Wireline(cabling)

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Intheoilandgasindustry,thetermwirelineusuallyreferstoacabling
technologyusedbyoperatorsofoilandgaswellstolowerequipmentor
measurementdevicesintothewellforthepurposesofwellintervention,
reservoirevaluation,andpiperecovery.

Toolsinsertedintothewellforbothworkoverandloggingefforts,wirelines
andslicklinesareverysimilardevices.Whileaslicklineisathincable
introducedintoawelltodeliverandretrievetoolsdownhole,awirelineis
anelectricalcableusedtolowertoolsintoandtransmitdataaboutthe
conditionsofthewellborecalledwirelinelogs.Usuallyconsistingof
braidedcables,wirelinesareusedtoperformwirelinelogging,aswell. Wirelinetruckriggeduptoadrilling
riginCanada
Braidedlinecancontainaninnercoreofinsulatedwireswhichprovide
powertoequipmentlocatedattheendofthecable,normallyreferredtoaselectricline,andprovidesapathwayfor
electricaltelemetryforcommunicationbetweenthesurfaceandequipmentattheendofthecable.

Contents
1 Slicklines
2 WirelineLogs
3 Wirelinetools
3.1 Naturalgammaraytools
3.2 Nucleartools
3.3 ResistivityTools
3.4 SonicandUltrasonicTools
3.5 MagneticResonanceTools
3.6 BoreholeSeismicTools
3.7 CasedHoleElectricLineTools
3.7.1 CementBondTools
3.7.2 CasingCollarLocators
3.7.3 GammaPerforatingTools
3.7.4 WirelinePressureSettingAssemblies(WLSPA)
4 AdditionalEquipment
4.1 CableHead
4.2 Tractors
4.3 MeasuringHead
5 Wirelineapparatus
6 PressureControlDuringWirelineOperations
6.1 Flange
6.2 WirelineValve
6.3 Lubricator
6.4 PumpInSub
6.5 GreaseInjectorHead
6.6 PackOff
6.7 LineWiper
6.8 QuickTestSub
6.9 BallCheckValve
6.10 HeadCatcher
 6.10 HeadCatcher
6.11 ToolTrap
7 Seealso
8 SourcesandCitations

Slicklines
Usedtoplaceandrecoverwellboreequipment,suchas
plugs,gaugesandvalves,slicklinesaresinglestrandnon
electriccablesloweredintooilandgaswellsfromthe
surface.Slicklinescanalsobeusedtoadjustvalvesand
sleeveslocateddownhole,aswellasrepairtubingwithin
thewellbore.

Wrappedaroundadrumonthebackofatruck,theslickline
israisedandloweredinthewellbyreelinginandoutthe
wirehydraulically.

Braidedlinecancontainaninnercoreofinsulatedwires
whichprovidepowertoequipmentlocatedattheendofthe
cable,normallyreferredtoaselectricline,andprovidesa
pathwayforelectricaltelemetryforcommunication Wirelinetruck
betweenthesurfaceandequipmentattheendofthecable.

Ontheotherhand,wirelinesareelectriccablesthattransmitdataaboutthe
well.Consistingofsinglestrandsormultistrands,thewirelineisusedfor
bothwellinterventionandformationevaluationoperations.Inotherwords,
wirelinesareusefulingatheringdataaboutthewellinloggingactivities,as
wellasinworkoverjobsthatrequiredatatransmittal.

WirelineLogs
FirstdevelopedbyConradandMarcelSchlumbergerin1927,wirelinelogs
measureformationpropertiesinawellthroughelectricallinesofwire.
DifferentfromMWDandmudlogs,wirelinelogsareconstantdownhole
measurementssentthroughtheelectricalwirelineusedtohelpgeologists,
drillersandengineersmakerealtimedecisionsaboutdrillingoperations.
Wirelinelogscanmeasureresistivity,conductivityandformationpressure,
aswellassonicpropertiesandwellboredimensions.

Theloggingtool,alsocalledasonde,islocatedatthebottomofthe InsideaWirelinetruck
wireline.Themeasurementsaretakenbyloweringthewirelinetothe
prescribeddepthandthenraisingitoutofthewell.Themeasurementsaretakencontinuouslyonthewayup,inan
efforttosustaintensionontheline.

