ELECTRICAL

ELECTRICAL
PRINCIPLES
PRINCIPLES
 ELECTRICAL PRINCIPLES

- BASIC ELCTRICAL PRINCIPALS

- ELECTRICAL COMPONENT PRINCIPALS
- ELECTRICAL WIRING INSPECTION
- ELECTRICAL CONFIGURATION
- CONNECTOR CONFIGURATION
CURRENT
Current can be described as the rate of electron flow. Current
is measured in amperes. Current will increase as pressure or
voltage is increased provided that circuit resistance remains
constant. Another term for amperes is intensity of current.
The symbol for current intensity is I. The unit for amperes is A.
CURRENT
Current flow
The idea of electron flow being the basis of electric current
came long after a general convention that current flowed from
the positive battery terminal, through the circuit back to the
negative terminal. Electrons, in fact, flow in the opposite
direction and so care must be taken over which convention is
used. Conventional current flow is nearly always used except
where stated otherwise.
Current flow
+ + -
+ - -
A + - - - B
+ - -
+
+ -
Electron flow
PROTON ELECTRON
VOLTAGE
Voltage can be described as an electrical pressure. In the
automobile battery or the generator is used to apply this
pressure. The amount of pressure applied to a circuit is stated
in the number of volts. Another term for voltage is
electromotive force. The symbol for electromotive force is E.
The unit for volts is V.
RESISTANCE
Resistance in an electrical circuit is measured in ohms. The
ohm is the unit of resistance (and of impedance) in the
International System of Units (SI). The ohm is the resistance
of a conductor such that a constant current of one ampere in it
produces a voltage of one volt between its ends. The symbol
for resistance is R. The unit for ohms is the Greek letter
omega.

Electron
RESISTANCE

Current is a flow of electrons. Electrons may flow easily in

conductors with low resistance. Inversely, electrons cannot
flow easily and collide against each other in conductors with
high resistance which also produces heat. Heat produced by
high resistance may be used in components such as cigar
lighters and thermal coil defogger.
Resistance increases as the length of the conductor increases
and the resistance decreases as the area of the conductor
increases. For example, if the length of the conductor is
doubled, the resistance is also doubled and if the area of the
conductor is doubled then the resistance is halved.
RESISTANCE

As the temperature of the conductor rises, the motion of the

atoms becomes more active. Therefore, resistance will be
increased due to the high rate of collisions between atoms in
the conductor. On the other hand, the resistance of some
semiconductors may decrease as the temperature rises. This
is called a thermistor and it is used in the water thermo sensor
in vehicles.
THREE WAY TO USE THE ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Heat can be produced when the electric flow

HEAT through conductor with resistance.
Ex) Bulb, Cigar lighter, Grow plug

Chemical energy transformed to electrical energy.

CHEMICAL Ex) Battery

The current which flow in a coil or a wire can make

MAGNETIC a magnetic field.
Ex) Starter, Alternator, Solenoid Valve
OPEN CIRCUIT
An open circuit is a circuit in which there is a break in
continuity. For electricity to be able to flow, there must be a
complete and continuous path from the electrical source
through the circuit back to the electrical source. If this path is
broken, the condition is referred to as an open circuit. An
open circuit, therefore, is no longer operational and acts the
same as if it were switched off.
SHORTED CIRCUIT
A shorted circuit is a circuit that allows current to bypass part
of the normal path. An example of this would be a shorted
coil. Coil windings are normally insulated from each other;
however, if this insulation breaks down and allows copper-to-
copper contact between turns, part of the coil windings will
be bypassed.

In an ignition coil primary winding,

this condition would reduce the
number of windings through which
electricity will flow, hence reducing
coil capacity.
GROUNDED CIRCUIT
A grounded circuit is a condition that
allows current to return to ground
before it has reached its intended
destination. An example of this would
be a grounded taillight circuit. If the
wire leading to the taillight has an
insulation breakdown allowing the
wire to touch the frame or body of the
vehicle, electricity will flow to ground
at this point and return directly to the
battery without reaching the taillight.
SWITCH

Electrical switches are used to open

and close electrical circuits. Some
of these are operated manually,
whereas others operate
automatically.

