CANKAYA UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
ME 212 THERMODYNAMICS II

CHAPTER 13

EXAMPLES SOLUTIONS

1) One hundred kmol of propane (C3H8) together with 3572 kmol of air enter a furnace per
unit of time. Carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, and unburned fuel appear in the products of
combustion exiting the furnace. Determine the percent excess or deficiency of air, whichever
is appropriate.

100 kmole
C3H8
CO2, CO, unburned fuel,
3572 kmole
air

Assumptions:

1) 3.76 kmol of N2 accompanying each kmol of O2 in air.

2) N2 is inert gas.

The data are provided for actual operation. Thus:

3572 kmol air

AF 35.72
100 kmol fuel

The balance equation for complete combustion with the theoretical amount of air is:

C3H8 + 5(O2 + 3.76N2) 3CO2 + 4H2O + 18.8N2

The theoretical air/fuel ratio is:

AF theo
5(4.76)
1
23.8
kmol air
kmol fuel

Accordingly,

35.72 23.8
% excess (100) 50%
23.8

1
2) Propane (C3H8) is burned with air. For each case, obtain the balanced reaction equation for
complete combustion.
a) with the theoretical amount of air.
b) with 20% excess air.
c) with 20% excess air, but only 90% of the propane being consumed in the reaction.

Assumptions:

1) 3.76 kmol of N2 accompanying each kmol of O2 in air.

2) N2 is inert gas.

a) Complete combustion with the theoretical amount of air.

C3H8 + 5(O2 + 3.76N2) 3CO2 + 4H2O + 18.8N2

b) Complete combustion with 20% excess air:

C3H8 + 5(1.2)(O2 + 3.76N2) 3CO2 + 4H2O + O2 + (5)(1.2)(3.76N2)

O: (6)(2) = 6 + 4 + 2 1

C3H8 + 6(O2 + 3.76N2) 3CO2 + 4H2O + 1O2 + 22.56N2

c) Combustion with 20% excess air. 90% of the fuel is burned.

C3H8 + 6(O2 + 3.76N2) 0.1 C3H8 + CO2 + H2O + O2 + 22.56N2

C : 3 = 0.3 + 2.7
H : 8 = 0.8 +2 3.6
O : 12 = 2(2.7) + 3.6 +2 1.5

C3H8 + 6(O2 + 3.76N2) 0.1 C3H8 + 2.7CO2 + 3.6H2O + 1.5O2 + 22.56N2

2
3) A fuel mixture with the molar analysis 70% CH4, 20% CO, 5% O2, and 5% N2 burns
completely with 20% excess air. Determine:
a) the balanced reaction equation.
b) the air-fuel ratio, both on a molar and mass basis.

Assumptions:

1) 3.76 kmol of N2 accompanying each kmol of O2 in air.

2) N2 is inert gas.

On the basis of 1 mol of fuel mixture, the reaction equation for complete combustion with the
theoretical amount of air is:

(0.7CH4+0.20CO+0.05O2+0.05N2) + (O2+3.76N2) CO2 + H2O + (3.76 + 0.05) N2

C : 0.7 + 0.2 = 0.9

H : 2.8 = 2 1.4
O : 0.2 + 0.1 + 2 = 2(0.9) + 1.4 1.45

Thus,

(0.7CH4+0.20CO+0.05O2+0.05N2) + 1.45(O2+3.76N2) 0.9CO2 +1.4H2O +5.952N2

Thus the reaction for complete combustion with 20% excess air is:

(0.7CH4+0.20CO+0.05O2+0.05N2) + (1.2)(1.45)(O2+3.76N2) 0.9CO2 +1.4H2O

+ O 2 +[(1.7)(3.76)+0.05]N2

O : 0.2 + 0.1 + 2(1.74) = 1.8 + 1.4 + 2 0.29

Accordingly;

(0.7CH4+0.20CO+0.05O2+0.05N2) + 1.74(O2+3.76N2) 0.9CO2 +1.4H2O

+ 0.29O 2 +6.59N2

b) The air fuel ratio is:

(1.74)(4.76) kmol air

AF 8.25
1 kmol fuel

The fuel molecular mass is:

Mf = (0.7)(16.04) + (0.2)(28.01) + (0.05)(32) + 0.05(28.01) = 19.831

so;

M 28.97
AF AF air (8.25) 12.05
kg air
M fuel 19.831 kg fuel

3
4) A fuel mixture with the molar analysis 94.4% CH4, 3.4% C2H6, 0.6% C3H8, 0.5% C4H10,
1.1% N2 burns completely with 20% excess air in a reactor operating at steady state. If the
molar flow rate of the fuel is 0.1 kmol/h, determine the molar flow rate of the air, in kmol/h.

