Development of Seismic Risk Microzonation Maps of Jakarta City

Masyhur Irsyam, Daniel Hutabarat, M. Asrurifak, Iswandi Imran, Sri Widiyantoro,

Hendriyawan, Imam Sadisun, Bigman Hutapea
Research Center for Disaster Mitigation, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Indonesia

Taufik Afriansyah, Haris Pindratno

Jakarta Industry and Energy Department, The Government of Jakarta, Indonesia

Anita Firmanti, M. Ridwan,

Research Institute for Human Settlement, Ministry of Public Works, Indonesia

Sri Woro Haridjono, Rakhindo Pandhu

Agency of Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics, Indonesia

ABSTRACT: Development of seismic risk microzonation study is required for disaster preparedness, risk and
hazard mitigation decisions for the Government of Jakarta. The study includes estimation of seismic hazard,
site characterization, site specific response analysis and risk assessment. Seismic hazard is performed based
on deterministic and probabilistic approachs considering seismic sources influencing Jakarta. Geotechnical
parameters are intrepreted from previous and recent measurements and depth of engineering bedrock is
estimated based on microtremor array measurement. Identification of local site effects is conducted by
carrying out one-dimensional ground response analysis considering the behavior of soil non-linearity. The
result of the hazard microzonation study includes the distribution of site response such as spectral acceleration
and amplification ratio. The results are then combined with building fragility that is determined based on the
FEMA 154. Two building fragility curves are formulated corresponding to existing building type in Jakarta
which are the confined masonry and in-filled frame structures.

1 INTRODUCTION ter Mitigation of ITB, Government of Jakarta;

Several damaging earthquakes in the last decades
in Indonesia have alerted the Government of
Republic of Indonesia to mitigate future damages
due to earthquake. Figure 1 show several massive
earthquakes in the last decade, for example, Aceh
2004, within 150 kilometers of Aceh Province that
followed by a massive tsunami, 2005 Nias Earth-
quake (Mw 8.7), the 2009 Tasik Earth-quake (Mw
7.3), and the latest 2009 Padang Earth-quake (Mw
7.6). These earthquakes have caused thousands of
casualties, destruction and damage to thousands of
infrastructure and buildings, as well as billion of
dollars for rehabilitation and reconstruction.
In 2011, the Coordinating Ministry for Peoples
Welfare appointed a national team to develop seis-
mic risk microzonation maps for Jakarta city in order
to enhance disaster preparedness, risk reduction and
hazard mitigation. The team members consist of
experts from national agencies and university re-
search center including: Research Center for Disas-
Ministry of Public Works; Bureau of Meteorology,
Climatology and Geophysics; National Disaster
Management Agency; Ministry of Energy and
Mineral Resources; Ministry of Research and
Technology; Agency for Assessment and Appli-
cation of Technology; and National Agency for Sur-
veying & Mapping. The team members also colla-
borate with experts from Australian National Uni-
versity through AIFDR.
Jakarta is located in the North of Java Island with
total land area approximately 664 km2 with total
population, from national census in 2010, approx-
imately 10 million people with density about 15
thousand people for every km2 area. It makes that
seismic microzonation study is crucial to be com-
pleted immediately. The Indonesia seismic hazard
maps published by the Ministry of Public Works in
2010 show that Jakarta is subjected to about 0.3 - 0.4
g ground acceleration at bedrock for the hazard level
2% probability of exceedance in 50 years. Seismic
microzonation study is generally recognized as one
of effective method to perform seismic hazard c. Seismic hazard microzonation
assessment and risk evaluation which is defined as d. Seismic risk microzonation by taking into
the zonation wi with
th respect to ground motion account the building fragility .
characteristics taking into account source and site
conditions (ISSM
(ISSMG GE/TC4,
E/TC4, 1999). This paper present
several aspects in seismic microzonation in Jakarta 2 SEISMIC SOURCES INFLUENCING
city including the seismotectonic condition, geologi
geologi- JAKARTA CITY
cal condition, site amplification and risk evaluation
by taking into account the building fragility. The As mentioned previously by Irsyam et al., (1999
microzonation level is graded based on the scale of and 2011), Indonesia is located in a tectonically very
investigation and method of ground motion assess assess- active area at the point of convergence of three
ment. Based on the technical commit commit-tee
tee on major plates and nine smaller plates as developed by
earthqu
earthquake
ake geotechnical engineering, TC4 of the Bird (2003). The Eurasian, Pacific and Australian
Australian-
International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geo Geo- Indian plates, along with some sma smaller
ller plates (i.e.
technical Engineering (199(19999),
), the seismic micro
micro- Philippine Sea plate), are all actively moving toward
zonation process methodology and level of study of each other in the Southeast Asia region creating a
Jakarta city is performed according to ISSM ISSMG GE/
E/ complex network of plate boundaries.
TC4, 1999. The earthquake data recorded by numerous
Seismic microzonation
microzonation study in Jakarta requires national and international institutions show that the
rigorous input parameters regarding the seismic total number of earthquake occurring in Indonesia
hazard in Jakarta, depth of engineering bed bed-rock,
rock, region between 1900 2000 with a magnitude Ms >
geotechnical condition and parameters, ground water 5.0 is approx
approx--imately
imately more than 8000 occurrences,
level, ground response analysis and quanti
quanti-fication
fication where 5 percent of occurrences occurred in or near
of bui
building
lding vul
vulnerability.
erability. It means that the seismic Java Island. Western Indonesia, where Jakarta is
microzonation process are divided into 4 steps
steps:: located, tectonically consists of the Sunda Shelf
a. Evaluation of the input motion at bedrock or which includes the islands of Sumatra, Java, Bali,
outcrop. Borneo, and the southwestern part of Sulawesi
b. Site Specific Response Analysis (Hamilton, 1979).