Automatic switches are

controlled by the condition of
a circuit, the vehicle or the
environment.
RELAYS

A relay is an electric switch

that allows a small amount of
M
current to control a much
larger one.It consists of a
control circuit and a power
circuit.
When the control circuit
switch is open, no current
flows to the coil, so the
windings are de-energized.
RELAYS

When the switch is closed, the coil is energized, turning the

soft iron core into an electromagnet and drawing the
armature down. This closes the power circuit contacts,
connecting power to the load circuit. When the control switch
is opened, the current stops flowing in the coil, the
electromagnet disappears, and the armature is released,
which breaks the power circuit contacts.
SOLENOIDS

Solenoids are also electromagnets with moveable cores used

to translate electrical current flow into mechanical movement.
They may also close contacts, acting as a relay at the same
time.
DIODES

A diode is a solid-state (completely static) device that allows

current to pass through itself in one direction only (within its
rated capacity). Acting as a one-way electrical check valve, it
allows current to pass in one direction and blocks it in the
other direction.
Diodes also function as a rectifier, converting AC to DC.

Current flow
ZENOR DIODE
The zener diode is a specially designed diode that conducts
current like a normal diode but will also safely conduct
current in the reverse direction when reverse current
reaches the specified design voltage. A zener diode can
prevent reverse current if it is below design voltage, but
when reverse current reaches and exceeds design voltage,
the zener diode will conduct reverse current. This type of
diode is used in control circuits such as in the field current in
an alternator.
Current flow
TRANSISTORS

A transistor is a solid-state switching device used to control

current in a circuit. It operates like a relay except that it has
no moving parts. A relatively small current is used to control
a larger current. The transistor either allows current to pass
or stops it.

Collector Emitter

Base
TRANSISTORS

When the base circuit of

transistors is energized, a small E C
base current is applied to the
B
transistor collector. Since the
emitter is closer to the collector
than it is to the base, most of the
current is conducted by the
emitter-collector section of the
transistor. This is caused by the
fact that electricity normally
follows the path of least
resistance.
COMMUNICATION SIGNALS

Most input sensors are designed to produce a voltage signal

that varies within a given range. A signal of this type is called
an analog signal. Unfortunately, the computer does not
understand analog signals. It can only read a digital binary
signal, which is a signal that has only two values - on or off.
To overcome this communication problem, all analog voltage
signals are converted to a digital format by a device known as
an analog-to-digital(A/D) converter.
COMMUNICATION SIGNALS

Not all sensors produce analog signals.

Some sensors like the Hall-effect switch produce
a digital or square wave signal that can go
directly to the microcomputer as input.
A/C and D/C

A/C is alternating current and D/C is direct current which is

used in automobiles. Alternating current is generated in the
alternator and converted to direct current by the rectifier found
inside the alternator.

DIRECT CURRENT ALTERNATING CURRENT

CURRENT
CURRENT

TIME

TIME
OHM'S LAW
Current is proportional to voltage and inversely proportional to
resistance.

I[A] = E[V]/R[]

E
I R
KIRCHHOFFS LAWS
First law I3
The current flowing to each junction in I1
a circuit is equal to the current flowing
I4
away from that point.
I1 + I2 = I3 + I4 + I5
I2
I5

Second law
V1 V2 V3
The sum of the voltage drops in
any closed path in a circuit is
equal to the sum of the
electromotive forces in that path.
V1 + V2 + V3 = V4 + V5 V5
V4
Measurement of Voltage and Current

Voltage may be measured by using a voltmeter connected to

both ends of the circuit in parallel. Current may be measured
by using a amperemeter in serial to the circuit.

A
V V
FREQUENCY
Frequency is the number of cycles per second with units of
Hertz. For example 60Hz is 60 cycles per second.

