Tucker committee in 1944 (see above), the newly
formed Pakistani government decided to move away from In 1848 the Second Sikh War broke out and the corps
the previous British policy of 'forward defence' in the won its rst battle honours; 'MOOLTAN', 'GOOJERAT',

and 'PUNJAUB'. Thereafter the Guides were engaged in

most frontier aairs, and from 1857 the corps was included in the Punjab Irregular Force, and subsequently
in the Punjab Frontier Force.

MILITARY FORMATIONS

During the Second Sikh War both the 1st and 2nd Irregular Horse earned further distinction with 'MOOLTAN',
'GOOJERAT', and 'PUNJAUB'.[63]

A third regiment was raised in 1857,[64] and in 1860 the

That same year the Corps of Guides was ordered to Delhi, regiments were designated simply Scinde Horse.[59][62]
covering the 930 km from Mardan in twenty-two days and The 1st Scinde Horse was deployed to suppress the Sepoy
famously going into action on arrival.[53] They were duly
Revolt of 1857-8, and was duly awarded CENTRAL
honoured with DELHI 1857.[54]
INDIA.[65]
At the beginning of the Second Afghan War in 1878, All three regiments were rewarded for their part in the
the Guides Infantry, together with the 1st Sikh Infantry, Second Afghan War:PFF, took part in forcing the Khyber, and were prominent in seizing the fortress of Ali Masjid.[55] For this
1st Scinde Horse; AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
and subsequent eorts the Corps of Guides was awarded
the battle honours ALI MASJID, KABUL 1879, and
2nd Scinde Horse; AFGHANISTAN 1879-80
AFGHANISTAN 1878-80.
3rd Scinde Horse;
KANDAHAR 1880,
The last decade of the 19th century saw the Guides
AFGHANISTAN 1878-80[66]
employed in the Chitral campaign of 1895, and the
Punjab Frontier Revolt of 1897-8. Thus was the corps
awarded the battle honours 'CHITRAL', 'MALAKAND', Its hard-won honours notwithstanding, the third regiment
and 'PUNJAB FRONTIER'.
was disbanded in 1882.[64]
The reforms of 1903 gave to the Queens Own Corps of The 1st and 2nd Regiments joined the Bombay
Guides (Lumsdens) a subsidiary title in the form of its line in 1885 as the 5th and 6th Bombay Cavalry
founders name, but left it numberless. In 1911 the corps respectively.[59][62]
took up Frontier Force as its rst subsidiary title.[48]
In the reformed Indian Army in 1903 they were likeDuring the First World War the cavalry branch of the wise redesignated 35th Scinde Horse[59] and 36th Jacobs
Corps was deployed overseas to Mesopotamia, but not Horse.[62]
before winning a further honour in its own territory;
'N.W. FRONTIER INDIA 1915'.[49]
In 1922 the separation became permanent, when the 4.2.2 Infantry
mounted branch was redesignated the 10th Queen Vic[67]
torias Own Corps of Guides Cavalry (Frontier Jacobs Ries, raised in 1858 by Maj. John Jacob.
Force),[56] and the infantry was amalgamated as the 5th In 1861 the ries joined the Bombay line as the 30th RegBattalion, 12th Frontier Force Regiment (Queen Vic- iment of Bombay Native Infantry.[67]
torias Own Corps of Guides).[57]
The regiment was honoured for its part in the Second
Afghan War with AFGHANISTAN 1878-80[66]

4.2

Sind Frontier Force

Designated 130th Baluchis in 1903, the subsidiary title

was restored in 1910.[67]

Formed in 1846 to guard the southern part of the NorthWest Frontier. Initially consisting of just the Scinde
Irregular Horse, the force under Capt. John Jacob was 4.2.3 Artillery
part of the Bombay Army.[58]
The force was augmented with No. 2 Coy. Bombay Native Artillery in 1875, when that company relieved the
men of Jacobs Res manning the guns of the force head4.2.1 Cavalry
quarters at Jacobabad.[68]
The Scinde Irregular Horse was raised at Hyderabad in Converted to a mountain battery the following year, the
1839 by Capt. Ward.[59]
company was accordingly redesignated No. 2 Bombay
Mountain
Battery.[69]
The regiment earned its rst battle honour during the
Operations in Scinde 1839-42, when it was awarded the
unique distinction 'CUTCHEE'.[60] For the subsequent
Scinde Campaign of 1843 it was awarded 'MEEANEE'
and 'HYDERABAD'.[61]

For its part in the Second Afghan War the battery was
awarded the honour AFGHANISTAN 1878-80[66]

Later re-numbered as No. 6 (Bombay) Mountain Battery, and then briey renamed the Jullundur Mountain
A second regiment was raised at Hyderabad in 1846 by Battery, the unit took its place in the reformed Indian
Capt. J. Jacob.[62]
Army of 1903 as 26th Jacobs Mountain Battery.[69]

4.5

Punjab Irregular Force

4.3

Frontier Brigade

2nd Regiment, raised at Mianwali by Lt. L. C.