Fi gure 1:: Seismic activity and seismotectonic condition in Sumatra and Java Island
Figure Island,, Indonesia for the last few decades. ((Modified
Modified
from USGS)
The active tectonics of western Indonesia is domi domi-
nated by convergence of the Australia plat platee with
Sumatra and Java. Along Sumatra the direction of
convergence is highly oblique to the trench strike,
and is partitioned into nearly arc arc-perpendicular
perpendicular
thrusting at the trench and arc
arc-parallel,
parallel, right lateral
slip at the Sumatran fault (Bock et al., 22003).
003).
Seismotectonic map showing the faults locations,
geological setting and historical earthquakes influinflu-
encing Jakarta is shown in Figure 2.. Seismotectonic
study has been collected in a circular area for detail
with having radius of about 250 km around Jakarta.
The seismotectonic map for Jakarta city city contains
several major fault lines in western Java with
historical maximum magnitudes (Moment Mag Mag-
nitude,Mw) ranging from 6.5 7.6, and subduction
zone either megathrust or deep intraslab subduct
subduction
ion
(Benioff) sources in sea with historical maximum
Mw ranging from 7.8 to 9.0.
9.0. The source models were
derived based upon seismogenic conditions, focal
mechanisms and earthquake catalogs. This
seismogenic conditions include geometry and
geomorphological ooff tectonic plate such as faults and
subduction zones
zones.
The Sunda Strait segment is located in the
transitional zone between the Sumatera and Java
Figure 2.. Seismotectonic map of Sumatra and Java Island which show the sseismic
segments of the Sunda Arc subduction zone. The
angle of the subducted plate is depicted by vertical
section sho
shown
wn in Figure 3. 3. The dip angle of the
megathrust represents important input for PSHA.
Therefore, dip angles were investigated further by
using carefully relocated events of Engdahl et al.
(2007) using a 3D velocity and a double
double--difference
difference
(DD) technique (Pe (Pesicek
sicek et al., 2010). Figure 4
shows the dip angles of megathrust zone and can be
depicted well.
In this study, several fault lines sources in Sumatra
and Java Island are included. The 1900 1900-km
km long
Sumatran fault zone (SFZ) traverses the back back--bone
bone
of Sumatra,
Sumatra, within or near the active volcanic arc
(Katili and Hehuwat, 1967; Sieh and Natawidjaja,
2000). Other fault sources that are also considered
include the East Lampung fault (Semangko) and the
Sunda Strait fault line.
In Java Island, the nearest fault sou
sources
rces which have
been proven as active shallow crustal faults are the
Cimandiri and Lembang faults. The Cimandiri fault
is considered as an active fault based on micro
earthquake monitoring and geomorphic expression
instead of the slip rate calculation (Ker
(Kertapati,
tapati, 1984).
Table 1 sumarizes the activity both for the fault and
subduction zone influencing Jakarta ccity.
ity.
eismic sources influencing Jakarta city
ity
 (a) (b)
Figure 3. Distribution of eearthquake
arthquake epicenters bbased
ased on relocated
elocated events.
vents. (Enghdal et al., 2007)
2007); (a) Hypocentre depths (colouring)
distribution from 1964 and 2007
2007; (b) Vertical sections across the convergent margin in Java through the P Wave model (Kennet et
P-Wave
al., 1995)