WorkoverOperations

Whenproducingwellsrequireremedialworktosustain,restoreorenhanceproduction,thisiscalledworkover.
Manytimes,workoveroperationsrequireproductionshutin,butnotalways.
SlicklineFiringHeadSystemSource:SchlumbergerInworkoveroperations,awellservicingunitisusedtowinch
itemsinandoutofthewellbore.Thelineusedtoraiseandlowerequipmentcanbebraidedsteelwirelineora
singlesteelslickline.Workoveroperationsconductedcanincludewellcleanup,settingplugs,productionlogging
andperforationthroughexplosives.

Wirelinetools
Wirelinetoolsarespeciallydesignedinstrumentsloweredintoawellboreontheendofthewirelinecable.They
areindividuallydesignedtoprovideanynumberofparticularservices,suchasevaluationoftherockproperties,
thelocationofcasingcollars,formationpressures,informationregardingtheporesizeorfluididentificationand
samplerecovery.Modernwirelinetoolscanbeextremelycomplicated,andareoftenengineeredtowithstandvery
harshconditionssuchasthosefoundinmanymodernoil,gas,andgeothermalwells.Pressuresingaswellscan
exceed30,000psi,whiletemperaturescanexceed500degFahrenheitinsomegeothermalwells.Corrosiveor
carcinogenicgasessuchashydrogensulfidecanalsooccurdownhole.

Toreducetheamountoftimerunninginthewell,severalwirelinetoolsareoftenjoinedtogetherandrun
simultaneouslyinatoolstringthatcanbehundredsoffeetlongandweighmorethan5000lbs.

Naturalgammaraytools

NaturalgammaraytoolsaredesignedtomeasuregammaradiationintheEarthcausedbythedisintegrationof
naturallyoccurringpotassium,uranium,andthorium.Unlikenucleartools,thesenaturalgammaraytoolsemitno
radiation.Thetoolshavearadiationsensor,whichisusuallyascintillationcrystalthatemitsalightpulse
proportionaltothestrengthofthegammaraystrikingit.Thislightpulseisthenconvertedtoacurrentpulseby
meansofaphotomultipliertube(PMT).Fromthephotomultipliertube,thecurrentpulsegoestothetool's
electronicsforfurtherprocessingandultimatelytothesurfacesystemforrecording.Thestrengthofthereceived
gammaraysisdependentonthesourceemittinggammarays,thedensityoftheformation,andthedistance
betweenthesourceandthetooldetector.Thelogrecordedbythistoolisusedtoidentifylithology,estimateshale
content,anddepthcorrelationoffuturelogs.wirelineiscoveredwithwire

Nucleartools

Nucleartoolsmeasureformationpropertiesthroughtheinteractionof
reservoirmoleculeswithradiationemittedfromtheloggingtool.Thetwo
mostcommonpropertiesmeasuredbynucleartoolsareformationporosity
androckdensity.Formationporosityisdeterminedbyinstallingaradiation
sourcecapableofemittingfastneutronsintothedownholeenvironment.
Anyporespacesintherockarefilledwithfluidcontaininghydrogen
atoms,whichslowtheneutronsdowntoanepithermalorthermalstate.
Thisatomicinteractioncreatesgammarayswhicharethenmeasuredinthe
toolthroughdedicateddetectors,andinterpretedthroughacalibrationtoa
porosity.Ahighernumberofgammarayscollectedatthetoolsensorwould
Puttingtheradioactivechargeinthe
indicatealargernumberofinteractionswithhydrogenatoms,andthusa
wirelinestring
largerporosity.[1]

Mostopenholenucleartoolsutilizedoubleencapsulatedchemicalsources.
Densitytoolsusegammarayradiationtodeterminethelithologyand
densityoftherockinthedownholeenvironment.Moderndensitytools
utilizeaCs137radioactivesourcetogenerategammarayswhichinteract
withtherockstrata.Sincehigherdensitymaterialsabsorbgammarays
muchbetterthanlowerdensitymaterials,agammaraydetectorinthewire
linetoolisabletoaccuratelydetermineformationdensitybymeasuringthe
numberandassociatedenergylevelofreturninggammaraysthathave
interactedwiththerockmatrix.Densitytoolsusuallyincorporatean
extendablecaliperarm,whichisusedbothtopresstheradioactivesource
anddetectorsagainstthesideoftheboreandalsotomeasuretheexact
widthoftheboreinordertoremovetheeffectofvaryingborediameteron
thereadings.