VOLTAGE

TIME
Current and Magnetic Field
The rotating direction of magnetic flux is indicated using the
Right Hand Rule of Fleming with the thumb pointed in the
direction of current flow. Coil is wound around the core to
produce magnetic force. This principal is used in automotive
components such as injectors , relays and solenoid valves.
Magnetic Force
As current flows within a magnetic field, magnetic force is
induced around the conductor.
According to Fleming Left Hand Law, the direction of magnetic
force is indicated by the thumb, first finger shows the direction
of magnetic flux and the middle finger is the direction of
current flow.

CURRENT
FORCE
FORCE
MAGNETIC FLUX

CURRENT
Magnetic Force
The principal used in electric motors is the application of
Fleming Left Hand Law.

N S
Generator and the Right Hand Law
Electric force is generated by the rotation of the coil within the
magnetic flux.
LENZ'S LAW
When the magnet rotates in the clockwise direction, the
electric force reacts to rotate the magnet counterclockwise.
MUTUAL INDUCTION
When Coil A and Coil B are connected, as the current
flowing in Coil A is varied, then self induced electromotive
voltage is generated in Coil B. In this condition, self
induction is commonly referred to as mutal induction.
Coil A and Coil B are respectively known as First and
Second Coil. The electromotive voltage generated in the
first and second coil is called mutual induced electromotive
voltage.

CURRENT

SWITCH OFF TO ON SWITCH ON TO OFF

Voltage ?
Question 1:

Voltage ? ? ?
Voltage ?

- + - +

10 10

- + - +
12V 12V
Battery Battery
Voltage ?
Question 2:

Voltage ? ? Voltage ? ?

- + - +

10 10 10

- + - + - +
12V 12V 12V
Battery Battery Battery
Voltage ?
Question 3:

? Voltage ? ? Voltage ?

- + - +

13 13
- +
12V
Battery
Voltage ?

Question 4:

- +

- + - +
5V 12V
Battery Battery
Voltage ?

Question 5:

- +

- + - +
5V 12V
Battery Battery
Voltage ?

Practice :
Measure the voltage between 5V pin of TP sensor and
battery (+) terminal using digital multimeter.

- +
Voltage ?

Explanation

Voltage
Voltage ?

Focus
Voltage is relative and
not absolute. 3V
If the ground is 7V
commonly connected 4V
together, voltage 12V
maybe checked
between the positive
terminals. 5V

12V 9V 5V
Switch
Question 1:

? ?

- + - +

13 13 Open
- + - +
12V 12V
Battery Battery
Switch

Explanation :

- +

Open

Sensing
12V
ECM
Switch

This type components

Vehicle speed sensor
Idle position switch
Power steering switch
Kick down switch(A/T)
Switch

Question 2-1 :

- +

Switch "OFF"
- +
12V
Battery
Switch

Question 2-2 :

- +

Switch "ON"
- +
12V
Battery
Switch

Explanation :

- +

Switch
- + on/off
Sensing
12V
Battery ECM
Switch

This type components

Ignition switch
A/C switch
Inhibitor switch(A/T)
P/E switch(A/T)
Over drive switch(A/T)
This types are easy to inspection with current data
of Hi-scan
Voltage drop

Question 3:

?
Voltage ?

- +

a b c
13 13
- +
12V
Battery
Voltage drop

Practice :
Measure the voltage of a TP sensor .

Case A : between sensor power and sensor output

Case B : between sensor output and sensor ground

Voltage drop

Explanation :

?
TPS
- +

Sensor Sensor Sensor

power output ground
5V
Voltage drop

Explanation
Due to the fact that it is connected in series,
Voltage Drop is depended on the amount of resistance
due to the Kirchhoffs second law.
Voltage drop

This type of components

Throttle position sensor
Idle CO potentiometer
Voltage drop
Question 4 :

Voltage ? ? Voltage ? ?

- + - +

13 50
- + - +
12V 12V
Battery Battery
Voltage drop

Question 5 :

How does it detect

temperature ?