Table 1. Identified active seismic sources within 250 km radius from Jakarta city
ity
Activity
Sources Name Mechanism Mmax Length
Slip rate GR Parameter
(km) (mm/yr) a b
Cimandiri Strike slip
Strike-slip 7.2 62.2 4 -- --
Lembang Strike slip
Strike-slip 6.6 34.4 1.5 -- --
Fault Semangko Strike slip
Strike-slip 7.2 65 5 -- --
Sunda Strike slip
Strike-slip 7.6 150 5 -- --
Kumering Strike slip
Strike-slip 7.6 150 11.0
South Sumatra
Reverse 9.0 -- -- 5.76 1.05
Subduction Megathrust
Java Megathrust Reverse 9.0 -- -- 6.14 1.1

Figure 4.. Vertical

Vertical sections across the Sunda strait through the global data set by Enghdahl et al., 2007 (EHB) and relocated
relocated events
using a double difference (DD) method and 3D velocity model. (Pesicek et al., 2010
double--difference 2010,, Widiyantoro et al., 2011
2011)

3 SEISMIC HAZARD ANALYSIS OF JAKARTA
Seismic hazard analysis is performed based on
both probabilistic and deterministic approach
approachees.
s. The
analysis is conducted using similar procedures used
by the Team for Revision of Seismic Hazard Maps
of Indonesia 2010 (Irsyam et al., 2010a, Irsyam et
al., 2010b, Irsyam et al., 2011, Irsyam et al., 2013
2013a,
a,
and Irsyam et al., 2013b). Seismic sources are
devided into subduction, fault, and background
zones by considering recurrence relationship that
includes truncated exponential model, pure
characteristic model, and combined models.
Earthquake source param eters are derived based
parameters
upon earthquake catalog, geological, and
seismological information of active faults.
3.1 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA)
Three seismic source models are utilized in this
analysis; fault zone, subduction zone, and gridded
seismicity for shallow background and deep
intraslab. The source models were selected using
seismogenic conditions, focal mechanisms and
earthquake catalogs. This seismogenic conditions
include geometry and geomorphological of tectonic
plate such as faults and subduction zones.
The modeling of the subduction sources is
conducted based on well-identified seismotectonic
data such as location of subduction in latitude and
longitude coordinates, slope of subduction plane
(dip), rate, and b-value from historical earthquake
catalogues, and limit depth of subduction zones. The
subduction zone that is shallower than 50 km is
considered as the Megathrust or interface zone,
whereas, the earthquake occurence deeper than the
Megathrust zones is classified as the Benioff zone
and considered as deep background sources (Irsyam
et al., 2013b).
Fault source is treated as a plane in 3-D space for
calculation of distance from a site to a certain point
at the plane. Parameters of fault required for input of
PSHA include fault traces, focal mechanism, slip-
rate, dip, length and width of the fault. Location of
each fault was determined based on information
obtained from previous publications and relocated
epicenters. The information was then used to trace
each fault on the Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission
(SRTM) that indicates geomorphology. Using this
procedure, coordinate and length of each fault can be
obtained. Other input data required for analysis was
obtained from publications and technical discussions
(Irsyam et al., 2010a and Irsyam et al., 2013b).
Gridded (smoothed) seismicity model are utilized
to determine the rate of occurrence of small earth-
quakes on mapped faults and random earthquakes on
unmapped faults (Petersen et al., 2008). This model