Johnston.[80]

Created in 1846 to police the newly acquired Punjab border against the Pakhtun hill tribes.[70]
The brigade was formed by Lt. Col. Henry Montgomery
Lawrence from four regiments of infantry raised in 1846
from veterans of the Sikh forces disbanded after the First
Anglo-Sikh War: 1st Regiment, raised at Hoshiarpur by Capt. J. S.
Hodgson.[71]
2nd Regiment, raised at Kangra by Capt. J. W. V.
Stephen.[72]
3rd Regiment, raised at Firozpur by Capt.
Winter.[73]

F.

4th Regiment, raised at Ludhiana by Capt.

Mackenzie.[74]

C.

3rd Regiment
4th Regiment, raised at Lahore by Capt. George
Gladwin Denniss II.[81]
5th Regiment, raised at Leiah by Capt. James Eardley Gastrell.[82]
6th Regiment, originally raised at Karachi in 1843
as the Scinde Camel Corps, and redesignated Punjab
Infantry in 1853.[83]

4.5 Punjab Irregular Force

Main article: Punjab Irregular Force

The brigades Frontier designation was discontinued in Formed in 1851 by combining the Corps of Guides, the
Transfron1847, and the four regiments became Sikh Local In- four regiments of Sikh Local Infantry, the[58]
tier
Brigade,
and
ve
batteries
of
artillery.
The units
fantry.
of the force came to be known collectively from its initials
For their part in the Second Sikh War the 1st and as Piers.
2nd (or Hill) regiments were awarded the battle honour
'PUNJAUB'.[71][72]
4.5.1 Cavalry

4.4

Transfrontier Brigade

The Punjab Cavalry regiments were redesignated Cavalry, Punjab Irregular Force.[84]

Formed by Col. Henry Lawrence in 1849.

4.4.1

Cavalry

Five cavalry regiments were raised in 1849 and designated Punjab Cavalry:-

While the 3rd and 4th regiments remained on the

frontier,[85][86] the 1st, 2nd, and 5th were employed in
suppressing the Sepoy Revolt, and later rewarded with
the battle honours DELHI 1857, and LUCKNOW.[54]
4.5.2 Artillery

1st Regiment, raised at Peshawar by Lt. H. Daly.[75]

2nd Regiment, raised at Lahore by Lt.
Browne.[76]
3rd Regiment, raised at Lahore by Lt.
Prendergast.[77]

S. J.
W. G.

4th Regiment
5th Regiment, raised at Multan by Capt.
Fitzgerald.[78]
4.4.2

R.

Infantry

Five infantry regiments were raised in 1849 from Sikh

Darbar regiments disbanded after the Second Anglo-Sikh
War, and designated Punjab Infantry: 1st Regiment, raised at Peshawar by Capt. John
Coke.[79]

Batteries were raised from various sources: No. 1 Horse Light Field Battery, PIF
No. 2 Horse Light Field Battery, PIF, raised at
Bannu in 1851 by Lt. H. Hammond, from detachments of horse artillery formerly in the service of
the Lahore Darbar.[87]
No. 3 Horse Light Field Battery, PIF, raised at Dera
Ghazi Khan in 1849 by Lt. D. McNeill, from a disbanded troop of horse artillery formerly in the service of the Lahore Darbar.[88]
No. 4 or Garrison Company, PIF, raised at Bannu in
1851 by Lt. S. W. Stokes, from the supernumeraries
of a Sikh detachment of artillery which had been
broken up and drafted into the horse light eld
batteries.[89]

MILITARY FORMATIONS

The Horse Light Field Batteries were generally known as 4.6.1 Cavalry
Punjab Light Field Batteries.[87][88]
Ocially designated Cavalry, Punjab Frontier Force,
Later the force gained two further batteries:the earlier style endured, and was restored in 1901.[84]
Four of the regiments were honoured for service in the
Hazara Mountain Train Battery, PIF, in 1856.
Second Afghan War:(Formed at Haripur in 1851, by Lt. G. G.
Pearse.)[90]
1st
Punjab
Cavalry;
AHMED
KHEL,
AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
Peshawar Mountain Train Battery, PIF, in 1862.
(Formed at Peshawar in 1853 by Capt.
Brougham.)[90]

4.5.3

T.

