kps3 516b85f289c9e

Class 10-Mathematics-Unit 1-Commercial Mathematics
Unit-1
Commercial Mathematics
Summary
Percent
By percent we mean many hundredths

% =
100
10 1
Example: 10% = =
100 10
Cost Price (C.P)

Gain or Loss is
The Price at which an article is bought is called its cost price. always on the Cost
Price (C.P)
Selling Price (S.P)
The price at which the article is sold is called its selling price.
Profit or Gain
When S.P > C.P then we say that there is a gain
Gain = (S.P) (C.P)
Loss
When S.P < C.P then we say that there is a loss
Loss = (C.P) - (S.P)
Gain % when Gain and C.P is given

% = 100
.
Loss % when Loss and C.P is given

% = 100
.
Copyright 2013 GenextStudents Limited. All Rights Reserved 1
To calculate S.P when Gain % and C.P is given

100+ %
. = .
100
To calculate S.P when Loss % and C.P is given
100 Discount is
. = .
100 % always offered on
the Marked Price
(M.P)
Marked Price (M.P)
The price written on the article is called its Marked Price (M.P)
Discount
The concession offered buy the dealer on the M.P is called Discount .
Sales Tax (ST)
It is charged by the shopkeeper from the customer on selling price of an item and is
added to the value of the bill
Sales Tax is Paid to State Governments
Value Added Tax (VAT)
VAT is applied on articles depending upon the category they fall in like electronics ,
machinery etc .
Compound Interest (C.I)
Compound Interest is the interest paid on both the principal and the interest you earned
so far on that principal.
To find Amount when rate of interest R% and time in years n is given

= +


Compound Interest (C.I) = Rs (A P)
To find amount when interest is compounded annually but rates are different for different
years
Let the principal value be P Rs and let the rate of interest be p% for first year and q%
for second year.

The Amount after 2 years will be = + +

To find amount when interest is compounded annually but time is in fraction
Let the principal value be P Rs and rate of Interest be R% and let us suppose that the
time is 112 year . Then ,
1
1
= 1 + (1 + 2 )
100 100
To find amount when interest is compounded Half-Yearly
Let principal value be Rs P , rate of interest be R% and time = n years

Then ,

= +

To find amount when interest is compounded Quarterly
Let principal value be Rs P , rate of interest be R% and time = n years

Then ,

= +

Application of compound interest to find Population of a place
Case 1: Population after n years

Let the present population be P and rate of increase be R% annually . Then ,

Population after n years = 1 +
100

Case 2: Population n years ago

Let the present population be P and rate of increase be R% annually . Then ,

Population n years ago =
1+
100

Unit-1
Commercial Mathematics
Exercise
Q. 1 Find the ratio of the following:
(a) Speed of a cycle 15 km per hour to the speed of scooter 30 km per hour.
(b) 5 m to 10 km
(c) 50 paise to Rs 5
15 1
Ans. (a) Ratio of the speed of cycle to that of scooter=
30
=
2
(b) We know that 1 km = 1000 m,
In 10 Km we have = 10x1000m =10000m
5 1
Hence required ratio = =
10000 2000
(c) In Rs 1 we have 100 paise,
In 5 Rs we have =5 100=500 paise
50 1
Hence the required ratio = =
500 2
Q. 2 Convert the following ratios to percentages.(a) 3:4 (b) 2:3
Ans. To convert the ratio in percentage we multiply the ratio by 100%

3
a) 3: 4 = 100 = 75%
4
2
b) 2:3= 100 = 66.66%
3

Q. 3 72% of 25 students are good in mathematics. How many are not good in mathematics?
Ans. We know that total of anything can be 100%
% of students good in maths +% of students not good in maths =100%
72+% of students not good in maths =100
% of students not good in maths =100-72=28%

28
Therefore numbers of students who are not good in maths are = 25 = 7
100
Hence 7 students are not good in maths
Q. 4 A football team won 10 matches out of the total number of matches they played. If their
win percentage was 40, then how many matches did they play in all?
Ans. Let the football team played matches
Number of matches won =10
Winning % age =40%
That means 40% = 10