is used to predict the likelihood of bigger earthquake
for region in which lack of seismogenic data but has
seismic activities report from small to moderate
earthquakes.
A truncated-exponential or Gutenberg-Richter
(Gutenberg and Richter, 1954) magnitude-frequency
distribution between M5.0 and M6.5 is used to
model rates for different sizes of earthquakes in
every grid. The composite catalog was used as input
for background seismicity and it was divided into
five depth intervals, i.e. shallow earthquakes (0-50
km), intermediate earthquakes (50100 km and 100
150 km), and deep earthquakes (150200 km and
200300 km) (Irsyam et al., 2010a, Irsyam et al.,
2010b, Irsyam et al., 2011, and Irsyam et al., 2013b).
3.2 Attenuation Functions
Based on the previous researchs in the develop-
ment of Indonesia seismic hazard maps (Irsyam et al
2010a, Irsyam et al, 2011, and Irsyam et al, 2013) a
number of attenuation functions from worldwide
historical earthquake data record is adopted to
estimate the ground shaking in Jakarta city.
Attenuation from Atkinson-Boore intraslab se-
ismicity world data BC-rock condition (Atkinson
and Boore, 1995), Geomatrix slab seismicity rock
(Youngs et al, 1997), and Atkinson-Boore intraslab
(Atkinson and Boore, 2003) were used for Benioff
(deep background sources). Attenuation from Chiou-
Young NGA (Chiou and Youngs, 2008), Boore-
Atkinson NGA (Boore and Atkinson, 2008), and
Campbell-Bozorgnia NGA (Campbell and
Bozorgnia, 2008) were chosen for faults and
background sources. Attenuation from Geomatrix
subduction (Youngs et al., 1997), Atkinson-Boore
BC rock and global Source (Atkinson and Boore,
2003) and Zhao et al., with variable Vs-30 (Zhao et
al, 2006) were chosen for Megathrust zone
(subduction interface).
3.3 Seismic Hazard Level of Jakarta City
Based on the earthquake sources listed on Table 1
and the attenuation function determined before, the
PSHA is carried out to obtain the hazard level for
Jakarta. The analysis considers two hazard levels;
10% and 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years.
Figure 5 shows the distribution of peak ground
acceleration (PGA) for Jakarta city. The value of
PGA at bedrock ranges from 0.18 0.22 g and from
0.33 0.39 g for 10% and 2% probability of
exceedance in 50 years.
3.4 De-Aggregation & Time Histories Development
The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis that was
mentioned previously allows computation of the
mean annual rate of exceedance at particular site
location based on the cumulative risk from potential
earthquake sources having different magnitude
occurring at different source-site distance. The
computed rate of exceedance is not associated with
any particular earthquake magnitude or source-site
distance. In order to estimate the most likely
earthquake magnitude and the most likely source-
site distance, de-agregation process is conducted.
The process requires that the mean annual rate be
expressed as a function of magnitude and distance
(the representing/controlling earthquakes). The
results of de-agregation is then used to select ex-
isting ground motion records, which record
recorded
ed in
earthquake of similar magnitude and at similar
source-
source-site
site distance. The de-
de-aggregation
aggregation results are
summarized in Table 2.
The seismic hazard curves for PGA, 0.2 and 1.0
second spectral period are developed and de de-
aggregated to obtain representing m magnitudes
agnitudes and