Assumptions:

1) 3.76 kmol of N2 accompanying each kmol of O2 in air.

2) N2 is inert gas.

On the basis of 1 mol of fuel mixture, complete combustion with the theoretical amount of air
is:

(0.944CH4+0.034C2H6+0.006C3H8+0.005C4H10+0.011N2) + (O2+3.76N2) CO2 +

H2O + (3.76 + 0.011) N2

C : 0.944 + 2(0.034) + 3(0.0006) + 4(0.005) = 1.05

H : 4(0.944) + 6(0.034) + 8(0.0006) + 10(0.005) = 2 2.039
O : 2 = 2(1.05) + 2.039 2.0695

Combustion with 20% excess air means that the molar flow rate is:

1.2(2.0695)(4.76) kmol air

AF 11.82
1 kmol fuel

Thus, with n fuel 0.1kmol / h

n air 1.182 kmol air / h

4
5) Dodecane (C12H26) burns completely with 150% of theoretical air. Determine:
a) the air-fuel ratio on a molar and mass basis.
b) the dew point temperature of the combustion products, in oC, when cooled at 1 atm.

Assumptions:

1) 3.76 kmol of N2 accompanying each kmol of O2 in air.

2) N2 is inert gas.

a) For complete combustion with the theoretical amount of air:

C12H26 + (O2+3.76N2) CO2 + H2O + 3.76 N2

C : 12 =
O : 2 = 2(12) + 13 18.5
H : 26 = 2 13

Then, complete combustion with 150% of the theoretical amount of air:

C12H26 + (1.5)(18.5)(O2 + 3.76N2) 12CO2 + 13H2O + O2 + (1.5)(18.5)3.76N2

O : 2(1.5)(18.5) = 24 + 13 + 2 9.25

Accordingly:

(1.5)(18.5)(4.76) kmol air

AF 132.09
1 kmol fuel

M
AF AF air (132.09)
28.97
22.46
kg air
M fuel (12)(12.01) (26)(1.009) kg fuel

b) The partial pressure of the water in the combustion products is

pv = Yvp1 where;

13
Yv 0.0938
(12 13 9.25 104.34)

so

p v (0.0938)(1.01325 bar ) 0.09504 bar

Then, from tables: Tdew = 44.8oC

5
6
6) Carbon burns with 80% theoretical air yielding CO2, CO, and N2 only. Determine:
a) the balanced reaction equation.
b) the air-fuel ratio on a mass basis.
c) the analysis of the products on a molar basis.

Assumptions:

1) 3.76 moles of N2 accompanying each mole of O2 in air.

2) N2 is inert gas.

a) Complete combustion of C with the theoretical amount of air is described by:

C + (O2 + 3.76N2) CO2 + 3.76N2

Thus, combustion with 80% theoretical air produces CO2, CO, and N2 is:

C + (0.80)(O2 + 3.76N2) aCO2 + bCO + (0.80)(3.76)N2

C : 1 = a + b b = 1-a
O : (0.80)(2) = 2a + b 1.6 = 2a + (1-a) a = 0.6 b = 0.4

Accordingly, the balanced reaction equation is:

C + (0.80)(O2 + 3.76N2) 0.6CO2 + 0.4CO + 3.008N2

b) The air fuel ratio is:

(0.80)(4.76) kmol air

AF 3.808
1 kmol fuel

M 28.97
AF AF air (3.808) 9.19
kg air
M fuel 12.01 kg fuel

c) The molar analysis of the products is:

0.6
%CO 2 (100) 15%
4.008
0.4
%CO (100) 10%
4.008
3.008
%N 2 (100) 75%
4.008

7
7) Liquid methanol (CH3OH) burns with air. The product gas is analyzed and the laboratory
report gives only the following percentages on a dry molar basis: 7.1% CO2, 2.4% CO, and
0.84% CH3OH. Assuming the balance consists of O2 and N2, determine:
a) the percentage of O2 and N2 in the dry molar analysis.
b) the percent excess air.