Somemodernnucleartoolsuseanelectronicallypoweredsourcecontrolled
fromthesurfacetogenerateneutrons.Byemittingneutronsofvarying
energies,theloggingengineerisabletodetermineformationlithologyin
fractionalpercentages.
Lockedcaseforradioactivesource
forloggingjob
ResistivityTools

Inanymatrixwhichhassomeporosity,theporespaceswillbefilledwithafluidofoil,gas(eitherhydrocarbonor
otherwise)orformationwater(sometimesreferredtoasconnatewater).Thisfluidwillsaturatetherockand
changeitselectricalproperties.Awirelineresistivitytooldirectinjectscurrent(lateralogtypetoolsforconductive
waterbasedmuds)orinduces(inductiontypetoolsforresistiveoroilbasedmuds)anelectriccurrentintothe
surroundingrockanddeterminestheresistivityviaohm'slaw.Theresistivityoftheformationisusedprimarilyto
identifypayzonescontaininghighlyresistivehydrocarbonsasopposedtothosecontainingwater,whichis
generallymoreconductive.Itisalsousefulfordeterminingthelocationoftheoilwatercontactinareservoir.
Mostwirelinetoolsareabletomeasuretheresitivityatseveraldepthsofinvestigationintotheboreholewall,
allowingloganalyststoaccuratelypredicttheleveloffluidinvasionfromthedrillingmud,andthusdeterminea
qualitativemeasurementofpermeability.

Someresistivitytoolshavemanyelectrodesmountedonseveralarticulatedpads,allowingformultiplemicro
resistivitymeasurements.Thesemicroresistivitieshaveaveryshallowdepthofinvestigation,typicallyinthe
rangeof0.1to0.8inches,makingthemsuitableforboreholeimaging.Resistivityimagersareavailablewhich
operateusinginductionmethodsforresistivemudsystems(oilbase),anddirectcurrentmethodsforconductive
mudsystems(waterbased).

SonicandUltrasonicTools

Sonictools,suchastheBakerHughesXMACF1,consistofmultiplepiezoelectrictransducersandreceivers
mountedonthetoolbodyatfixeddistances.Thetransmittersgenerateapatternofsoundwavesatvarying
operatingfrequenciesintothedownholeformation.Thesignalpathleavesthetransmitter,passesthroughthemud
column,travelsalongtheboreholewallandiscollectedatmultiplereceiversspacedoutalongthetoolbody.The
timeittakesforthesoundwavetotravelthroughtherockisdependentonanumberofpropertiesoftheexisting
rock,includingformationporosity,lithology,permeabilityandrockstrength.Differenttypesofpressurewavescan
begeneratedinspecificaxis,allowinggeoscientiststodetermineanisotropicstressregimes.Thisisveryimportant
indeterminingholestabilityandaidsdrillingengineersinplanningforfuturewelldesign.

Sonictoolsarealsousedextensivelytoevaluatethecementbondbetweencasingandformationinacompleted
well,primarilybycalculatingtheaccentuationofthesignalafteritaspassedthroughthecasingwall(seeCement
BondToolsbelow).
Ultrasonictoolsusearotatingacoustictransducertomapa360degreeimageoftheboreholeastheloggingtoolis
pulledtosurface.Thisisespeciallyusefulfordeterminingsmallscalebeddingandformationdip,aswellas
identifyingdrillingartifactssuchasspiralingorinducedfractures.

MagneticResonanceTools

Ameasurementofthenuclearmagneticresonance(NMR)propertiesofhydrogenintheformation.Therearetwo
phasestothemeasurement:polarizationandacquisition.First,thehydrogenatomsarealignedinthedirectionofa
staticmagneticfield(B0).ThispolarizationtakesacharacteristictimeT1.Second,thehydrogenatomsaretipped
byashortburstfromanoscillatingmagneticfieldthatisdesignedsothattheyprecessinresonanceinaplane
perpendiculartoB0.ThefrequencyofoscillationistheLarmorfrequency.Theprecessionofthehydrogenatoms
inducesasignalintheantenna.Thedecayofthissignalwithtimeiscausedbytransverserelaxationandis
measuredbytheCPMGpulsesequence.Thedecayisthesumofdifferentdecaytimes,calledT2.TheT2
distributionisthebasicoutputofaNMRmeasurement.

