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2.1 PART 1 (STUDENT 1)

COMMON PRODUCTION PROCESS OF ACETYLENE

There are two basic conversion processes used to make acetylene. One is a
chemical reaction process, which occurs at normal temperatures. The other is a thermal
cracking process, which occurs at extremely high temperatures. Here are typical
sequences of operations used to convert various raw materials into acetylene by each of
the two basic processes.

Chemical reaction process

Acetylene may be generated by the chemical reaction between calcium carbide

and water. This reaction produces a considerable amount of heat, which must be removed
to prevent the acetylene gas from exploding. There are several variations of this process
in which either calcium carbide is added to water or water is added to calcium carbide.
Both of these variations are called wet processes because an excess amount of water is
used to absorb the heat of the reaction. A third variation, called a dry process, uses only a
limited amount of water, which then evaporates as it absorbs the heat. The first variation
is most commonly used in the United States and is described below. Most high-capacity
acetylene generators use a rotating screw conveyor to feed calcium carbide granules into
the reaction chamber, which has been filled to a certain level with water

To ensure a complete reaction, the solution of calcium carbide granules and water
is constantly agitated by a set of rotating paddles inside the reaction chamber. This also
prevents any granules from floating on the surface where they could over-heat and ignite
the acetylene. The acetylene gas bubbles to the surface and is drawn off under low
pressure. As it leaves the reaction chamber, the gas is cooled by a spray of water. This
water spray also adds water to the reaction chamber to keep the reaction going as new
calcium carbide is added. After the gas is cooled, it passes through a flash arrester, which
prevents any accidental ignition from equipment downstream of the chamber. As the
calcium carbide reacts with the water, it forms a slurry of calcium carbonate, which sinks
to the bottom of the chamber. Periodically the reaction must be stopped to remove the
built-up slurry. The Acetylene may be generated by the chemical reaction between
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calcium carbide and water. Acetylene may be generated by the chemical reaction between
calcium carbide and water. This reaction produces a considerable amount of heat, which
must be removed to prevent the acetylene gas from exploding.

Thermal cracking process

Acetylene may also be generated by raising the temperature of various

hydrocarbons to the point where their atomic bonds break, or crack, in what is known as a
thermal cracking process. After the hydrocarbon atoms break apart, they can be made to
rebond to form different materials than the original raw materials. This process is widely
used to convert oil or natural gas to a variety of chemicals. There are several variations of
this process depending on the raw materials used and the method for raising the
temperature. In the United States, the most common process uses a combustion chamber
to heat and burn natural gas.

Natural gas, which is mostly methane, is heated to about 1,200 F (650 C).
Preheating the gas will cause it to self-ignite once it reaches the burner and requires less
oxygen for combustion. The heated gas passes through a narrow pipe, called a venturi,
where oxygen is injected and mixed with the hot gas. The mixture of hot gas and oxygen
passes through a diffuser, which slows its velocity to the desired speed. This is critical. If
the velocity is too high, the incoming gas will blow out the flame in the burner. If the
velocity is too low, the flame can flash back and ignite the gas before it reaches the
burner. The gas mixture flows into the burner block, which contains more than 100
narrow channels. As the gas flows into each channel, it self-ignites and produces a flame
which raises the gas temperature to about 2,730 F (1,500 C). A small amount of oxygen
is added in the burner to stabilize the combustion.

The burning gas flows into the reaction space just beyond the burner where the
high temperature cause about one-third of the methane to be converted into acetylene,
while most of the rest of the methane is burned. The flaming gas is quickly quenched
with water sprays at the point where the conversion to acetylene is the greatest. The gas
passes through a water scrubber, which removes much of the carbon soot. The gas then
passes through a second scrubber where it is sprayed with solvent known as N-
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methylpyrrolidinone which absorbs the acetylene, but not the other gases. The solvent is
pumped into a separation tower where the acetylene is boiled out of the solvent and is
drawn off at the top of the tower as a gas, while the solvent is drawn out of the bottom.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Process/ Chemical reaction process Thermal cracking process

criteria
Advantages Easy to obtain raw material such In aspect of quality, this process
as water and calcium carbide produce grade A acetylene which
may have not more than 0.5%
impurities and is generally used
for chemical production
processes.
The entire combustion process
takes only a few milliseconds.
Can produce other product such as
carbon monoxide and carbon
dioxide by adjust the temperature.
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Disadvantage In aspect of quality, this process Need to control velocity of feed-in

s produce grade B acetylene which gas at a desire value. If the
may have a maximum of 2% velocity is too high, the incoming
impurities and is generally used gas will blow out the flame in the
for oxyacetylene welding and burner. If the velocity is too low,
metal cutting. the flame can flash back and
This reaction produces a
ignite the gas before it reaches the
considerable amount of heat, burner.
which must be removed to prevent
the acetylene gas from exploding.
Need to make sure that the calcium
carbide granule size is correct
which provides the right amount of
exposed surfaces to allow a
complete reaction.

PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM FOR THERMAL CRACKING PROCESS

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Figure: manufacturing of acetylene from natural gas

SELECTED PROCESS
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The chosen process for this design thesis is the thermal cracking process, because
this process produce Acetylene grade A which may not have not more than 0.5%
impurities compared to the acetylene grade B that been produce by chemical reaction
process. Acetylene may be produced from a variety of hydrocarbon feed stocks such as
natural gas, LPG, naphtha, fuel oil and even crude oil by high-temperature cracking in
this process. Heat for the cracking operation is developed by partial oxidation of the feed
stock with oxygen. The heat evolved cracks the excess hydrocarbon to acetylene. After
rapid quenching with water, the acetylene is separated from the gas stream by absorption-
desorption in a suitable solvent. The process is known as Sachasse process using natural
gas as raw material.