distances for return periods of 500 and 2500 years
for Jakarta city. Selection of input motions is
conducted based on the magnitude and distance in
Table 2. Modified time histories are then generated
based on recorded ground motion from previ previous
ous
historic earthquake event and estimated target
spectrum at bedrock using the spectral matching
method proposed by Abrahamson (1998)
(1998).
(a)
(b)
Figure 5.. Contour of PGA value at bedrock in Jakarta city with
(a) 500 yr return period and (b) 2500 yr return period
3. Deterministic Seismic Hazard Analysis
3.5
In addition to probabilistic approach, determinis
determinis-
tic seismic hazard analysis (DSHA) is also
performed in the development of seismic micro micro-
zonation maps of Jakarta. DSHA for Jakarta is
carried out ffirst
irst by selecting the matrix combination
of mag
mag-nitude
nitude and distance to represent earthquake
scenarios due to earthquake sources surrounding
Jakarta. The matrix is used as a basis to choose
appropriate ground motion from worldwide
historical earthquake reco
records.
rds.
Each of scenarios for a specific earthquake source
with certain magnitude and distance is represented
by appropriate time time--histories
histories of ground motion
records for input motions in shear wave propagation
analysis. Historical earthquake records with magn magni-
tude ranging from 5.0 to 7.0 and distance from 20
km to 60 km are collected for crustal fault. The
scenarios for subduction sources including deep
intraslab utilize various historical earthquake with
magnitude ranging from 7.0 9.0 and distance
ranging from 150 450 km. Site response analysis
using 11-D
D shear wave propagation procedure is then
conducted once the input motions corresponding to a
specific earthquake scenario are selected
selected.
4 GEOLOGICAL & GEOTECHNICAL
CONDITION OF JAKARTA CITY
Based on the geological
eological map
map of Jakarta and Seribu
Islands Quadrangle, Java (Turkandi et al., 1992), the
Great Jakarta city
ity area are founded on Quaternary
sediments which are consists of river to coastal
alluvium deposits, beach ridge sediments, alluvium
fan deposits an
and
d volcanic tuff. These sediments
occupy the whole of thick sedimentary basin
knowing as the Ciputat SubSub--Basin
Basin (Fachri et al.,
2002), which bordered by Tinggian Tangerang to the
west, Tinggian Rengasdengklok to the east and the
Bogor Antiklinorium zone to tthe
he south.
The sediment thickness in this area may locally
reach more than 500 m and unconformably
overlying the older Tertiary sediment formation,
such as Serpong Formation, Genteng Formation,
Kaliwangu Formation, Subang Formation, Parigi
Formation, Bojong
Bojongmanik
manik Formation and Jatiluhur
Formation as shown in Figure 6.
4. Identification of Engineering Bedrock of Jakarta
4.1
The depth of engineering bedrock is one of requir
requir-
ed parameters used to perform the site response
analysis. Because of the location of bedrock of
Jakarta is not well identified until now, therefore,
 Table 2. De-aggregation results of Jakarta city for various return period
Return Megathrust Shallow crustal Benioff
Period
Period Magnitude Distance Magnitude Distance Magnitude Distance
years sec (Mw) (km) (Mw (km) (Mw (km)
PGA 8.07 113.04 5.90 55.23 6.78 120.88
500 0.2 s 8.05 191.44 5.94 58.07 6.71 122.79
1.0 s 8.05 202.32 6.47 70.62 6.96 134.01
PGA 8.03 165.78 5.96 45.19 7.03 112.87
2500 0.2 s 8.09 189.51 5.97 47.38 6.91 111.07
1.0 s 8.11 199.80 6.41 49.56 7.16 117.38

