IPR Outflow performance : The relationship between the production flow rate measured at the stock

tank, qo, and the bottomhole flowing pressure, pwf, is called the inflow performance relationship (1PR). The IPR
of a well can be determined directly by production test data, or it can be predicted from reservoir data. Whether
presented graphically or expressed by a formula, the IPR is a statement of the production capacity and is
widely used to design and analyze the production performance of wells

artificial lift : Artificial lift is a method used to lower the producing bottomhole pressure (BHP) on the
formation to obtain a higher production rate from the well. This can be done with a positive-displacement
downhole pump, such as a beam pump or a progressive cavity pump (PCP), to lower the flowing pressure at
the pump intake. It also can be done with a downhole centrifugal pump, which could be a part of an electrical
submersible pump (ESP) system. A lower bottomhole flowing pressure and higher flow rate can be achieved
with gas lift in which the density of the fluid in the tubing is lowered and expanding gas helps to lift the fluids.
Artificial lift can be used to generate flow from a well in which no flow is occurring or used to increase the flow
from a well to produce at a higher rate. Most oil wells require artificial lift at some point in the life of the field,
and many gas wells benefit from artificial lift to take liquids off the formation so gas can flow at a higher rate.

-skin dalam IPR :The impact of skin on well productivity can be estimated by the use of inflow performance
relationships (IPRs) for the well such as those proposed by Vogel, [3]
Fetkovich, [4] and Standing. [2] These IPRs
can be summarized as follows : [5]

....................(4)

where

....................(5)

A numerical value used to analytically model the difference from the pressure drop predicted by Darcy's law due to
skin. Typical values for the skin factor range from -6 for an infinite-conductivity massive hydraulic fracture to more
than 100 for a poorly executed gravel pack. This value is highly dependent on the value of kh. For example, a 20-psi
[138-kPa] total pressure drop related to skin effect could produce almost any skin factor, depending on the value of
kh. For any given pressure drop from skin effect, the skin factor increases proportionally as kh increases.

dan yang mempengaruhi skin factor

-Production fasilities gas minyak cara memperbesar influx dari reservoir
HSE analisis

Transportasi migas (tanker, pipa) batasan jarak dan kapasitas : Crude-oil and petroleum-
product tankers vary in size from small coastal vessels about 60 metres (200 feet) long,
carrying from 1,500 to 2,000 deadweight tons (dwt), up to huge vessels that reach
lengths of more than 400 metres (1,300 feet), carry as much as 550,000 dwt, and are
the largest ships afloat. (Deadweight is the total weight of cargo plus such necessary
supplies as fuel, lubricating oil, crew, and the crews life support.) Between these two
 extremes are various size classes, though the exact specifications for each class vary
among sources. Common tanker designations, in descending order by size, are:

1. Ultralarge crude carriers (ULCCs). The very largest ships, these have a length in
the neighbourhood of 415 metres (1,350 feet) and a capacity of 320,000 to more than
550,000 dwt. They carry from two million to well more than three million barrels of
crude.
2. Very large crude carriers (VLCCs). These ships, with a length of some 330
metres (1,100 feet), have capacities between 200,000 and 320,000 dwt. They carry in
the area of two million barrels.
3. Suezmax. The largest ships that can transit the Suez Canal, these tankers are
some 275 metres (900 feet) long and have a capacity of 120,000 to 200,000 dwt. They
carry about 800,000 to more than 1,000,000 barrels.
4. Aframax. The maximum size of vessel to use the Average Freight Rate
Assessment method for calculating shipping rates, these tankers are around 240 metres
(790 feet) long and have capacities of 80,000 to 120,000 dwt. They carry roughly
500,000 to 800,000 barrels.
5. Panamax. The maximum size that can transit the Panama Canal, these tankers
range in length between 200 and 250 metres (650 and 820 feet) and have capacities of
50,000 to 80,000 dwt. They carry 350,000 to 500,000 barrels.
6. Handymax, Handysize, Coastal, and other classes. These ships have capacities
of less than 50,000 dwt and lengths up to approximately 200 metres (650 feet).

Aspek HSE
Teori ekonomi