TheNMRmeasurementmadebybothalaboratoryinstrumentandaloggingtoolfollowthesameprinciplesvery
closely.AnimportantfeatureoftheNMRmeasurementisthetimeneededtoacquireit.Inthelaboratory,time
presentsnodifficulty.Inalog,thereisatradeoffbetweenthetimeneededforpolarizationandacquisition,
loggingspeedandfrequencyofsampling.Thelongerthepolarizationandacquisition,themorecompletethe
measurement.However,thelongertimesrequireeitherlowerloggingspeedorlessfrequentsampling.

BoreholeSeismicTools

CasedHoleElectricLineTools

CementBondTools

Acementbondtool,orCBT,isanacoustictoolusedtomeasurethequalityofthecementbehindthecasing.Using
aCBT,thebondbetweenthecasingandcementaswellasthebondbetweencementandformationcanbe
determined.UsingCBTdata,acompanycantroubleshootproblemswiththecementsheathifnecessary.Thistool
mustbecentralizedinthewelltofunctionproperly.

TwoofthelargestproblemsfoundincementbyCBT'sarechannellingandmicroannulus.Amicroannulusisthe
formationofmicroscopiccracksinthecementsheath.Channellingiswherelarge,contiguousvoidsinthecement
sheathform,typicallycausedbypoorcentralizationofthecasing.Bothofthesesituationscan,ifnecessary,be
fixedbyremedialelectriclinework.

ACBTgainsitsmeasurementsbyrapidlypulsingoutcompressionalwavesacrossthewellboreandintothepipe,
cement,andformation.Thecompressionalpulseoriginatesinatransmitteratthetopofthetool,which,when
powereduponsurfacesoundslikearapidclickingsound.Thetooltypicallyhastworeceivers,onethreefeetaway
fromthereceiver,andanotheratfivefeetfromthetransmitter.Thesereceiversrecordthearrivaltimeofthe
compressionalwaves.Theinformationfromthesereceiversareloggedastraveltimesforthethreeandfivefoot
receiversandasamicroseismogram.

Recentadvancesinloggingtechnologieshaveallowedthereceiverstomeasure360degreesofcementintegrity
andcanberepresentedonalogasaradialcementmapandas68individualsectorarrivaltimes.

CasingCollarLocators

Casingcollarlocatortools,orCCL's,areamongthesimplestandmostessentialincasedholeelectricline.CCL's
aretypicallyusedfordepthcorrelationandcanbeanindicatoroflineoverspeedwhenlogginginheavyfluids.[2]
ACCLoperatesonFaraday'sLawofInduction.Twomagnetsareseparated
byacoilofcopperwire.AstheCCLpassesbyacasingjoint,orcollar,the
differenceinmetalthicknessacrossthetwomagnetsinducesacurrent
spikeinthecoil.Thiscurrentspikeissentupholeandloggedaswhat's
calledacollarkickonthecasedholelog.[3]

GammaPerforatingTools

Acasedholegammaperforatorisusedtoperformmechanicalservices,
suchasshootingperforations,settingdownholetubing/casingelements,
dumpingremedialcement,tracersurveys,etc.Typically,agamma
perforatorwillhavesomesortofexplosivelyinitiateddeviceattachedtoit,
suchasaperforatinggun,asettingtool,oradumpbailor.Incertain
instances,thegammaperforatorisusedtomerelyspotobjectsinthewell,
asintubingconveyedperforatingoperationsandtracersurveys.
CCLLog
Gammaperforatorsoperateinmuchthesamewayasanopenholenatural
gammaraytool.Gammaraysgivenofffromnaturallyoccurringradioactiveelementsbombardthescintillation
detectormountedonthetool.Thetoolprocessesthegammaraycountsandsendsthedataupholewhereit
processedbyacomputerizedacquisitionsystem,andplottedonalogversusdepth.Theinformationisthenusedto
ensurethatthedepthshownonthelogiscorrect.Afterthat,powercanbeappliedthroughthetooltosetoff
explosivechargesforthingslikeperforating,settingplugsorpackers,dumpingcement,etc.