40
= 10
100
10100
= = 25
40
Therefore the football team played 25 matches in all .
Q. 5 If Chameli had Rs 600 left after spending 75% of her money, how much did she have in
the beginning?
Ans. Let chameli had Rs x in the beginning
% age of money left with chameli after spending 75% =100-75=25%
25% = 600
25
= 600
100

600100
= = 2400
25
Hence Chameli had Rs 2400 in the beginning
Q. 6 If 60% people in city like cricket, 30% like football and the remaining like other games,
then what per cent of the people like other games? If the total numbers of people are
50 lakhs, find the exact number who like each type of game.
Ans. From the given data we can see that
% of people liking cricket +% of people liking football+%of people liking other games
=100%
60+30+% of people liking other games =100%
%of people liking other games =100-90=10%
Total number of people = 50 lakhs

60
Number of people liking cricket = 60% 50 = 50 = 30
100
30
Number of people liking football = 30% 50 = 50 = 15
100
10
Number of people liking other games =10% 50 = 50 = 5
100

Exercise
Q. 1 A man got a 10% increase in his salary. If his new salary is Rs 1, 54,000, find his original
salary.
Ans. Let the original salary of the man be x Rs
Salary after increment + Original salary = Rs 1, 54,000
10% + = 1,54,000
10
+ = 1,54,000
100
110
= 1,54,000
100
15400 100
= = 1,40,000
110
Therefore original salary of man was Rs 1, 40,000
Q. 2 On Sunday 845 people went to the Zoo. On Monday only 169 people went. What is the
per cent decrease in the people visiting the zoo on Monday?
Ans. Number of people went to zoo on Sunday = 845
Number of people went to zoo on Monday= 169
Decrease in the number of people = 845-169
Decrease in the number of people =676

% = 100

676
% = 100 = 80%
845
The Number of people visiting zoo decreased by 80%

Q. 3 A shopkeeper buys 80 articles for Rs 2,400 and sells them for a profit of 16%. Find the
selling price of one article.
Ans. Cost of 80 articles = Rs 2400

2400
Cost Price of 1 article = = 30
80
Given Profit % =16 %
We know that

% = 100
.

16 = 100
30
16 30
=
100
= 4.80
Profit = S.P-C.P
4.80 =S.P-30
Selling Price (S.P)= Rs 34.80
Q. 4 The cost of an article was Rs 15,500. Rs 450 were spent on its repairs. If it is sold for a
profit of 15%, find the selling price of the article.
Ans. Cost of one article =Rs 15,500
Cost of Repairs = Rs 450
Total Cost Price (C.P) of the chair = Rs 15,500 + Rs 450 = Rs 15,950
Profit made = 15 %

% = 100
.

15 = 100
15950
1515950
=
100
Profit = Rs 2392.50
Selling Price = Cost Price + Profit
S.P = Rs 15,950 + 2392.50 = Rs 18,342.50
Q. 5 A VCR and TV were bought for Rs 8,000 each. The shopkeeper made a loss of 4% on the
VCR and a profit of 8% on the TV. Find the gain or loss percent on the whole transaction.
Ans. Cost Price of T.V = Rs 8,000
Loss at the rate of 4% = 4% 8000

4
Loss at rate of 4% = 8000 = 320
100
Selling Price (S.P) of VCR = 8000-320
S.P= Rs 7680
Cost price of T.V = Rs 8000
Profit at the rate of 8% = 8% 8000

8
Profit at the rate of 8%= 8000 = 640
100
Selling Price (S.P) of T.V = Rs 8000+640 = Rs 8640
Total Selling Price = S.P of VCR +S.P of T.V
= Rs 7680 +Rs 8640
=Rs 16320
Total Cost Price = C.P of VCR+C.P of T.V
= 8000+8000
= Rs 16000
Since S.P > C.P
Therefore its a Profit
Profit = Rs 16320- Rs 16000
= Rs 320