Infantry

In 1857 the four regiments of Sikh Local Infantry became

Sikh Infantry, Punjab Irregular Force.[91]

2nd Punjab Cavalry;

AFGHANISTAN 1878-80

AHMED

KHEL,

3rd Punjab Cavalry;

AFGHANISTAN 1879-80

KANDAHAR

1880,

5th Punjab Cavalry; CHARASIA, KABUL 1879,

AFGHANISTAN 1878-80[97]

The six Punjab Infantry regiments were simply redesig- The 4th regiment served on the frontier before being disnated Infantry, Punjab Irregular Force.[92]
banded in 1882.[98]
The 4th Regiment of Sikh Infantry served in the Second In 1903 the four remaining regiments were brought into
Burma War, winning the honour PEGU, and then the new Indian Army line by adding twenty to their origmarched 900 km from Abbottabad in thirty days to help inal numbers:suppress the revolt in Delhi, and like the Guides going into action on arrival.[53] There it won also DELHI
21st Prince Albert Victors Own Cavalry (Frontier
1857.[54] The other Sikh Infantry regiments remained in
Force) (Dalys Horse)[75]
[93]
the Punjab.
22nd Sam Brownes Cavalry (Frontier Force)[76]
Leaving the 3rd, 5th, & 6th Punjab Infantry Regiments
to guard the frontier, the 1st, 2nd, and 4th were sent to
23rd Cavalry (Frontier Force)[77]
put down the revolt in Delhi.[94] There they earned the
honour DELHI 1857. The 2nd and 4th regiments were
25th Cavalry (Frontier Force)[78]
[54]
also rewarded with LUCKNOW.
From 1861 the force included a 7th Infantry Regiment, 4.6.2 Artillery
formed from the Hazara Gurkha Battalion, which later
that year joined the Gurkha Line as the 5th Gurkha Reg- The two mountain trains were redesignated mountain
iment.[95]
batteries in 1865.[90]
In 1876 the three Punjab Light Field Batteries were reduced to form two further mountain batteries,[58] and the
4.6 Punjab Frontier Force
four were then renumbered according to their relative
precedence, and designated Punjab Mountain BatterIn 1865 the Punjab Irregular Force was renamed the Punies, Punjab Frontier Force.[99]
jab Frontier Force, and the constituent units were redesThe former Garrison Company was also renumbered in
ignated accordingly.
the same sequence to become the No. 5 Garrison BatDuring peacetime the Force was under the direct control
tery, Punjab Frontier Force.[89]
of the Lt.-Governor of the Punjab,[96] but in war it came
All four mountain batteries were honoured for their part
under the Commander-in-Chief, India.[70]
in the Second Afghan War:After the three Presidency armies, it was the most important military force at the Governor-General's disposal.
No. 1 (Kohat) Punjab Mountain Battery; PEIWAR
Deployed and engaged in numerous border expeditions,
KOTAL, KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
it became the most experienced body of ghting troops in
[70]
India. Most of the force saw action during the Second
No.
2 (Derajat) Punjab Mountain Battery;
Afghan War. The designation Punjab Frontier Force was
CHARASIA, KABUL 1879, KANDAHAR 1880,
dropped in 1901, but with the Kitchener Reforms of the
AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
British Indian Army two years later, the former distinc No.
3 (Peshawar) Punjab Mountain Battery;
tion was restored to the newly re-numbered regiments in
AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
the form of the subsidiary title Frontier Force.