WirelinePressureSettingAssemblies(WLSPA)

Settingtoolsareusedtosetdownholecompletionelementssuchasproductionpackersorbridgeplugs.Setting
toolstypicallyusetheexpandinggasenergyfromaslowburningexplosivechargetodriveahydraulicpiston
assembly.Theassemblyisattachedtotheplugorpackerbymeansofasettingmandrelandaslidingsleeve,which
when"stroked"bythepistonassembly,effectivelysqueezestheelastomerelementsofthepackingelement,
deformingitsufficientlytowedgeitintoplaceinthetubingorcasingstring.Mostcompletionpackersorplugs
haveaspeciallydesignedshearmechanismwhichreleasethesettingtoolfromtheelementallowingittobe
retrievedbacktosurface.Thepacker/plughowever,remainsdownholeasabarriertoisolateproductionzonesor
permanentlyplugoffawellbore.

AdditionalEquipment
CableHead

Thecableheadistheuppermostportionofthetoolstringonanygiventypeofwireline.Thecableheadiswhere
theconductorwireismadeintoanelectricalconnectionthatcanbeconnectedtotherestofthetoolstring.Cable
headsaretypicallycustombuiltbythewirelineoperatorforeveryjobanddependgreatlyondepth,pressureand
thetypeofwellborefluid.

Electriclineweakpointsarealsolocatedinthecablehead.Ifthetoolistobecomestuckinthewell,theweakpoint
iswherethetoolwouldfirstseparatefromthewireline.Ifthewirelinewereseveredanywhereelsealongtheline,
thetoolbecomesmuchmoredifficulttofish.[4]

Tractors
Tractorsareelectricaltoolsusedtopushthetoolstringintohole,overcomingwireline'sdisadvantageofbeing
gravitydependent.Theseareusedforinhighlydeviatedandhorizontalwellswheregravityisinsufficient,even
withrollerstem.Theypushagainstthesideofthewellboreeitherthroughtheuseofwheelsorthroughawormlike
motion.

MeasuringHead

Ameasuringheadisthefirstpieceofequipmentthewirelinecomesintocontactwithoffthedrum.Themeasuring
headiscomposedofseveralwheelswhichsupportthewirelineonitswaytothewinchandtheyalsomeasure
crucialwirelinedata.

Ameasuringheadrecordstension,depth,andspeed.Currentmodelsuseopticalencoderstoderivetherevolutions
ofawheelwithaknowncircumference,whichinturnisusedtofigurespeedanddepth.Awheelwithapressure
sensorisusedtofiguretension.

Wirelineapparatus
Foroilfieldwork,thewirelineresidesonthesurface,woundaroundalarge
(3to10feetindiameter)spool.Operatorsmayuseaportablespool(onthe
backofaspecialtruck)orapermanentpartofthedrillingrig.Amotorand
drivetrainturnthespoolandraiseandlowertheequipmentintoandoutof
thewellthewinch.

PressureControlDuringWirelineOperations
Thepressurecontrolemployedduringwirelineoperationsisintendedto
containpressureoriginatingfromthewellbore.Duringopenholeelectric
lineoperations,thepressuremightbetheresultfromawellkicking.During
casedholeelectricline,thisismostlikelytheresultofawellproducingat
highpressures.Pressureequipmentmustberatedtowellovertheexpected
wellpressures.Normalratingsforwirelinepressureequipmentis5,000,
10,000,and15,000poundspersquareinch.Somewellsarecontainedwith
20,000psiand30,000psiequipmentisindevelopmentalso.
Wirelinewellhead
Flange

AflangeattachestothetopoftheChristmastree,usuallywithsomesortofadapterfortherestofthepressure
control.AmetalgasketisplacedbetweenthetopoftheChristmastreeandtheflangetokeepinwellpressures.

WirelineValve

Awirelinecontrolvalve,alsocalledawirelineblowoutpreventer(BOP),isanencloseddevicewithoneormore
ramscapableofclosingoverthewirelineinanemergency.Adualwirelinevalvehastwosetsoframsandsome
havethecapabilityofpumpinggreaseinthespacebetweentheramstocounterbalancethewellpressure.

