Couper: Chemical Process Equipment Final proof 13.11.

2004 5:41pm page 729

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Appendix A --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

1. Units and conversions 729 5. Properties of steel pipe 733

2. Notation 730 6. Standard gauges of sheets, plates, and wires 734
3. Properties of steam and water 731 7. Weights and angles of slide of various materials 735
4. Properties of air and steam at atmospheric pressure 732 8. Petroleum products, typical compositions 738

TABLE A1. Units and Conversions

Prefixes for Unit Multiples and Mass:

Submultiples:
1 lb 0.4536 kg
10
18 atto a 101 deca da 1 kg 2.2046 lb
10
15 femto f 102 hecto h
10
12 pico p 103 kilo k Density:
10
9 nano n 106 mega M 1 lb/cuft 16.018 kg/cum
10
6 micro m 109 giga G 1 gm/cucm 62.43 lb/cuft
10
3 milli m 1012 tera T
8API 141.5/(specific gravity)
131.5
10
2 centi c
10
1 deci d specific gravity 141.5/(8API 131.5)
Force:
1 lb force 0.4536 kg force 4.448 Newtons
Length:
Pressure:
1 ft 0.3048 m 30.48 cm 304.8 mm
Volume: 1 atm 760 Torr 760 mm Hg 101; 325 N=sqm
1:01325 bar 10; 330 kg=sqm 14:696 lbf=sq in
1 cuft 0.0283 cum 7.481 U.S. gal
1 cum 35.34 cuft 1000 L 2; 116:2 lbf=sqft
1 bar 100,000 N/sqm
Standard gas volume: 1 Pa 1 N/sqm
22.414 L/g mol at 08C and 1 atm Energy, work, and heat:
359.05 cuft/lb mol at 328F and 1 atm
Gas constant R: 1 Btu 252:16 cal 1055:06 J 0:2930 W hrs
10:41 L atm
Energy Temperature Mole R 1 HP hr 0.7457 kWh 778 ft lbf 2545 cal
lb ft2 =sec2 8Rankine lb 4:969  104 1 cal 4.1868 J
ft lbf 8Rankine lb 1544 1 J 1 N m 1 W sec 0.2388 cal 0.000948 Btu
cuft atm 8Rankine lb 0.7302
cuft (lbf/sqin.) 8Rankine lb 10.73 Power:
Btu 8Rankine lb 1.987
hP hr 8Rankine lb 7:805  10
4 1 ft lbf/sec 0.0018182 HP 1.356 W 0.0012856
kW hr 8Rankine lb 5:819  10
4 Btu/sec 0.3238 cal/sec
1 W 1 J/sec 1 N m/sec
J (abs) Kelvin g 8.314 Temperature:
kg m2 =sec2 Kelvin kg 8:314  103
kg fm Kelvin kg 8:478  102 K (Kelvin) 8C (centigrade) 273.16 [8F (Fahrenheit)
cucm atm Kelvin g 82.0562 459.6]/1.8 8R (Rankine)/1.8
calorie Kelvin g 1.987 8R 1.8 K 8F 459.6
8C (8F
32)/1.8
Gravitational constant:
Temperature difference:
gc 1 kg mass=N sec2 18C 18K 1.88R 1.88F
1 g cm=dyn sec2 Heat capacity and entropy:
9:806 kg mass=kg force sec2
1 cal/(g) (8K) 4.1868 J/(g)(8K) Btu/(lb)(8R)
32:174 lb mass=lb force sec2

729
 Couper: Chemical Process Equipment Final proof 13.11.2004 5:41pm page 730

730 UNITS, NOTATION, AND GENERAL DATA

TABLE A1.(continued ) TABLE A2. Notationa

Cp heat capacity at constant pressure

Specific energy: CV heat capacity at constant volume
gc gravitational constant (numerical values in Table A1)
1 cal/g 4.1868 J/g 1.8 Btu/lb h individual heat transfer coefficient
H enthalpy
Volumetric flow: k thermal conductivity
k Cp =Cv
1 cuft/sec 0.028316 cum/sec 28.316 L/sec K y=x vaporization equilibrium ratio, VER
mi mass fraction of component i of a mixture
Heat flux:
M molecular weight
P pressure
1 Btu=(hr)(ft2 ) 3:1546 W=m2 Q volumetric flow rate
Q heat transfer rate
2:172 kcal=(hr)(m2 )
R gas constant (numerical values in Table A1)
S entropy
Heat transfer coefficient: T temperature, usually 8R or 8K
u linear velocity
1 Btu/(hr) (ft2 ) (F) 5.6783 W/m2 K
U overall heat transfer coefficient
Surface tension: V volume
xi mol fraction of component i in the liquid phase
yi mol fraction of component i in the vapor phase
1 dyn=cm 1 erg=cm2 zi mol fraction of component i in a mixture
0:001 N sec=m2 z PV/RT, compressibility
m viscosity
r density
s surface tension
Viscosity, dynamic:
a
Most symbols are defined near where they are used in
1 cP 0:001 N sec=m2 equations. Unless defined otherwise locally, certain notations have
0:001 Pa sec the meanings in this list.
0:000672 lbm =ft sec
2:42 lbm =ft hr
0:0752 lbf hr=ft2

Viscosity, kinematic:

1 centistoke 0:00360 m2 =hr

0:0388 ft2 =hr