Common biochemicals

Amino acids
Alanine (Ala, A)
O

Arginine (Arg, R)
O

OH

H C CH3
NH2

Glutamic acid (Glu, E)

O

OH

OH

CH3
H C C CH
H
NH2 2 CH3

Serine (Ser, S)
O

OH

H C C OH
H
NH2 2

NH

Glutamine (Gln, Q)
O

H C C C C
H H
NH2 2 2 OH

OH

H C C C C N C
H H H H
NH2
NH2 2 2 2

Leucine (Leu, L)

Asparagine (Asn, N)

OH

OH

H C C C C C NH2
H H H H
NH2 2 2 2 2

Threonine (Thr, T)
O

OH
OH
H C C CH3
H
NH2
C

Glycine (Gly, G)
O

H C C C C
H H
NH2 2 2 NH2

OH

NH2

Tryptophan (Trp, W)
O

OH

H
C NH

H C C C
H
C C
NH2 2
CH
HC
CH
C
H

OH

H
N C

Phenylalanine (Phe, F)

OH

H C C C S CH3
H H
NH2 2 2

H C C C
NH
H
C
NH2 2
H

H C H

OH

Histidine (His, H)

OH

Methionine (Met, M)

H C C C
H
OH
NH2 2

H C C C
H
NH2 2 NH2

Lysine (Lys, K)

Aspartic acid (Asp, D)

OH

H H
C C

H C C C
CH
H
NH2 2 C C
H H

Tyrosine (Tyr, Y)
O

OH

H H
C C

H C C C
C OH
H
NH2 2 C C
H H

Cysteine (Cys, C)
O

OH

C SH
H
NH2 2

Isoleucine (Ile, I)
O

OH
CH3
H C C C CH3
H H2
NH2
C

Proline (Pro, P)
O

OH
C H
2
H C C
HN

CH2

C
H2

Valine (Val, V)
O

OH
CH3
H C CH
NH CH3
C

Bases
Adenine

Cytosine

Guanine
NH2

NH2
N

Adenosine

H2N

N
H

ATP

H2
C

O
O

P
O

O
OH OH

H2
C

HO

H2
C

H3C

N
H

H2
C

O
O

P O

O
O

O
P

H2
C

O P OH
OH

H2
C

NH2
N

N
H2
C O

O
OH OH

O
P

OH OH

OH O

NH2

OH
OH OH

H2
C

NADPH

N
N

H2
C O

OH OH

NH2

N
N

OH OH

NH2

NH

N
H

NH2

H
N

cAMP
H3C

NH2

N
H

OH OH

FADH2

H
N

N
H

O
N

HN

NADH

NH2

N
H

CH3

HN

Inosine

NH2

O
N

HN

Uracil

N
H

HO

Thymine

P
O

H2
C

OH O
O P OH
OH

Monosaccharides
O

H
CH2OH

H C OH

CH2OH

HO C H

O OH

OH

H C OH
OH

H C OH
CH2OH

OH

alpha pyranose

OH

OH
beta pyranose

HO C H

HO C H

OH

O
OH

O
OH

OH
OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

OH
OH

OH
alpha furanose

beta furanose

Fischer
open-chain
Glucose

Fructose
CH2OH

Galactose

CH2OH

O
HO

OH
OH

OH

OH

H C OH
CH2

OH OH

OH

Galacturonic acid
COOH

HO

O
OH

CH2OH

C O
H C OH

OH

OH

H C OH
CH2OH

Glycerol

N-acetylglucosamine
CH2OH

CH2OH
O

H C OH
OH

CH2OH
OH
OH

HO P O

HO

OH
NH
CO

OH

CH3

Polysaccharides
Sucrose

CH2OH
HO

OH
OH

Ribulose

HO

OH

Glyceraldehyde-3-P
CH2OH

CH2OH
HO

OH

OH

Ribose

CH2OH

Mannose

Heparan sulfate

CH2OH
OH
O

HO

CH2OSO3H

CH2OH
O
HO

OH

O
OH
CH2OSO3H

CH2OH
OH

O
OH
O
OH
O
HOOC

Cellulose
OH

OH
O
OH

OH

CH2OH
OH

OSO3H

OSO3H

OH

OH

OH CH2OH

O
OH

OH

OH

Chitin

OH

OH

CH2OH
O

OH

OH CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

OH

CH2OH

OH CH2OH

OH

OH

OH

CH2OH

CH2OH
O

OH

OH

OH

O
OH

O
OH

OH

Raffinose

CH2OH
OH

O
HOOC
NHSO3H

Amylose

CH2OH
O

O
NHSO3H

O
OH

COCH3

COCH3

NH

NH

CH2OH

O
OH

O
NH CH2OH
COCH3

OH

O
OH

OH
O

NH CH2OH
COCH3

CH2OH

COCH3

HO

NH

CH2OH
O

OH

O
OH

O
O

NH CH2OH
COCH3

O
OH CH
2

CH2OH
O
HO

O
OH
O

HO
OH

CH2OH
OH

Intermediary metabolites
-Ketoglutarate

Citrate

Fumarate

Glycerate

Glycolate

HO

OH

C C C C
H2 H2
O
OH

HO

OH

O
C

C C C C
H2
H2 OH
C
HO O

Isocitrate

O
C
C

OH

H
C C C C C
H2 H
O
OH O

HO
OH
O P O

C
C

Pyruvate

HO

CH2

H3C

C
C

NH2

OH

Inositol

Succinate
O

OH
OH

OH

OH

Ethanol
C

OH

CH2

OH

CH2

OH

H H
H H

OH

Lipids
Stearic acid

Ornithine

OH

H C C C C N C
H H H H
NH2
NH2 2 2 2

H
H C C
H

OH

H C C C C NH2
H H H
NH2 2 2 2

Carbamoyl phosphate
O

O
H

H2N

HO P O
OH

C
O

Oleic acid

OH

Acetaldehyde
H C C OH

OH

Citrulline
H2 N

OH
C
C C C
H2
O

CH2

CH3

OH

HO CH

H C OH

Urea

Oxaloacetate

Phosphoenolpyruvate

OH

Malate
HO

OH
C

HO

HO

CH2

Lactate

OH

HO

H C OH

C
H

CH2OH

Glyoxylate

HO

O
OH

OH
Linoleic acid

Phytanol

OH

OH
Sphingomyelin

Phosphatidylcholine
O

O
O

NH

OH

P OH
O
O

O
P

N
H3C

H3C CH CH3
3

CH3
CH3

Cholesterol

Ubiquinone
O
CH3O

OH

H3C
O

Miscellaneous
Haem

Acetyl coenzyme A

CH3O

H2
C

N
Fe
N
N

C
H2

CH3

H
N

H2
C

CH2
HN

HO
H3C

NH2

CH
C

CH3

HO

OH

N
O

CH2 O
O

H2
C

O OH
O P O
O

Chlorophyll-a

Lignin
OH

HO

OH

N
Mg
N
N

OH

HO

O
O

OH

OH
O

OH

OH

O
O

O
HO
O

OH

O
O

OH
O
HO

OH