Lubricator

Lubricatoristhetermusedforsectionsofpressuretestedpipethatacttosealinwirelinetoolsduring
pressurization.Asstateditisaseriesofpipesthatconnectanditiswhatholdsthetoolstringsooperatorscan
makerunsinandoutofthewell.Ithasvalvestobleedoffpressuresothatyoucandisconnectitfromthewelland
workontools,etc.

PumpInSub

Pumpinsubs(alsoknownasaflowT)allowfortheinjectionoffluidintothepressurecontrolstring.Normally
theseareusedforwellsitepressuretesting,whichistypicallyperformedbetweeneveryrunintothewell.Theycan
alsobeusedtobleedoffpressurefromthestringafteraruninthewell,ortopumpinkillfluidstocontrolawild
well.

GreaseInjectorHead

Thegreaseinjectorheadisthemainapparatusforcontrollingwellpressure
whilerunningintothehole.Thegreaseheadusesaseriesofverysmall
pipes,calledflowtubes,todecreasethepressureheadofthewell.Greaseis
injectedathighpressureintothebottomportionofthegreaseheadto
counteracttheremainingwellpressure.

PackOff

Packoffsubsutilizehydraulicpressureonatwobrassfittingswhich
compressarubbersealingelementtocreateasealaroundthewireline.
Packoffscanbehandpumpedorcompressedthroughamotorized
pumpingunit.

LineWiper
WirelineGreaseheadusedfor
Alinewiperoperatesinmuchthesamewayasapackoffsub,exceptthat pressurecontrol
therubberelementismuchsofter.Hydraulicpumpsexertforceonthe
rubberelementuntilalightpressureisexertedonthewireline,cleaning
greaseandwellfluidoffthelineintheprocess.

QuickTestSub

AQuickTestSub(QTS)isusedwhenpressuretestingthepressurecontrol
equipment(PCE)forrepetitiveoperations.ThePCEispressuretestedand
thenbrokeattheQTSafterwardstoavoidhavingtoretesttheentirestring.
ThePCEisthenreconnectedattheQTS.TheQTShastwoOringswhere
itwasdisconnectedthatcanbetestedwithhydraulicpressuretoconfirm
thePCEcanstillholdthepressureitwastestedto.

BallCheckValve WirelineRollertopPackoff

Ifthewirelineweretobecomeseveredfromthetool,aballcheckvalvecansealthewellofffromthesurface.
Duringwirelineoperations,asteelballsitstothesideofaconfinedareawithinthegreaseheadwhilethecable
runsinandoutofthehole.Ifthewirelineexitsthatconfinedareaunderpressure,thepressurewillforcethesteel
balluptowardstheholewherethewirelinehadbeen.Theball'sdiameterislargerthanthatofthehole,sotheball
effectivelysealsoffpressuretothesurface.

HeadCatcher
Aheadcatcherisadeviceplacedatthetopofthelubricatorsection.Shouldthewirelinetoolsbeforcedintothe
topofthelubricatorsection,theheadcatcher,whichlookslikeasmall'claw,'willclampdownonthefishingneck
ofthetool.Thisactionpreventsthetoolsfromfallingdownholeshouldthelinepulloutoftheropesocket.
Pressureisbledoffoftheheadcatchertoreleasethetools.

ToolTrap

Atooltraphasthesamepurposeasaheadcatcherinthatitpreventsthetoolsfrominadvertentlydroppingdown
thehole.

Seealso
Oilindustry
Wellintervention
Welllogging
Perforating
SeaboardInternational
Listofoilfieldservicecompanies
Coiledtubing

SourcesandCitations
1.Schlumberger,CompensatedNeutronLog(http://www.slb.com/content/services/evaluation/petrophysics/porosity/cnl.asp)
2.[1](http://www.coiledtubingdrilling.com/ctd/coiledtubing/technology/)AnTechCCLToolwithinCTDOffering
3.http://wirelinehq.com/wirelinebasics/wirelinecasingcollarlocator/
4.http://wirelinehq.com/wirelinebasics/cablehead/

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