Assumptions:

1) 3.76 moles of N2 accompanying each mole of O2 in the combustion air.

2) N2 is inert gas.
3) The dry products include only CO2, CO, CH3OH, O2 and N2.

a) On the basis of 100 moles of dry products:

yCH3OH + (O2+3.76N2) 7.1CO2 + 2.4CO + 0.84CH3OH + xN2 + (89.66-x)O2 + wH2O

Note : For the dry products, 7.1 + 2.4 +0.84 + x + z = 100 x + z = 89.66, or z = 89.66 x

C : y = 7.1 + 2.4 + 0.84 y = 10.34

H : 4(10.34) = (0.84)(4) + 2w w = 19
O : (10.34) + 2 = (7.1)(2) + 2.4 + 0.84 + 2(89.66 - x) + 19 = 102.71 x
()(2)(3.76) 2x
N: 102.71 3.76 21.578 x 81.13 and 89.66 x 8.53
3.76 x

Accordingly;

%N2 = 81.13 and %O2 = 8.53

b) For complete combustion with the theoretical amount of air

CH3OH + (O2+3.76N2) CO2 + H2O + 3.76 N2

C:1=
H : 4 = 2 = 2
O : 1 + 2 = 2(1) + 2 = 3/2

% theoretical (21.578)(4.76) / 10.34

(100) 139
air (1.5)(4.76) / 1

% excess air 39

8
8) Benzene gas (C6H6) at 25oC, 1 atm enters a combustion chamber operating at steady state
and burns with 95% theoretical air entering at 25oC, 1 atm. The combustion products exit at
1000 K and include only CO2, CO, H2O, and N2. Determine the mass flow rate of the fuel, in
kg/s, to provide heat transfer at a rate of 1000 kW.

C6H6
25oC 1
1 atm 3 CO2, CO, H2O, N2
95% 1000 K
2
theo air
25oC
1 atm 1000 kW
Q cv

Assumptions:

1) The control volume shown is at steady state with W 0 and negligible kinetic/potential
cv
energy effects.
2) 3.76 moles of N2 accompany each mole of O2 in the combustion air and N2 is inert.
3) The ideal gas model is applicable to the combustion air and the products of combustion.

The balanced reaction equation for combustion with the theoretical amount of air is:

C6H6 + (7.5)(O2 + 3.76N2) 6CO2 + 3H2O +28.2N2

The balanced reaction equation for combustion with 95% theoretical air is:

C6H6 + (7.125)(O2 + 3.76N2) 5.25CO2 + 0.75CO + 3H2O +26.79N2

An energy rate balance reduces to:

0
Q cv W

cv h fuel 1 7.125h O 2 26.79h N 2
n fuel n fuel
5.25h
2 CO2 0.75h CO 3h H 2O 26.79h N 2
3

0

with h h fo h

Q cv

n fuel

5.25 h fo h
CO2

0.75 h fo h
CO

3 h fo h
H 2O

26.79 h fo h
N2

h fo fuel

with data from the ideal gas tables:

9

5.25 393520 42769 9364 0.75 110530 30355 8669
Q cv

n fuel
3 241820 35882 9904 26.7930129 8669 82930

Q
cv
2112780 kJ / kmol fuel
n fuel

1000 kW 1000 kJ / s
Then, for Q cv

10 3 kJ / s kmol fuel
n fuel 4.73 10 4
2112780 kJ / kmol fuel s

kg fuel
with M = 78.11 from tables;
kmol fuel

kmol fuel kg fuel kg fuel

n fuel 4.73 10 4 78.11 0.037
s kmol fuel s

10
9) A closed, rigid vessel initially contains a gaseous mixture of 1 kmol of Octane (C8H18) and
300% of theoretical air at 25oC, 1 atm. If the mixture burns completely, determine the heat
transfer from the vessel, in kJ, and the final pressure, in atm, for a final temperature of 1000
K.