4.7

Frontier Corps

No. 4 (Hazara) Punjab Mountain Battery; ALI Spending cuts after the war resulted in the disbandment
MASJID, KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1879- of the 3rd Punjab Infantry in 1882.[103]
80[97]
Spared the same fate, the 4th Sikh Infantry was employed in the expedition of 1895 earning the honour
In 1895 the Derajat and Hazara Mountain Batteries were CHITRAL.[100]
part of the relief expedition that was rewarded with the
The Frontier Revolt of 1897-8 saw the 3rd Sikh and
honour CHITRAL.[100]
2nd Punjab Infantries employed in the Tirah CamThe Frontier Revolt of 1897-8 saw the Kohat and Derajat paign, earning them the honors TIRAH and PUNJAB
batteries in action again, earning the honours TIRAH and FRONTIER. The 5th Gurkha Ries was also awarded
PUNJAB FRONTIER.[101]
PUNJAB FRONTIER.[101]
In 1901 the battery numbers were dropped, and they be- In 1903 the four Sikh Infantry regiments were brought
came known by name only.[102] Two years later the four into the new Indian Army Line by adding fty to their
mountain batteries were re-numbered from twenty-one, original numbers:and the former Pier batteries were thus: 21st Kohat Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)[87]
22nd Derajat Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)[88]
23rd Peshawar
Force)[90]

Mountain

Battery

(Frontier

24th Hazara Mountain Battery (Frontier Force)[90]

The Frontier Garrison Artillery

[89]

4.6.3

Infantry

The four Sikh regiments were simply redesignated Sikh

Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force.[91]
The six former Punjab Infantry regiments were ocially
redesignated Infantry, Punjab Frontier Force, but the
earlier style lingered and was restored in 1901.[92]

51st Sikhs (Frontier Force)[71]

52nd Sikhs (Frontier Force)[72]
53rd Sikhs (Frontier Force)[73]
54th Sikhs (Frontier Force)[74]
The ve remaining regiments of Punjab Infantry were
consecutively renumbered in the same sequence to
become: 55th Cokes Ries (Frontier Force)[79]
56th Punjabi Ries (Frontier Force)[80]
57th Wildes Ries (Frontier Force)[81]
58th Vaughans Ries (Frontier Force)[82]
59th Scinde Ries (Frontier Force)[83]

Although never designated as such, the 5th Gurkha RegThe 5th Gurkha Ries (Frontier Force) took on the subiment was brigaded with the force in practice.[70]
sidiary title denoting their origin.[95]
All but two of the infantry regiments took the eld in the
Second Afghan War, and their subsequent awards were:-

4.7 Frontier Corps

1st Sikh Infantry; ALI MASJID, AFGHANISTAN

1878-80
Although the units of the Frontier Corps operated under
2nd Sikh Infantry; AMED KHEL, KANDAHAR a variety of titles, from Ries to Militia to Scouts, it was
the latter term that came to stand as the generic term,
1880, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
and as new units were formed, it was the word 'Scouts
3rd Sikh Infantry; KABUL 1879, KANDAHAR that became xed and formalised for the regimental titles.
1880, AFGHANISTAN 1879-80
The expression 'Scouts was a militarily neutral term, conveying neither the crack reputation associated with the
1st Punjab Infantry; AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
word 'Ries (cf.: 60th Ries [HM], Gurkha Ries [IA],
2nd Punjab Infantry;
PEIWAR KOTAL, etc.), nor the rather second-rate expectations of the term
'Militia'. As General Baden-Powell noted, when he was
AFGHANISTAN 1878-79
looking, many years later, for a suitably inspiring term to
4th Punjab Infantry; AFGHANISTAN 1879-80
adopt for his youth movement to train young boys in eld 5th Punjab Infantry; PEIWAR KOTAL, CHARASIA, craft and other 'para-military' activities, the word Scouts
encapsulated a spirit of 'dash' (enthusiasm), expertise KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN 1878-80
within a dened set of skills- and familiarity with both
5th Gurkha Regiment;
PEIWAR KOTAL, the local conditions. Similarly, the Scouts of the FronCHARASIA, KABUL 1879, AFGHANISTAN tier Corps understood both the local terrain and the lo1878-80[97]
cal political mineelds, that is, who could be trusted (e.g.

10

the Turi), and who could never (almost invariably, this

would mean the Mahsuds); who was currently nursing a
grievance and therefore best avoided, and who had just
had a claim settled to their satisfaction and might be uncharacteristically friendly.