Sensor Ground
Power
5V
Voltage drop

Practice :
1. Disconnect the engine coolant
temperature sensor connector.
2. Measure the voltage at the female side
connector of the engine coolant
temperature sensor.
Voltage drop

Explanation :

?
NTC
resister - +

Constant
resistance
Ground

5V Sensing
Voltage drop

Focus
Components using this type method
Engine coolant temperature sensor
Intake air temperature sensor
ATF temperature sensor(A/T)
Voltage drop
Question 6 :

?
Voltage ?
- +

10 2

10 10
- +
12V
Battery
Voltage drop
Explanation

Voltage ? ?

- +
10 2
- +
12V
Battery Voltage ? ?

- + 10 10 - +
12V
Battery
Voltage drop

Focus
Components using this type method
Manifold absolute pressure sensor
BARO sensor
Mass air flow sensor
Power transistor

Question 7 : When does the lamp turn on ?

Switch on or off ?

Power TR

Lamp
- +
12V
Battery
Switch
Power transistor
Explanation : Voltage ?

Injector

- +
12V
Battery ?
5V
- +
ECM
Power transistor
Explanation : Voltage ?

Injector

- +
12V
Battery ?
0V
- +
ECM
Power transistor

Focus
Components using this type method
(Most of actuators of engine )
Power transistor
Injector
Control relay
Fuel pump relay
ISA, Step motor
Purge control sol. valve
Power transistor

Question 8-1 : Voltage ?

Solenoid
valve

- +
12V
Battery ?
5V
- +
ECM
Power transistor

Question 8-2 : Voltage ?

Solenoid
valve

- +
12V
Battery ?
0V
- +
ECM
Power transistor

Focus
Components using this type method
(Actuators of automatic transaxle of alpha
and beta )
Shift control solenoid valve - A
Shift control solenoid valve - B
Pressure control solenoid valve
Damper clutch control solenoid valve
Generator

Question 9 : How to generate voltage

at secondary coil ?

Ig. key Ig. coil

- +
12V ECM
Battery
Generator

Explanation :

Electric Permanent
Magnet Moving
Magnet

Coil

Battery

V
Voltmeter
Generator

Explanation :
Components using
this type method

Inductive type Coil

CKP sensor
(Alpha, Beta, Delta Permanent
engine) magnet
PG-A (A/T)
PG-B (A/T)
Wheel speed sensor
V
Voltmeter
Hall sensor
Hall sensor utilize the Hall effect. The probe and the electronic
circuitry for supply and signal processing are integrated on the
sensor tip. Hall IC is located within an almost completely closed
magnet circuit consisting of permanent magnet and pole pieces.
According to rotation of sensing wheel, the direction of magnet
field will be changed. If the direction of magnet field is in a
perpendicular to the direction of applied voltage, Hall IC will be
switched on.
Supply voltage
Sensor voltage

ECM
Hall IC
Wiring Inspection
Question : Where do you check first, if fuel pump is
wrong ?

Connector Control relay Fuel pump

Ig. key
Fuse F/pump
check connector

- +
12V ECM
Battery
Wiring Inspection

Connector Control relay Fuel pump

Ig. key
Fuse F/pump
C/connector ?

- +
12V ECM - +
Battery
Wiring Inspection
Case 1 : No power
12V

Control relay
- +

- +
12V
Battery

ECM
Wiring Inspection
Case 2 : Low Power
12V

Control relay
- +

- +
12V
Battery
Repeat ground
ECM and not ground
Wiring Inspection
Case 3-1 : Bad grounding (Sensors)

12V
Digital
Disconnect multimeter
- +

- +
Sensor Ground
12V
Power Battery
5V
Wiring Inspection

Case 3-2 : Bad grounding (Actuators)

=> Control relay, Fuel pump relay, A/C
relay, Radiator fan relay : Check the
voltage same as sensor ground checking
when relay operating condition.
=> Injector, ISA, Purge control valve,
Stepper motor : There is no connector
from component to ECM.
Wiring Inspection
Case 4 : Signal output line problem

Simulation
TPS
function
Disconnect

Sensor Sensor Sensor

power output ground
5V
Wiring Inspection
If the checked result is 12V on
following circuit.
Could you decide wiring has 12V
no problem?