1 kmol C8H18 Products

300% theo air 1 T2 = 100 K 2
25oC, 1 atm p2 = ?

initial final

Assumptions:

1) W 0
2) 3.76 moles of N2 accompany each mole of O2 in the air and N2 is inert.
3) The ideal gas model is applicable to initial and final mixtures.

Combustion equation for 300% theoretical air is:

C8H18 + 3(12.5)(O2 + 3.76N2) 8CO2 + 9H2O + 25O2 + 141N2

The energy balance reduces to Q W = UP UR = (Ufinal Uinitial)

Q (8u CO2 9u H2O 25u O2 141u N2 ) f (1u C8H18 37.5u O2 141u N2 ) i

For the ideal gas, u h RT

Substituting for u and collecting RT terms,

Q (8h CO2 9h H 2O 25h O2 141h N 2 ) 2 (h C8H18 37.5h O2 141h N 2 )1

R (183T2 179.5T1 )

Define h h fo h and h fo = 0 for O2 and N2. Using data from tables:

Q 8 395520 42769 9364CO2 9 241820 35882 9904H 2O

2531389 3682O 2 14130129 8669N 2 (208450) C8H18( g )
8.314(183)(1000) (179.5)(298)

Q 2098251 kJ

Using the ideal gas equation for a constant volume process,

p1V n1RT1 and p 2 V n 2 RT2

11
p 2 n 2 T2 183 1000
3.421
p1 n 1 T1 179.5 298

p 2 3.421p1 3.421(1) 3.421 atm

12
10) Determine the enthalpy of combustion for gaseous butane (C4H10), in kJ per kmol of fuel
and kJ per kg of fuel, at 25oC, 1 atm, determine:
a) water vapor in the products.
b) liquid vapor in the products.

Assumptions:

1) Combustion is with the theoretical amount of air.

2) 3.76 moles of N2 accompany each mole of O2 in the air and N2 is inert.
3) The combustion air and the combustion products can be modeled as ideal gases.

Complete combustion of C4H10 with the theoretical amount of air is described by:

C4H10 + (6.5)(O2 + 3.76N2) 4CO2 + 5H2O + 24.4N2

The enthalpy of combustion is:

h RP 4(h fo ) CO2 5(h fo ) H2O (h fo ) C4H10

a) H2O is a vapor:

h RP 4(393520) 5(241820) (126150) 2.657 10 6 kJ / kmol(C 4 H10 )

kg fuel
For C4H10, M = 58.12 , so;
kmol fuel
and
2.657 10 6
h RP 45716 kJ / kg
58.12

a) H2O is a liquid:

h RP 4(393520) 5(285830) (126150) 2.877 10 6 kJ / kmol(C 4 H10 )

kg fuel
For C4H10, M = 58.12 , so;
kmol fuel
and
2.877 10 6
h RP 49501 kJ / kg
58.12

13
11) Determine the higher heating value, in kJ per kmol of fuel and in kJ per kg of fuel, at
25oC, 1 atm for
a) liquid octane (C8H18).
b) gaseous hydrogen (H2).
c) liquid methanol (CH3OH).
d) gaseous butane (C4H10).

Assumptions:

1) Combustion is with the theoretical amount of air.

2) 3.76 moles of N2 accompany each mole of O2 in the air and N2 is inert.
3) The combustion air and the gaseous products can be modeled as ideal gases. The water
formed on combustion is a liquid.

a) Liquid octane (C8H18):

The reaction equation for complete combustion with the theoretical amount of air is:

C8H18 + 12.5(O2 + 3.76N2) 8CO2 + 9H2O + 47N2

The enthalpy of combustion at 25oC, 1atm is:

h RP 8(h fo ) CO2 9(h fo ) H2O(l) (h fo ) C8H18

h RP 8(393520) 9(285830) (249910) 5470720 kJ / kmol (C8 H18 ) .