Figure 6. Geological map of the Greater Jakarta Area and surrounding Area (After Fachri et al., 2002)

investigation of bedrock depth is urgently required.
Microtremors array survey has becomed an effective
method to estimate engineering bedrock based on S-
wave velocity structures because it is very simple in
the field operation and without active sources.
Analysis of dispersion curve of microtremors can be
performed by Spatial Auto-Correlation (SPAC)
method which was developed by Aki (1957) and
expanded by Okada (1998) on the circular array with
distance r between two stations. The microtremor
study is expected to provide the estimation of depth
at which the material is measured its shear wave
velocity.
Ridwan et al. (2013) applied microtremors array to
obtain the 1D and 2D S-wave velocity profiles in
some locations in Jakarta. Estimation of the bedrock
depth in Jakarta is based on S-wave velocity para-
meters. The spatial autocorrelation method was used
to estimate dispersion curves, while S-wave velocity
structure is derived by genetic algorithm. The result
of 2D construction of S-wave velocity structure
shows stratigraphy cross section that consists of four
layers, where the bedrock depths in northern Jakarta
can be depicted in the range from 518 m to 542 m
and in the southern part is in the range from 359 m
to 398 m (Ridwan et al, 2014). Figure 7 show the
location of instrumentation in Jakarta city and the
contour map showing the depth of recorded shear
wave velocity greater than 750 m/s.
Reffering to the Geological condition in Jakarta
where layers thickness increases to the North, hence,
microtremors survey was designed in one line from
the South to the North across Jakarta. The triangular
arrays configuration was used for each sites by using
4 instrument and the time duration for microtremors
data record was 1 - 2 hours for each array. 1D S-
wave velocity profile resulted by individual inver-
sion was used to construct 2D profile after con-
ducted second inversion. The results of microtremors
array analysis shows that the subsurface models for
Jakarta consist of four layers where engineering
bedrock can be estimated at the forth layers (359 -
608 m depth) as shown in Figure 8.
 (a) (b)
Figure 7.
7. Microtremor measurement to identify engineering bedrock in Jakarta (Ridwan et al, 201 2013)); (a) Location ooff Instru
Instru-
mentation.; (b) Contour map of depth of engineering bedrock (Vs > 750 m/s) identified by microtremor array
mentation array.

S--wave
wave Velocity (m/s) S--wave
wave Velocity (m/s) S-wave
wave Velocity (m/s) S-wave
wave Velocity (m/s) S--wave
wave Velocity (m/s)
0 300 600 900 1200 0 300 600 900 1200 0 300 600 900 1200 0 300 600 900 1200 0 300 600 900 1200
0 0 0 0 0

ANCL BMKG ISTN MRIA KNGN

-200 -200 -200 -200 -200
Depth (m)

Depth (m)

-400 -400
Depth (m)

Depth (m)
Depth (m)

-400 -400 -400

-600 -600 -600 -600 -600

-800 -800 -800 -800 -800

-1000 -1000 -1000 -1000 -1000

S wave Velocity (m/s)

S-wave S-wave
wave Velocity (m/s) S-wave
wave Velocity (m/s) S--wave
wave Velocity (m/s)
0 300 600 900 1200 0 300 600 900 1200 0 300 600 900 1200 0 300 600 900 1200
0 0 0 0
DRN3 CPT KBGS UI
-200 -200 -200 -200
Depth (m)

Depth (m)

Depth (m)
Depth (m)

-400 -400 -400 -400

-600 -600 -600 -600

-800 -800 -800 -800

-1000 -1000 -1000 -1000

Figure 8... Shear
Shear wave
wave velocity profile across Jakarta from the North to the South that shows the estimated engineering
engineering bedrock.
bedrock.
(Ridwan et al, 201
20133)

4.
4.2 Soil Condition of Jakarta City velocity measurement using seismic downhole test
and laboratory tests. Field and laboratory data are
Site characterization is carried out by interpreting obtained by collection of previous soil investigation
the results of field measurements including in in--situ
situ results conducted previously by various consultants
testing such as standard penetration test (SPT), and by performing new addit
additional
ional soil investigation
Dutch cone penetration te test
st (DCPT), shear wave conducted by the Government of Jakarta. Figure 9
shows the distribution of borehole points in all part 450
of Jakarta city
ity used for the development of seismic
microzonation maps. 400 (N)0.3403
92.868(N)
Vs = 92.868
R = 0.9951
Further study to identify the dynamic soil prop prop-
350
erties is also conducted to encounter limited data of
shear wave velocity profiles in Jakarta. An empirical 300
correlation between N N-SPT
SPT with shear wave velocity