% = 100
.
320
% = 100 = 2%
16000
Therefore the shopkeeper had made a profit of 2% on the whole transaction
Q. 6 During a sale, a shop offered a discount of 10% on the marked prices of all the items.
What would a customer have to pay for a pair of jeans marked at Rs 1450 and two shirts
marked at Rs 850 each?
Ans. Total Marked Price = Marked of jeans + marked price of 2 shirts
= 1450 + 2x850 Rs
=Rs 1450 +1700
= Rs 3150
10
Discount at the rate of 10% = 10% 350 = 3150 = 315
100
Sale Price = Marked Price Discount
= Rs 3150- 315
= Rs 2835
Q. 7 A milkman sold two of his buffaloes for Rs 20,000 each. On one he made a gain of 5%
and on the other a loss of 10%. Find his overall gain or loss.
(Hint: Find CP of each)
Ans. Cost Price of one buffalo at the profit of 5% and Selling price Rs 20000
We know that
100
. = .
100 + %
100
. = 20000
100 + 5
2000000
. = = 19047.62
105
Similarly

Cost price of one buffalo at the loss of 10% and selling price Rs 20000
100
. = .
100 %
100
. = 20000
100 10
2000000
. = = 22222.22
90
Therefore total Cost Price = Rs 19047.62+ Rs 22222.22

=Rs 41269.84
Total Selling Price = Rs 20000+ 20000
= Rs 40000
Since C.P > S.P there is a loss

Loss= Rs 41,269.84- Rs 40,000
Loss = Rs 1,269.84
Q. 8 The price of a T.V is Rs 13,000. The sales tax charged on it is at the rate of 12 %. Find the
amount that Vinod will have to pay if he buys it.
Ans. Sales Tax (S.T) @ of 12 % = 12% 13,000
12
Sales Tax (S.T) @ of 12 % = 13000 = 1560
100
Therefore Vinod will have to pay = Rs 13,000+ Rs 1560

= Rs 14560
Q. 9 Arun bought a pair of skates at a sale where the discount was 20%. If the amount he
pays is Rs 1,600. Find the Marked Price.
Ans. Let the marked price of skate be Rs x
Discount offered = 20 % of x
Amount Paid = marked price discount
20
1600 =
100

80
1600 =
100
160000
= = 2000
80
Hence the marked price was Rs 2000
Q. 10 I purchased a hair- dryer for Rs 5,400 including 8% VAT. Find the price before VAT was
added.
Ans. Let the original price of the hair dryer was Rs x
8 2
VAT = 8% of Rs x = =
100 25
2 27
Price including VAT = + =
25 25
27
= 5400
25
= 5000
The price of the hair dryer before VAT was Rs 5000
Exercise
Q. 1 Calculate the amount and compound interest on
(a) Rs 10800 for 3 years at 1212 % per annum compounded annually.
1
(b) Rs 18000 for 2 % years at 10% per annum compounded annually.
2
1
(c) Rs 62500 for 1 % years at 8% per annum compounded half yearly.
2
(d) Rs 8000 for 1 year at 9% per annum compound half yearly.
(You could use the year by year calculation using SI formula to verify)
(e) Rs 10000 for 1 year at 8% per annum compounded half yearly.

Ans. (a) Principal (P) = Rs 10, 800
1 25
Rate of interest (R) =12 % = % per annum
2 2
Time in years (n) = 3

Amount, A = 1 +
100
25 3
= 10800 1 +
2100
1 3
= 10800 1 +
8
9 9 9
= 10800
8 8 8
= 15377.34
We know that
C.I. = A P = Rs (15377.34 10800) = Rs 4,577.34
(b) Principal (P) = Rs 18,000
Rate of interest (R) = 10% per annum
1 5
Time in years (n) =2 =
2 2
This calculation will be done in two parts
i) Amount for 2 years will be calculated and
ii) For remaining 6 months we will calculate simple interest on the amount
obtained at the end of 2 years
Firstly, the amount for 2 years has to be calculated.
10 2 1 2 11 11
= 18000 1 + = 18000 1 + = 18000
100 10 10 10
= 21780
By taking Rs 21780 as principal amount , the S.I. for the next 6 months will be
calculated.