MILITARY FORMATIONS

1960: the Mahsud Scouts[118][119]

1961: the Bajaur Scouts[119]
1964: the Karakoram Scouts[116]

Like many things British, the development of the units

1965: the Kalat Scouts[116]
of Scouts into the Frontier Corps was organic, unplanned
and initially unsystematic. It began, in the British man 1973: the Shawal Scouts[119]
ner, as an improvisation to meet a need; it was maintained because it guaranteed certain unique skills at an
acceptable price (the great Empire may have vaunted its
'pomp and circumstance' to wow the impressionable, but 4.7.2 Location
behind the scenes the deciding factor was often simply
the acceptability or otherwise to HM Treasury) and only Geographically, the Scouts were located, from north to
then was the principle regularised, standardised and sys- south, as follows:
temised (cf. the development of the Frontier Force, from
irregulars to a corps d'elite).
The Gilgit Scouts. HQ: Gilgit
4.7.1

The Chitral Scouts

Chronology

1878: the Khyber Ries[104]

The Khyber Ries

1889: the Zhob Militia[105][106]

The Kurram Militia. HQ: Parachinar

1892: the Kurram Militia

[106]

The North Waziristan Militia, then: The Tochi

Scouts. HQ: Miranshah.

1900: the Chitral Scouts[107]

1900: the North Waziristan Militia[108]
1900: the South Waziristan Militia[108]
1913: the Gilgit Scouts[107]
191418: the Great War in Europe and the Near
East

The South Waziristan Militia, then: The South

Waziristan Scouts. HQ: (Militia): Wana, then
(Scouts): Jandola.
The Zhob Militia. HQ: Fort Sandeman
(The Pishin Scouts)

1917: the Mohmand Militia[109]

1919: Third Anglo-Afghan War
1919: Khyber Ries disbanded

4.7.3 Tribal aliations

[110]

1921: South Waziristan Militia disbanded[111]

1921: Mohmand Militia disbanded[109]
1922: the Tochi Scouts[112]
1922: the South Waziristan Scouts[111][113]
193945: the Second World War
1946: the Pishin Scouts[114]
1946: Khyber Ries reformed[114]

The Frontier Corps were not founded expressly on a tribal

basis, but the older corps drew their recruits from the local
tribal area:
the Khyber Ries from the tribes bordering
the Khyber; namely the Afridi, Shinwari, and
Mullagori[109]
the Kurram Militia from the Turi and Bangash of
the Kurram Valley[109]
the Chitral Scouts from the Chitrali of Chitral[120]

1947: independence of Pakistan in 1947

1948: the Chagai Militia[115][116]
1949: the Northern Scouts[116][117]
1949: the Thal Scouts[116]

4.7.4 Notable men of the Frontier Corps

George Roos-Keppel: founder of the Kurram Militia.

11

See also
Military history of Pakistan
List of Pashtun empires and dynasties

[27] Ocial History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1920-35 pp. 66 & 67
[28] Stiles p. 105

Bannu District

[29] Ocial History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1920-35 p. 48

Gomal River

[30] The Third Afghan War 1919 Ocial Account p. 13

Kohat Pass

[31] Operations against the Fakir of Ipi.

Tank

[32] Barthorp 2002 p. 175.

Notes

[33] Indeed in 1940, Pathan tribesmen launched a big attack on

the 1/6 GR who were stationed in Waziristan at the time,
although there were no casualties. See Cross & Buddhiman 2002, p. 114.

[1] The Third Afghan War 1919 Ocial Account, p. 2

[2] The Third Afghan War 1919 Ocial Account, p. 10
[3] Wilkinson-Latham, pp. 3 & 38

[34] Chenevix Trench, p.241

[35] Barthorp 2002, pp. 176177.

[4] The Third Afghan War 1919 Ocial Account, p. 8

[36] Cheema 2002, p. 53.

[5] Barthorp 2002, p. 14

[37] John Masters (1956). Bugles and a tiger: a volume of autobiography. Viking Press. p. 190. Retrieved 5 April
2011.

[6] Barthorp 2002, pp. 15-18

[7] Third Afghan War 1919 Ocial Account, p. 9
[8] Barthorp 2002, p. 18
[9] Barthorp 2002, p. 19
[10] Barthorp 2002, p. 29
[11] Barthorp 2002, pp. 30-31
[12] Greenwood, ch.6
[13] Also known as the Sittana Expeditions.
[14] Wilkinson-Latham, p. 14-15
[15] The Third Afghan War 1919 Ocial Account, p. 11
[16] Includes the Expedition to Kam Dakka.
[17] Includes the action at Laudakai and the capture of the
Tanga Pass
[18] Sumner, p. 6
[19] Baluchistan
[20] Report of the Battles Nomenclature Committee
[21] Robson, Crisis on the Frontier p. 8
[22] Robson, Crisis on the Frontier p. 9
[23] The Third Afghan War 1919 Ocial Account, p. 50
[24] Robson, Crisis on the Frontier pp. 1367
[25] Ocial History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1920-35, p.7
[26] Ocial History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 1920-35 pp. 29 & 31

