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If a beam without properly designed shear reinforcement is overloaded to failure, shear col-
lapse is likely to occur suddenly with no advance warning (brittle failure). Therefore, concrete must
be provided by special shear reinforcement to insure flexural failure would occur before shear fail-
ure. In other words, we want to make sure that beam will fail in a ductile manner and in flexure not in
shear.
Shear failure of reinforced concrete beam: (a) overall view, (b) detail near right support
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9.3. REVIEW OF SHEAR
9.4. Background
Consider a small section of the beam with shear
F1 = 1
2
MyI + McI(b(c y) ) = M2 c +I yb(c y)
F 2 = 1 M + M dx
2 x
c +I yb(c y) = M +2 dM c +I yb(c y)
(b)(dx)v = F 2 F 1 = 1 ( M + dM M )
2
c+y
I
b(c y)
( c + y)(c y)
v = dM ( b
dx 2) I
b = V b (c + y)(c y)
Ib 2
(c y)b (c + y)
area 2
arm
VQ
v= 1st moment of area below y is called Q
Ib
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9.5. BACKGROUND
max = V
bd
Average stress is
suitable
for concrete analysis
max = 3 V
2 bd
Element 1 at N.A.
Element 2
Principal
Stresses
t=
f
2
f4 + r
2
2
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Stress trajectories in homogeneous rectangular beam.
Tension stresses, which are of particular concern in the view of the low tensile capacity of the
concrete are not confined only due to the horizontal bending stresses f which are caused by bending
alone.
exist in all parts of a beam and if not taken care of appropriately will result in failure of the beam. It is
for this reason that the inclined tension stresses, known as diagonal tension, must be carefully con-
sidered in reinforced concrete design.
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ACI318
Figure R 11.4.2
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9.6. CRITERIA FOR FORMATION OF DIAGONAL CRACKS IN CONCRETE BEAMS
v ave = V
bd
can be regarded as rough measure of stress
v cr = V = 3.5 f c
bd
Note: The most common type of shear crack occurs only under high shear; with thin webs.
Flexure-Tension Crack
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Formation of flexure shear crack is unpredictable. Nominal shear stress at which diagonal tension
cracks form and propagate is given as
V cr (52)
v cr = = 1.9 f c from many tests.
bd
It was also found that the reinforcement ratio has an effect on diagonal crack formation for the
following reason:
Vc
= 1.9 + 2500 Vd < 3.5 ACI Equation 11-5
bd f c M f c
Vd/M term tells that the diagonal crack formation depends on v and f at the tip of the flexural crack.
We can write shear stress as
v = k1 V (53)
bd
where k1 depends on depth of penetration of flexural cracks. Flexural stress f can be expressed as
f = Mc = k 2 M2 (54)
I bd
where k2 also depends on crack configuration. If we divide (53) by (54) we get
v = k 1 V bd 2 = K Vd (55)
f k 2 bd M M
where K is determined from experiments.
ACI allows us to use an alternate form of Eq. (52) for concrete shear stress
Vc (56)
= 2 f c ACI Eq. 11 3
bd
Shear cracks in beams without shear reinforcement cannot be tolerated, can propagate into compres-
sion face, reducing effective compression area, area to resist shear.
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9.7. WHAT ACTIONS CONTRIBUTE TO TOTAL SHEAR RESISTING FORCE - NO SHEAR REINFORCE-
MENTS
Cracked Beam without any shear reinforcement
Conservatively, we may neglect all but concrete stress. Nature of failure offers very little
reserve capacity if any. As a result, design strength in shear (without shear reinforcement) is gov-
erned by strength which present before formation of diagonal cracks.
WEB REINFORCEMENT
Shear reinforcement allows for
Ductile failure mode - Shear failure is not ductile, it is sudden and dangerous.
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9.8. POSSIBLE CONFIGURATION OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Vertical stirrups, also called ties or hoops
Inclined stirrups
Bend up bars
Generally #3, #4, and #5 bars are used for stirrups and are
formed to fit around main longitudinal rebars with a hook at
end to provide enough anchorage against pullout of the bars.
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9.9. EFFECT OF STIRRUPS
V c = bd 1.9 f c + 2500 w Vd
M
3.5 f c bd
2. After cracking
Assuming Vc equals to that at cracking - This is conservative due to the effect of
compression and diagonal tension in the remaining uncracked, compression zone of the beam.