Accordingly;

HHV 5470720 kJ / kmol (C 8 H18 )

5470720 kJ / kmol (C 8 H18 )

HHV 47896 kJ / kg (C 8 H18 )
114.22 kg / kmol (C 8 H18 )

b) gaseous hydrogen (H2):

The reaction equation for complete combustion with the theoretical amount of air is:

H2 + 1/2(O2 + 3.76N2) H2O + 1.88N2

The enthalpy of combustion at 25oC, 1atm is:

h RP (h fo ) H2O(l) 285300 kJ / kmol (H 2 )

Accordingly;

14
HHV 285300 kJ / kmol (H 2 )

285300 kJ / kmol (H 2 )
HHV 141378 kJ / kg (H 2 )
2.018 kg / kmol (H 2 )

c) Liquid methanol (CH3OH):

The reaction equation for complete combustion with the theoretical amount of air is:

CH3OH + 1.5(O2 + 3.76N2) CO2 + 2H2O + 5.64N2

The enthalpy of combustion at 25oC, 1atm is:

h RP (h fo ) CO2 2(h fo ) H2O(l) (h fo ) CH3OH

h RP 2(285830) (393520) (238810) 726370 kJ / kmol (CH 3 OH)

Accordingly;

HHV 726370 kJ / kmol (CH 3 OH)

726370 kJ / kmol (CH 3 OH)

HHV 22664 kJ / kg (CH 3 OH)
32.05 kg / kmol (CH 3 OH)

d) Gaseous butane (C4H10):

The reaction equation is:

C4H10 + 6.5(O2 + 3.76N2) 4CO2 + 5H2O + 24.44N2

The enthalpy of combustion at 25oC, 1atm is:

h RP 4(h fo ) CO2 5(h fo ) H2O(l) (h fo ) C4H10 (g )

h RP 4(393520) 5(285830) (126150) 2877080 kJ / kmol (C 4 H10 )

Accordingly;

HHV 2877080 kJ / kmol (C 4 H10 )

2877080 kJ / kmol (C 4 H10 )

HHV 49502 kJ / kg (C 4 H10 )
58.12 kg / kmol (C 4 H10 )

15
12) For each of the following fuels, determine the adiabatic flame temperature, in K, for
complete combustion with 200% of theoretical air in a combustor operating at steady state.
The reactants enter at 25oC, 1 atm.
a) carbon
b) hydrogen (H2).
c) liquid octane (C8H18).

Fuel
25oC 1
1 atm 3 Products
200% 2 at T3
theo air
25oC
1 atm

Assumptions:

1) For the control volume shown in the accompanying figure Q W 0 and the effects
cv cv
of kinetic and potential energy are negligible.
2) 3.76 moles of N2 accompany each mole of O2 in the air and N2 is inert.
3) The ideal gas model is applicable to the combustion air and products.

a) Fuel is carbon (C):

Complete combustion of C with the 200% of theoretical amount of air is described by:

C + 2(O2 + 3.76N2) CO2 + O2 + 7.52N2

An energy rate balance at steady state reduces to:

Q W
0 cv
cv (h C )1 (2h O2 7.52h N 2 ) 2 (h CO2 h O2 7.52h N 2 ) 3
n fuel n fuel

with h h fo h and noting that h fo 0 for C, O2 and N2.

0 h fo h (T3 ) h (298) CO2 h (T3 ) h (298) O2 7.52 h (T3 ) h (298)
N2

Accordingly, with data from the ideal gas tables:

h CO2 (T3 ) h O2 (T3 ) 7.52h N2 (T3 ) (393520 9364) 8682 7.52(8669) 476757

Solving, T3 1506 K

b) Fuel is hydrogen (H2):

Complete combustion of H2 with the 200% of theoretical amount of air is described by:

16
H2 + O2 + 3.76N2 H2O + 1/2O2 + 3.76N2

An energy rate balance at steady state reduces to:

Q W
0 cv
cv (h H 2 )1 (h O2 3.76h N 2 ) 2 (h H 2O 1 / 2h O2 3.76h N 2 ) 3
n fuel n fuel

with h h fo h and noting that h fo 0 for H2, O2 and N2.