. =
100
21780 110
. = = 1089
2100
Interest for the first 2 years = Rs (21780 18000) = Rs 3780
And interest for the next 6 months = Rs 1089
Total C.I. = Rs 3780 + Rs 1089 = Rs 4,869
Amount (A) = P + C.I. = Rs 18000 + Rs 4869 = Rs 22,869
(c) Principal (P) = Rs 62,500
Rate of interest = 8% per annum or 4% for 6 months
1
Number of years =1
2
1
There will be 3 half years in 1 years.
2
4 3
= 1 + = 62500 1 +
100 100
1 3
= 62500 1 +
25
26 26 26
= 62500
25 25 25
= 70304
C.I. = A P = Rs 70304 Rs 62500 = Rs 7,804
(d) Principal (P) = Rs 8000
Rate of interest = 9% per annum

9
Rate of interest = %
2
Number of years = 1 year
There will be 2 half years in 1 year.

= 1 +
100
2
9 9 2
= 8000 1 + = 8000 1 +
2 100 200
209 209
= 8000
200 200
= 8736.20
C.I. = A P = Rs 8736.20 Rs 8000 = Rs 736.20
(e) Principal (P) = Rs 10,000
Rate = 8% per annum or 4% per half year
Number of years = 1 year
There are 2 half years in 1 year.

= 1 +
100
4 2
= 10000 1 +
100
1 2
= 10000 1 +
25
26 26
= 10000
25 25
= 10816

C.I. = A P = Rs 10816 Rs 10000 = Rs 816
Q. 2 Kamala borrowed Rs 26400 from a Bank to buy a scooter at a rate of 15% p.a.
compounded yearly. What amount will she pay at the end of 2 years and 4 months to
clear the loan?
(Hint: Find A for 2 years with interest is compounded yearly and then find SI on the 2nd
4
year amount for years.)
12
Ans. Principal amount (P) = Rs 26,400
Rate of interest (R) = 15% per annum
4
Number of years (n) =2 years
12
Firstly, the amount for 2 years has to be calculated.
15 2
= 26400 1 +
100
23 23
= 26400
20 20
= 34914
1
By taking Rs 34,914 as principal, the S.I. for the next yeasrs will be calculated.
3
34914 1 15
. =
3 100
. = 1745.70

Interest for the first two years = Rs (34914 26400) = Rs 8,514
And interest for the next 4 months = Rs 1,745.70
Total compound interest C.I. = Rs (8514 + Rs 1745.70) = Rs 10,259.70
Amount = Principal Amount + C.I. = Rs 26400 + Rs 10259.70 = Rs 36,659.
Q. 3 Fabina borrows Rs 12,500 at 12% per annum for 3 years at simple interest and Radha
borrows the same amount for the same time period at 10% per annum, compounded
annually. Who pays more interest and by how much?

Ans. Simple Interest paid by fabina =
100
12500 123
= = 4500
100

Amount paid at the end of 3 years by Radha = A = 1 +
100
10 3
= 12500 1 +
100
110 110 110

= 12500
100 100 100
= 16,637.50
C.I. = A P = Rs 16637.50 Rs 12500 = Rs 4,137.50
The interest paid by Fabina is Rs 4,500 and by Radha is Rs 4,137.50.
Thus, Fabina pays more interest.
Rs 4500 Rs 4137.50 = Rs 362.50
Hence, Fabina will have to pay Rs 362.50 more.

Q. 4 I borrowed Rs 12000 from Jamshed at 6% per annum simple interest for 2 years. Had I
borrowed this sum at 6% per annum compound interest, what extra amount would I
have to pay?
Ans. Principal (P) = Amount borrowed = Rs 12000
Rate of interest R = 6% per annum
Time = 2 years
120062
. =
100
. = 1440
To find the compound interest, the amount (A) has to be calculated.