Vs (m/s)
has been developed based on 42 borehole points 250
from 22 different location in Jakarta. The borehole
data is collected from high rise building projects 200
spread across the city and the data is plotted in
Figure 110.. 150
Figure 10 indicates that the correlation between N N-
SPT with shear wave velocity is quite scatter. It 100
shows
show that the tendency of plotted data is eligible as
50
a basis to develop the empirical equation to estimate
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
shear wave velocity value. The shear wave velocity N SPT
N-SPT
profile in other borehole is etimated based on this Apart. Avatar 1 Gudang Garam 1
Gudang Garam 2 Menara Kompas 1
empirical equation shown in Figure 10. Based on tthe he Menara Kompas 2 Pondok Klub Villa (Lebak Bulus) 1
Pondok Klub Villa (Lebak Bulus) 2 The City Center 1
result developed by Yunita (2013), the result show The City Center 2 Ancol Mansion
that the equation proposed by Imai and Tonouchi Kebagusan City
Grand PI Mall 3
Apartemen Gatsu 1
Hayam Wuruk
(1982) is the closest relationship for shear wave Karawang Greenland 1 Karawang Greenland 2
Menara Prima Mega K Plaza Indonesia 1
velocity estimation ba based
sed on N N-SPT
SPT value for Plaza Indonesia 2 Senopati Residence 1
Senopati Residence 2 Springhill 1
Jakarta ccity.
ity. Springhill 2 Sudirman Setiabudi tower
Site classification study for Jakarta is perf
performed
ormed Teluk Naga 1
Teluk Naga 3
Teluk Naga 2
Dharmawangsa Eminence
based on the N N--SPT
SPT30 according to the NEHRP site Permata Hijau

classification standard as shown in Figure 111 1.. The

Figure 110.. Variation of Vs (m/s) and N N-SPT
SPT value in several
study show that most of location in Jakarta city ity is
locations in Jakarta (after Yunita
Yunita,, 2013)
201
classified as the soft soil site (SE) and medium soil
(SD) with N N-SPT
SPT value less than 15 and rangi
ranging
ng 4. Fragility Curves
4.3
from 15 to 30 respectively.
In this study, the seismic risk is considered only
for building, neglecting the impact on people. With
this definition, the seismic risk is obtained by the
convolution of seismic hazard and building vulner
vulner-
ability only. Building vulnerability is considered for
different building typologies and is represented
using fragility curves.
Fragility curves have been derived for two types of
low rise buildings that dominate the residential
building population in Jakarta, i.e. confined masonry
and inin-filled
filled frame ststructures
ructures in this study. The
fragility curves are derived based on FEMA 154
procedures for different levels of damage (i.e. Slight,
Moderate, Extensive and Complete Damages) and
the ground motion severity in these curves are
expressed in terms of P eak Surfa
Peak Surface
ce Acceleration
(PSA)) shown in Figure 112.. The fragility curves
(PSA
allow the estimation of the probability of reaching or
exceeding certain levels of damage (P(x (P(xX)
X) for a
X)
given PSA. These fragility curves are later applied to
each area in Jakarta to determine the vulnerable area
Figure 9.. Distribution of borehole points in Jakarta city
ity for site at which the building type distribution is known.
response analysis
analysis.
Building types distribution in the area considered is
obtained through building survey.
 (a) (b)
Figure 11
1. Site classification study in Jakarta city based on N
N--SPT
SPT value
value; (a) Site classification based on NEHRP classification. (b)
Contour map of N N--SPT
SPT30 value in Jakarta city
city

100% the constitutive

constitutive model proposed by Iwan and Mroz
(1967) and by utilizing the free software NERA
80%
(Bardet & Tobita, 2001). Figure 113.a
3.a and b present
the site amplification factor due to ground motions
P (xX)

60%
from fault source with magnitude M=6.5 and
40% distance R=20 km and megathrust source with
20% magnitude M= M=9.0
9.0 and distance R=20
R=200 kmkm.. The
maps indicate that the amplification factor ranges
0% from 0.8 to 2.2 and at the center of Jakarta where
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 most of major high rise buildings are located the
PSA (g)
INF-Complete INF-Extensive
value varies from 1.2 to 1.6.
INF-Moderate INF-Slight Fig
Figure
ure 14.a
14.a shows peak surface acceleration due to
CM-Complete CM-Extensive ground motions from fault source with magnitude
CM-Moderate CM-Slight M=6.5 and distance R=20 km km.. The peak acceleration
Figure 112.. Fragility curves for In
In-Filled
Filled Frame (INF) and at ground surface varies from 0.14 to 0.24 g for fault
Confined Masonry (CM) sources. Figure 14.b present probabilistic pea peakk
surface acceleration for 2500 year yearss earthquake
occurence period where tthe he peak acceleration at
5 RESULTS & DISCUSSION ground surface ranges from 0.2 to 0.4 g.