0 h fo h (T3 ) h (298) H 2O 1
2

h (T3 ) h (298) O2 3.76 h (T3 ) h (298) N 2
Accordingly, with data from the ideal gas tables:

1 1
h H 2O (T3 ) h O2 (T3 ) 3.76h N 2 (T3 ) (241820 9904) (8682) 3.76(8669) 288660
2 2

Solving, T3 1647 K

c) Fuel is liquid octane (C8H18):

Complete combustion of C8H18 with the 200% of theoretical amount of air is described by:

C8H18 + 25(O2 + 3.76N2) 8CO2 + 9H2O + 12.5O2 + 94N2

An energy rate balance at steady state reduces to:

Q W
0 cv
cv (h C8H18 )1 (25h O2 94h N 2 ) 2 (8h CO2 9h H 2O 12.5h O2 94h N 2 ) 3
n fuel n fuel

with h h fo h and noting that h fo 0 for O2 and N2.

8h h(T ) h(298)
0 h fo C8 H18
o
f 3 CO2

9 h fo h (T3 ) h (298) H 2O 12.5 h (T3 ) h (298) O2
94h (T ) h (298)
3 N2

Accordingly, with data from the ideal gas tables:

8h CO2 (T3 ) 9h H 2O (T3 ) 12.5h O 2 (T3 ) 94h N 2 (T3 ) 249910 8(393520 9364)
9(241820 9904) 12.5(8682) 94(8669)
6162089

Solving, T3 1507 K

17
13)Methane (CH4) at 25oC 1 atm enters an insulated reactor operating at steady state and
burns with the theoretical amount of air entering at 25oC, 1 atm. Determine the temperature of
the exiting combustion products if:
a) combustion is complete.
b) 90% of the carbon in the fuel burns to CO2 and the rest burns to CO.
Neglect kinetic and potential energy effects.

CH4
25oC 1
1 atm 3 Products
theo air 2 at T3
25oC
1 atm

Assumptions:

1) For the control volume shown in the accompanying figure operates at steady state with
Q W 0 and the effects of kinetic and potential energy is negligible.
cv cv
2) 3.76 moles of N2 accompany each mole of O2 in the air and N2 is inert.
3) The ideal gas model is applicable to the combustion air and products.
4) Combustion is with the theoretical amount of air.

a) Complete combustion of CH4 with the theoretical amount of air is described by:

CH4 + 2(O2 + 3.76N2) CO2 + 2H2O + 7.52N2

An energy balance gives: T2 2328 K

b) Combustion of CH4 with 90% of the carbon in the fuel going to CO2 is described by:

CH4 + 2(O2 + 3.76N2) 0.9CO2 + 0.1CO + 2H2O + 0.05O2 + 7.52N2

An energy rate balance at steady state reduces to give:

Q W
0 cv
cv (h CH4 )1 (2h O2 7.52h N 2 ) 2 (0.9h CO2 0.1h CO 2h H 2O 0.05h O2 7.52h N 2 ) 3
n fuel n fuel

with h h fo h and noting that h fo 0 for O2 and N2. This becomes:

0 h fo CH4

0.9 h fo h (T3 ) h (298) CO2 0.1 h fo h (T3 ) h (298) CO
2h o
f h (T ) h (298) 0.05h (T ) h (298)
3 H 2O 3 O2

7.52 h (T3 ) h (298)
N2

Solving,

18

0.9h CO2 (T3 ) 0.1h CO (T3 ) 2h H 2O (T3 ) 0.05h O 2 (T3 ) 7.52h N 2 (T3 ) h fo CH4

0.9 h fo h (298) CO2

0.1 h fo h (298) CO 2 h fo h (298) H 2O 0.05h O 2 (298) 7.52h N 2 (298)

With data from the ideal gas tables:

0.9h CO2 (T3 ) 0.1h CO (T3 ) 2h H 2O (T3 ) 0.05h O 2 (T3 ) 7.52h N 2 (T3 ) 74850 0.9(393520 9364)
0.1(110530 8669) 2(241820 9904) 0.05(8682) 7.52(8669)
868739

Solving, T3 2265 K

19