= 1 +
100
6 2
= 12000 1 +
100
53 53
= 12000
50 50
= 13483.20
C.I. = A P = Rs 13483.20 Rs 12000 = Rs 1,483.20
C.I. S.I. = Rs 1,483.20 Rs 1,440 = Rs 43.20
Thus, extra amount to be paid by me to jamshed is Rs 43.20.
Q. 5 Vasudevan invested Rs 60000 at an interest rate of 12% per annum compounded half
yearly. What amount would he get
(i) after 6 months?
(ii) after 1 year?
Ans. (i) Principal(P)=Amount Invested = Rs 60,000

Rate of interest R = 12% per annum = 6% per half year
Time period n = 6 months = 1 half year

= 1 +
100
6 106
= 60000 1 + = 60000
100 100
= 63600
(ii) There are 2 half years in 1 year.
n=2
6 2 106 106
= 60000 1 + = 60000 = 67416
100 100 100
Thus Vasudevan will get Rs 63,600 after 6 months and after one year he will get
Rs. 67,416.
Q. 6 Arif took a loan of Rs 80,000 from a bank. If the rate of interest is 10% per annum, find
1
the difference in amounts he would be paying after 1 years if the interest is
2
(i) Compounded annually
(ii) Compounded half yearly
Ans. (i) Principal (P) = Loan Amount = Rs 80,000
Rate of interest R = 10% per annum
1
Time n =1 years
2

Firstly, the amount for 1 year has to be calculated.
10 11
= 80000 1 + = 80000
100 10
= 88000
1
By taking Rs 88,000 as principal, the SI for the next year will be calculated.
2
88000 101
. = = 4400
2100
Interest for the first year = Rs 88000 Rs 80000 = Rs 8,000
1
And interest for the next year = Rs 4,400
2
Total C.I. = Rs 8000 + Rs 4,400 = Rs 1, 2400
A = P + C.I. = Rs (80000 + 12400) = Rs 92,400
(ii) The interest is compounded half yearly.
Rate = 10% per annum = 5% per half year
1
There will be three half years in 1 years.
2
5 3 21 21 21
= 80000 1 + = 80000 = 92,610
100 20 20 20
Difference between the amounts = Rs 92,610 Rs 92,400 = Rs 210
Q. 7 Maria invested Rs 8,000 in a business. She would be paid interest at 5% per annum
compounded annually. Find.
(i) The amount credited against her name at the end of the second year

(ii) The interest for the 3rd year.
Ans. (i) Principal P = Amount to be invested = Rs 8,000
Rate of interest = 5% per annum
Time n = 2 years
5 2 21 21
= 8000 1 + = 8000 = 8820
100 20 20
(ii) The interest for third year, can be calculated by taking Rs 8,820 as principal, the
S.I. for the next year will be calculated.
882051
. = = 441
100
1
Q. 8 Find the amount and the compound interest on Rs 10,000 for 1 years at 10% per
2
annum, compounded half yearly. Would this interest be more than the interest he
would get if it was compounded annually?
Ans. Principal P = Rs 10,000
Rate of interest = 10% per annum = 5% per half year
1
Time n = 1 years
2
1
There will be 3 half years 1 in years.
2
5 3 21 21 21
= 10000 1 + = 10000 = 11576.25
100 20 20 20
C.I. = A P
= Rs 11576.25 Rs 10000 = Rs 1,576.25

The amount for the first year has to be calculated first.
10 11
= 10000 1 + = 10000 = 11000
100 10
1
By taking Rs 11,000 as the principal, the S.I. for the next year will be calculated.
2
11000 101
. = = 550
1002
Interest for the first year = Rs 11000 Rs 10000 = Rs 1,000
Total compound interest = Rs 1000 + Rs 550 = Rs 1,550
Therefore, Interest compounded half- yearly is more than that compounded annually
1
Q. 9 Find the amount which Ram will get on Rs 4,096, he gave it for 18 months at 12 % per
2
annum, interest being compounded half yearly.
Ans. Principal P = Rs 4,096
1 25
R = 12 % per annum = % per half year
2 4
Time n = 18 months
There are 3 half years in 18 months.
Therefore,
25 3
= 4096 1 +
4100
1 3
= 4096 1 +
16
17 17 17
= 4096
16 16 16
Thus, the required amount is Rs 4,913.