The results of the seismic microzonation study of 5. Seismic Risk Microzonation

Jakarta city include: probabilistic and deterministic
peak acceleration, amplification factors, spectral
acceleration, and hazard level at ground surface; and
risk maps for Jakarta city. The work is still
till oon
n going
and is expected to be completed next year. Tentative
results are presented in the following paragraphs.
5.1 Seismic Hazard Microzonation
Site response analysis is conducted to obtain peak
acceleration, amplification factors, spectral accelera
accelera-
tion, and hazard level at ground surface due to
ground motions at bedrock obtained from prob prob-
abilistic and deterministic seismic hazard analys
analysis.
s.
The site response analysis is performed based on the
1--D
D non linear wave propagation procedure using
5.2
The seismic risk microzonation maps is developed
by combining the seismic hazard with the building
fragility. Figures 15-16
15 16 show the examples of the
map
maps of seismic risk microzonation, for example, in
East Jakarta (Cipayung and Duren Sawit Districts).
The seismic scenario used is the deterministic
shallow crustal earthquake, with magnitude M=6.5
and distance R=20 km. Due to this earthearth--quake,
quake, the
PSA in East and North Jakarta is in between 0.12
0.26 g. The color scale in Figures 15 15-16
16 is different
for each risk level it is divided into 5 risk level start
from the Very High (Brown), High (Red), Medium
(Orange), Low (Yellow) and Very Low (Green).
It can be seen from those figures the different
seismic risk levels in Jakarta due to the seismic
scenario applie
applied.
d. These seismic risk maps can be time histories development, the identification of
useful instrument for risk reduction or disaster engineering bedrock by using microtremor array, site
mitigation program in Jakarta. These maps can be characterization and interpolation of soil dynamic
used for establish
establishing
ing intervention priorities for popu
popu- properties, ground response analysis and estimation
lation of buildings in certain area in the city, in order of the soil amplification factor and peak surface
to reduce tthe
he risk. acceleration. Moreover, the seismic risk mapping in
micro
micro--scale
scale of every part in the Jakarta city
ity (district
6 CONCLUSION scale) is devel
developed
oped by identification of building
typologies, formulating fragility curves for different
The development of seismic microzonation hazard building typologies, determination of the vulnerable
and risk map have been carried out for Jakarta cityity area for each building type distribution in every
as the capital city of Republic Indonesia. The study district, and calculating the seismic risk. This study
includes the identification of major seismic sources then is expected as a basic consideration for disaster
influencing Jakarta city,
ity, probabilistic and deter
deter- preparedness to the government in planning further
ministic seismic hazard analysis (using worst case land planning and development of Jakarta city ity.
earthquake scenario), de
de-aggregation
aggregation & probabilistic

(a) (b)
Figure 113.. Contour map of deterministic amplification factor ffor:
or: (a) Scenario-30,
Scenario 30, fault sources with Mw=6.5 and R=20 km; (b)
Scenario
Scenario-36,
36, megathrust sources with Mw=9.0 and R=200 km km.

(a) (b)
Figure 114.. Contour map of; (a) Peak Surface Acceleration (PSA)
(PSA),, Scenario-30,
Scenario 30, fault sources with Mw=6.5 and R=20 km; (b)
Probabilistic
robabilistic Peak Surface Accel
Acceleration
eration with 2% probability of exceedance in 50 years.

Figure 15. Seismic Risk Map in Cipayung District, East Jakarta
Figure 16. Seismic Risk Map in Duren Sawit District, East
Jakarta
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors want to express grateful thanks to Dedy
Dharmawansyah and Partogi Simatupang for their
supports in this research and also to Department of
Industry and Energy - Government of Jakarta;
Institut Teknologi Bandung, the Ministry of Public
Works; Bureau of Meteorology, Climatology and
Geophysics; National Disaster Management Agency;
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources; Ministry
of Research & Technology; and Australian National
University through Australia-Indonesia Facility for
Disaster Reduction for their supports and assistances
during this study.
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