Control relay
- +

- +
12V
Battery

ECM
Wiring Inspection
Explanation :
12V

Control relay Connection

- +
problem

- +
12V
Battery

ECM
Reference
Question :
Why the signal of crankshaft position sensor was
up-shifted?
Reference
Items(Current suppling from ECM to component)

Square waveform sensors

(Hall sensor, VSS, VAF sensor, Optical type sensor)

Temperature sensing sensors

(ECT, IAT, ATF sensor)

Pulse generating type sensor

(CKP, O2, Knock sensor)
ELECTRICAL CONFIGURATION-ECM
TYPE 1 - POWER, GROUND AND OUTPUT
Electrical configuration
Sensor Engine Output
Power Connected Disconnecte Ground
d
TPS All 5V 0-5V ECM ground
Idle CO Leaded fuel 5V 0-5V ECM ground
potentio engines
MAP sensor Siemens, 5V 0-5V Chassis ground
1.5@DOHC
BARO sensor Melco 5V 0-5V ECM ground
VAF sensor Melco 12V 1-5V 5V ECM ground
MAF sensor Bosch 12V 0-5V ECM/chassis ground
VSS Sonata, RD 12V 0-5V FREQ 6V Chassis ground
coupe
CMP sensor Alpha, Beta 12V 0-5V 5V ECM ground
CKP, CMP Melco 12V 0-5V 5V Chassis ground
sensor
ELECTRICAL CONFIGURATION-ECM
TYPE 2- POWER GENERATING TYPE
Electrical configuration
Sensor Engine output
Output Supply 2(ground) Remarks
CKP Alpha, Beta engine Alternative 3.3V Chassis ground
sensor
current (shield)
Knock sensor Alpha1.5L, Alternative 5V Chassis ground
Beta current (shield)
O2 sensor Chassis ground Without
(1pin) heater
O2 sensor All 0-1V 0.4V Chassis ground Heater(power
(3pin) 12v,ECMground)
O2 sensor ECMground Heater(power
(4pin) 12v,ECMground)
ELECTRICAL CONFIGURATION-ECM
TYPE 3 - POWER, OUTPUT AND GROUND

Electrical configuration
Sensor
Vehicle Power/output
Output Power Ground
ECT sensor
All 0-5V 5V ECM ground
IAT sensor All(except 0-5V 5V ECM ground
scoupe@)
ELECTRICAL CONFIGURATION
TYPE 4 - SWITCH

Electrical configuration
Sensor
Vehicle Output/power
Output Power Ground
Idle s/w
Melco 0-12V 12V Chassis ground
VSS
Speedometer 0-5V 5V Chassis ground
cable
Power steerg Melco 0-12V 12V Chassis ground
s/w
A/C s/w All 0V or 12V
Ignition s/w All 0V or 12V
ELECTRICAL CONFIGURATION
TYPE 5 - OUTPUT COMPONENT
Actuator Engine Electrical configuration
1(power) 2(ground)
Injector All 12V ECM ground
Control relay All 12V ECM ground
Fuel pump relay Bosch 12V ECM ground
Rad. fan relay Accent alpha, Beta 12V ECM ground
A/C relay All 12V ECM ground
ISA Siemens, Bosch 12V ECM ground
Step motor Melco 12V ECM ground Ground control
Ignition coil All 12V Chassis ground
through power TR
Purge control All 12V ECM ground
valve
EGR control valve Some 12V ECM ground
Power Melco, 12V Chassis supply from
transistor @ turbo (collector) ground(emiter) ECM 5V(base) + control
CONNECTOR CONFIGURATION
The connector illustrations shown in the workshop manuals do
not reflect the true shape of connectors. When distinguishing
between a male or a female connector, the male connectors
have a extra outline.

Model MALE FEMALE

BEFORE 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 5
1999
10 9 8 7 6 6 7 8 9 10

AFTER
2000 1 2 3 4 5 5 4 3 2 1
6 7 8 9 10 10 9 8 7 6