[38] Michael Barthorp, Douglas N. Anderson (1996). The

Frontier ablaze: the North-west frontier rising, 1897-98.
Windrow & Greene. p. 12. ISBN 1859150233. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
[39] George Devereux (1976). Dreams in Greek tragedy: an
ethno-psycho-analytical study. University of California
Press. p. 237. ISBN 0520029216. Retrieved 5 April
2011.
[40] John Masters (1956). Bugles and a tiger: a volume of autobiography. Viking Press. p. 190. Retrieved 5 April
2011.
[41] Donald F. Featherstone (1973). Colonial small wars,
1837-1901. David & Charles. p. 9. ISBN 0715357115.
Retrieved 5 April 2011.
[42] Charles Miller (1977). Khyber, British Indias North West
frontier: the story of an imperial migraine. Macdonald and
Janes. p. 359. ISBN 0354041673. Retrieved 5 April
2011.
[43] Donald Sydney Richards (1990). The savage frontier: a
history of the Anglo-Afghan wars. Macmillan. p. 182.
ISBN 0333525574. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
[44] Charles Chenevix Trench (1985). The frontier scouts.
Cape. ISBN 0224023217. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
[45] H. S. Mahle (1985). Indo-Anglian ction: some perceptions : including some lectures on Karnads Tughlaq. Jainsons Publications. p. 24. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
[46] John Masters (June 13, 2002). Bugles and a Tiger. Cassell
Military (June 13, 2002). p. 190. ISBN 0304361569.
Retrieved 5 April 2011.

12

[47] Robert E. L. Masters, Eduard Lea (1963). Perverse crimes

in history: evolving concepts of sadism, lust-murder, and
necrophilia from ancient to modern times. Julian Press. p.
211. Retrieved 5 April 2011.
[48] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 964
[49] Jackson, p. 85
[50] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, pp. 968 & 970
[51] Jackson p. 537
[52] Jackson, p. 538
[53] Gaylor, p. 171
[54] Roger, p. 55
[55] Jackson, p. 90
[56] Jackson, pp. 542543
[57] Jackson, pp. 556557

6 NOTES

[81] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1251.Known

as Denniss Ka Pultan; Correspondence of Lt.Col. George
Gladwin Denniss II(1821-1862), 1st European Bengal
Fusiliers, edited by Peter Chantler, South Molton, Devon,
2010. Denniss was eldest son of Lt.Col. George Gladwin Denniss I(1792-1856), C.B., Bengal Royal Horse Artillery.
[82] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1255. He
was of 13th Bengal Native Infantry Regiment, Cadetship
applied for 1833/4.
[83] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1259
[84] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, pp.915-921
[85] Jackson, p.96
[86] Jackson, p. 102
[87] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 972
[88] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 973
[89] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 979

[58] Heathcote, p.27

[90] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 974
[59] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 941
[91] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, pp. 1227-9
[60] Roger, p.53
[61] Roger, p. 48-49
[62] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 943
[63] Roger, p.51-52
[64] Gaylor, p.89

[92] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, pp. 1243-59

[93] Jackson, p. 313
[94] Jackson, p. 325
[95] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1617

[65] Roger, p. 56

[96] The Punjab then included what later became the NorthWest Frontier Province

[66] Roger, p.48-58

[97] Roger, p. 57-59

[67] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1517

[98] Gaylor, p. 84

[68] Jackson p.178

[99] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919 pp. 972-4

[69] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 975

[70] Robson, The Road to Kabul, p. 59
[71] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1227
[72] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1231

[100] Roger, p. 63
[101] Roger p. 64-5
[102] Gaylor p. 107
[103] Gaylor, p.175

[73] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1235

[104] First raised as the Khyber Jezailchis. Chenevix Trench, p.