Q. 10 The population of a place increased to 54000 in 2003 at a rate of 5% per annum
(i) Find the population in 2001
(ii) What would be its population in 2005?
Ans. (i) population in the year 2003 = 54,000
(ii) let the population in 2001 be x
Therefore,
5 2
54000 = x1 +
100
20 20
X=54000 = 48979.59
21 21
Thus, the population in the year 2001 was approximately 48,980.
5 2
(ii) Population in 2005 = population in 2003 1 +
100
5 2
=540001 +
100
1 2 21 21
=54000 1 + = 54000 = 59,535
20 20 20
Thus, the population in the year 2005 would be 59,535.
Q. 11 In a laboratory, the count of bacteria in a certain experiment was increasing at the rate of 2.5%
per hour. Find the bacteria at the end of 2 hours if the count was initially 5, 06,000.
Ans. Initial count of bacteria = 5, 06,000.
It is also given that the count of bacteria is increasing at the rate of 2.5 %
2.5 2
Bacteria at the end of 2 hours =5060001 +
100

1 2 41 41
=506000 1 + = 50600
40 40 40
Thus, the count of bacteria at the end of 2 hours will be 5, 31,616 (approx.).
Q. 12 A scooter was bought at Rs 42,000. Its value depreciated at the rate of 8% per annum.
Find its value after one year.
Ans. Principal P = Cost price of the scooter = Rs 42,000
Depreciation @ of 8% of Rs 42,000 per year
42000 81
=
100
= 3,360
Value of scooter after 1 year = Rs 42000 Rs 3360 = Rs 38,640

kps3 516b85f289c9e

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

kps3 516b85f289c9e

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Class 10-Mathematics-Unit 1-Commercial Mathematics

By percent we mean many hundredths

Cost Price (C.P)

When S.P > C.P then we say that there is a gain

Gain = (S.P) (C.P)

Loss = (C.P) - (S.P)

Gain % when Gain and C.P is given

To calculate S.P when Gain % and C.P is given

To calculate S.P when Loss % and C.P is given

Sales Tax (ST)

Value Added Tax (VAT)

Compound Interest (C.I)

To find Amount when rate of interest R% and time in years n is given

Copyright 2013 GenextStudents Limited. All Rights Reserved 2

Compound Interest (C.I) = Rs (A P)

To find amount when interest is compounded annually but time is in fraction

Let principal value be Rs P , rate of interest be R% and time = n years

To find amount when interest is compounded Quarterly

Let principal value be Rs P , rate of interest be R% and time = n years

Application of compound interest to find Population of a place

Case 1: Population after n years

Copyright 2013 GenextStudents Limited. All Rights Reserved 3

Case 2: Population n years ago

Copyright 2013 GenextStudents Limited. All Rights Reserved 4

Q. 1 Find the ratio of the following:

(b) We know that 1 km = 1000 m,

In 10 Km we have = 10x1000m =10000m

(c) In Rs 1 we have 100 paise,

In 5 Rs we have =5 100=500 paise

Q. 2 Convert the following ratios to percentages.(a) 3:4 (b) 2:3

Ans. To convert the ratio in percentage we multiply the ratio by 100%

Copyright 2013 GenextStudents Limited. All Rights Reserved 1

Ans. We know that total of anything can be 100%

% of students good in maths +% of students not good in maths =100%

72+% of students not good in maths =100

% of students not good in maths =100-72=28%

Hence 7 students are not good in maths

Ans. Let the football team played matches

Number of matches won =10

Winning % age =40%

That means 40% = 10

Therefore the football team played 25 matches in all .

Ans. Let chameli had Rs x in the beginning

% age of money left with chameli after spending 75% =100-75=25%

Copyright 2013 GenextStudents Limited. All Rights Reserved 2

Hence Chameli had Rs 2400 in the beginning

Ans. From the given data we can see that

60+30+% of people liking other games =100%

%of people liking other games =100-90=10%

Total number of people = 50 lakhs

Copyright 2013 GenextStudents Limited. All Rights Reserved 3

Ans. Let the original salary of the man be x Rs

Salary after increment + Original salary = Rs 1, 54,000

Therefore original salary of man was Rs 1, 40,000

Ans. Number of people went to zoo on Sunday = 845

Number of people went to zoo on Monday= 169

Decrease in the number of people = 845-169

Decrease in the number of people =676

The Number of people visiting zoo decreased by 80%

Copyright 2013 GenextStudents Limited. All Rights Reserved 4

Ans. Cost of 80 articles = Rs 2400

Given Profit % =16 %

Selling Price (S.P)= Rs 34.80