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9.11. BEAMS WITH VERTICAL STIRRUPS (OR BEAMS WITH SHEAR REINFORCEMENT)
Forces at diagonal crack in a beam with vertical stirrups can be shown as
If horizontal projection of the crack is p, and the stirrup spacing is s, then the number of stirrups
crossed by a random crack will be:
p
n = s
V s = nA vf s
V s = nA vf y fs = fy
Also, we can conservatively neglect forces due to dowel and aggregate interlock. Therefore
V n = V c + V s = V c + nA vf y
The only question remaining is that: What is the horizontal projection of the crack? Test shown that
p=d is a good approximation: p/s = d/s or
V s = nA vf y = ds A vf y This is Eq. 1115 of ACI
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9.12. BEAMS WITH INCLINED BARS
a
a
z
Av fv
x y
p
i
tan = Zx x = Z
tan
tan = Z
y y =
Z
p
tan
S=x+y= Z + Z
tan tan
Z = S 1 + tan1
tan
S
a =
sin 1 + 1
tan tan
sin = Z
a Z = a sin
p p
n = ai & cos = n=
i a cos
sin 1 + 1
n =
p
cos
tan tan
S
p
= tan 1 + 1
S
tan tan
=
p
S
1 + tan
tan
p
if = 45 o tan(45) = 1 n=
S
1+ 1
tan
V s = nA vf y sin < 3 f c b wd Eq. 11--17
pS 1 + cos
V s = A vf y sin = A f d sin + cos
sin v y
S
Eq. 11--16
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9.13. ACI CODE PROVISIONS FOR SHEAR DESIGN
According to ACI code procedures
Vu = total shear force applied at a given section due to factored loads. (1.2 wd + 1.6 wL ,
etc.)
Vn = nominal shear strength, which is the sum of contributions of the concrete and the web
steel if present
Vn = Vc + Vs
= strength reduction factor (=0.75 for shear) - Compare to the strength reduction factor for bend-
ing which is 0.9. The reason for the difference is:
Sudden nature of failure for shear
Imperfect understanding of the failure mode
ACI provisions:
Vertical stirrups
Av fy d Sect 11.4.7.2 Eq. 11-15
V u V c + s
Inclined stirrups
Av fy d
V u V c + s (sin + cos ) Sect 11.4.7.2 Eq. 11-16
For design:
Av fy d
V u = V c + s
or
Av fy d Av fy d
s = or s =
Vu V u V c
Vc
similarly one can find s for inclined bars
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9.14. WHERE DOSE CODE REQUIRE SHEAR REINFORCEMENT?
According to ACI code section 11.5.5, we need to provide shear reinforcement when
V c
Vu
2
Exception are:
Slabs and footings
Concrete joist construction
Special configuration beam (shallow)
Special case when test to destruction shows adequate capacity
When Vu ( the factored shear force) is no larger than Vc then theoretically no web reinforcement is
required. Even in such cases, the code requires at least a minimum area of web reinforcement equal
to
b wS 1 V V V
A v,min = 0.75 f c Eq.(11 13) for
f yt 2 u c u
A vf y
s max =
50b w
V d
V c = b wd 1.9 f c + 2500 w u
Mu
3.5 f c b wd Eq.11 5 Sect 11.3.2
V ud
| | 1
Mu Vc
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9.16. MAXIMUM STIRRUPS SPACING
b wS A vf y
A v,min = 0.75 f c S max = Eq. 11-13 of ACI
f yt 50b w
S max = 24 inches
A vf y
b wS S max = Eq. 11-13 of ACI
A v,min = 0.75 f c 50b w
f yt
S max = 12 inches
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9.17. EXAMPLE OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
Select the spacing of U-shaped stirrups made of No. 3 bars for the beam shown below using both Eqs.
11-3 and 11-5 of ACI 318 code to obtain Vc. Compare the resulting space using two formulas.
2.5
h = 18.5 inches 3-#9 bars
d = 16 inches =1.33 ft
b = 11 inches h d
fc = 5,000 psi
fy = 60,000 psi
3-#9 bars
6 k/ft
18
64 V(x) = ax + b
V(x)=64 at x=0
10 V(x)=10 at x =9
Shear Force
10 therefore
64 V(x) =-6x +64
x
183
M(x) = 0.5(64+64-6x)x - 150
= (64-3x)x -150
150 150
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