8

[74] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1239

[105] Raised as the Zhob Levy Corps

[75] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 915

[106] Chenevix Trench, p. 12

[76] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 917

[107] Chenevix Trench, p. 13

[77] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 919

[108] Chenevix Trench, p. 14

[78] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 921

[109] The Third Afghan War 1919 Ocial Account, p. 20

[79] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1243

[110] The Third Afghan War 1919 Ocial Account, p. 46

[80] Quarterly Indian Army List January 1919, p. 1247

[111] Chenevix Trench, p. 53

13

[112] Formed from the remnant North Waziristan Militia, Chenevix Trench, p. 51
[113] Formed from the Mohmand Militia and the remnant South
Waziristan Militia
[114] Chenevix Trench, p.263
[115] Formed by upgrading the Mekran and Chagai Levy Corps
[116] Chenevix Trench, p.280
[117] Incorporated the Gilgit Scouts
[118] Formed from Labour Battalions raised in the 1930s
[119] Chenevix Trench, p.281
[120] The Third Afghan War 1919 Ocial Account, p.19

Robson, Brian (2007). The Road to Kabul: The Second Afghan War 18781881. Spellmount. Stroud,
Gloucestershire. ISBN 978-1-86227-416-7.
Roger, Alexander (2003). Battle Honours of the
British Empire and Commonwealth Land Forces
16621991. Crowood Press. Marlborough, Wiltshire. ISBN 1-86126-637-5.
Stiles, Richard G. M. (1992). The Story of the India
General Service Medal 19081935. Terence Wise.
Knighton, Powys. ISBN 1-85674-010-2.
Sumner, Ian (2001). The Indian Army 19141947.
Osprey Publishing. Oxford. ISBN 1-84176-196-6.

References
Army Headquarters, India (1919). Quarterly Indian
Army List January 1919. Calcutta.
Barthorp, Michael (1982). The North-West Frontier,
New Orchard (rst edition, later edition below).
Barthorp, Michael (2002). Afghan Wars and the
North-West Frontier 18391947. Cassell. London.
ISBN 0-304-36294-8.
Battles Nomenclature Committee (1921). The Ofcial Names of the Battles and other Engagements
fought by the Military Forces of the British Empire
during the Great War, 19141919, and the Third
Afghan War 1919. His Majestys Stationery Oce,
London.
Chenevix Trench, Charles (1985). The Frontier
Scouts. Jonathan Cape. London. ISBN 0-22402321-7.
Cross, J. & Buddhiman Gurung (2002). Gurkhas at
War. Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1-85367-727-4.
Jackson, Maj. Donovan (1940).
Sampson Low. London.

Robson, Brian (2004). Crisis on the Frontier: The

Third Afghan War and the Campaign in Waziristan
191920. Spellmount. Staplehurst, Kent. ISBN
978-1-86227-211-8.

Indias Army.

General Sta Branch, Army Headquarters, India.

(1926). The Third Afghan War 1919 Ocial Account. Government of India, Central Publication
Branch. Calcutta.
Nevill, Capt. H.L. (1912). Campaigns on the NorthWest Frontier. Reprinted by Battery Press, 1999.
Ocial History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier
of India 1920-35 Parts I, II and III. Naval & Military
Press in association with the Imperial War Museum.
ISBN 1843427648.
Pervaz Iqbal Cheema (2002). The Armed Forces of
Pakistan. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-86508-119-1.

Wilkinson-Latham, Robert (1977). North-West

Frontier 18371947, Osprey Publishing. London.
ISBN 0-85045-275-9.
Moreman, Tim (1998). The Army in India and
the Development of Frontier Warfare 18471947.
Macmillan: London.

8 Further reading
General Sta Branch, Army Headquarters, India
(1923). Operations in Waziristan 1919-20. Government Central Press. Delhi. Republished jointly by
the Naval & Military Press and the Imperial War
Museum. ISBN 1-84342-773-7.
Ocial History of Operations on the N. W. Frontier of India 193637. Republished jointly by the
Naval & Military Press and the Imperial War Museum. ISBN 1-84342-765-6/
Greenwood, Adrian (2015). Victorias Scottish Lion:
The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde. UK: History Press. p. 496. ISBN 0-75095-685-2.
Stewart, Jules (2007). The Savage Border: The
Story of the North-West Frontier. Sutton Publishing.
Stroud, Gloucestershire. ISBN 978-0-7509-44526/
Moreman, Tim (1998). The Army in India and
the Development of Frontier Warfare 18471947.
Macmillan: London.

9 External links
Sikhs contribution in First World War

14
War One and Its Impact Upon Punjabis
True Face of the Sikhs
The Risings on the North West Frontier
Pashto History - the Frontier Corps
Learning from History

EXTERNAL LINKS

15

10
10.1

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