Besides that, the burning gas flows into the reaction space just beyond the burner
where the high temperature cause about one-third of the methane to be converted into
acetylene, while most of the rest of the methane is burned. The entire combustion process
takes only a few milliseconds in range of 0.001 to 0.01 seconds. This process also
produce other substance in form of gases such as hydrogen, carbon monoxide, carbon
dioxide and nitrogen. The cooled effluent gases on the dry basis contain 8% acetylene,
54% H2, 26% CO, 5% CH4, 4% CO2 and 3% N2 and higher acetylenes. . The chemical
reaction for converting methane into acetylene and hydrogen may be written 2 CH 4 C
2 H 2 + 3 H 2 . The other gases are the products of combustion with oxygen. In order to
separate the acetylene, it is dissolved in a solvent such as water, anhydrous ammonia,
chilled methanol, or acetone, or several other solvents depending on the process.
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2.2 PART 2 (STUDENT 2)

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES FOR PRODUCTION OF ACETYLENE

METHANE

Acetylene is mainly manufactured by the partial combustion of methane

or appears as the side product of the ethylene stream from process of the
cracking the hydrocarbons.Methane has the chemical formula of CH 4. It is the
simplest alkane and the main component of natural gas.It is tetrahedral
component which consist of four equivalent C-H bonding.Methane is odorless
ad colorless at the room temperature and standard pressure.Methane has
melting and boiling point which at -182.5 oc and -161.49oc at a pressure of one
atmosphere.

PROPERTIES

Chemical formula CH4

Molar mass 16.04 g mol-1

Appearance Colorless gas

Odor Odorless

Density 0.656 g/L (gas,25c,1 atm)

Melting point -182.5c,-296.4F,90.7 K

Boiling point -161.49c,-256.68F,111.6 K

Specific heat capacity(C) 35.69 J K-1mol-1

Molecular shape Tetrahedron

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Solubility Soluble in ethanol,diethyl

ether,benzene,toluene,methanol,aceto
ne
OXYGEN

In the production of the acetylene,natural gas which is mostly involve

the methane was being heated in the combustion chamber.The heated
gas then will mixed with the injected oxygen.The mixture of the hot gas
and the oxygen will then enter the diffuser which will slow the velocity
until it reach desired speed needed.If the velocity was too high,then the
incoming gas will blow the flame out in the burner.

PROPERTIES

Chemical formula O
Oxygen gas (O2)Ozone (O3)
Molar mass 16 g mol-1

Appearance gas: colorless

liquid: pale blue
Odor Oxygen is an odorless gas

Density 1.429 g/L

Melting point 54.36 K (218.79 C, 361.82 F)

Boiling point 90.188 K (182.962 C, 297.332 F)

Solubility Slightly soluble in water, alcohol and

some other common liquids
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WATER

The burning gas then will continue to flows into the reaction space just
beyond the burner where the high temperature cause about one-third of the
methane to be converted into acetylene, while most of the rest of the
methane is burned.The flaming gas is quickly quenched with water sprays at
the point where the conversion to acetylene is the greatest. The cooled gas
contains a large amount of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with lesser
amounts of carbon soot,plus carbon dioxide,methane,acetylene and other
gases.

PROPERTIES

Chemical formula H 2O

Molar mass 18 g mol-1

Appearance White solid or almost colorless

Odor Odorless

Melting point 0.00 C (32.00 F; 273.15 K)

Boiling point 100 C (212 F; 373 K)

Solubility Poorly soluble in haloalkanes

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N-methylpyrrolidinone

Act as the the solvents which helps to differetiate and absorbs the
acetylene from the other gases.The solvent is pumped into a separation
tower where the acetylene is boiled out of the solvent and is drawn off at
the top of the tower as a gas, while the solvent is drawn out of the
bottom.

PROPERTIES

Chemical formula C5H9NO

Molar mass 99.13 gmol1

Appearance Colorless liquid

Melting point 24 C (11 F; 249 K)

Boiling point 202 to 204 C (396 to 399 F; 475 to

477 K)
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ACETYLENE

As the carbon move through the water srubber,which remove the carbon
soot.The gas then passes through a second scrubber where the gas passes
through a water scrubber, which removes much of the carbon soot. The gas
then passes through a second scrubber where it is sprayed with a solvent
known as N-methylpyrrolidinone which absorbs the acetylene, but not the
other gases.

PROPERTIES

Chemical formula C2H2

Molar mass 26.04 gmol1

Appearance Colorless gas

Melting point 80.8 C (113.4 F; 192.3 K) Triple

point at 1.27 atm

Sublimation point 84 C; 119 F; 189 K (1 atm)

Solubility slightly soluble

Molecular shape Linear

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ETHYLENE

From the thermal cracking process the side product that will be form is
the ethylene.This hydrocarbon has four hydroge atoms bound to a pair of
carbon atoms that are connected by a double bond.Ethylene widely used in
the plant biology,biosynthesis in plants,perception in plants nad the
environmental and biological triggers of ethylene.

PROPERTIES

Chemical formula C2H4

Molar mass 28.05 g/mol

Appearance colorless gas

Melting point 169.2 C (272.6 F; 104.0 K)

Boiling point 103.7 C (154.7 F; 169.5 K)

Molecular shape D2h

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2.3 PART 3 (STUDENT 3)

PRODUCTION OF ACETYLENE

To produce acetylene, calcium carbide is first charged to a large tank containing water and
which is outfitted with slow moving stirring paddles. The carbide is dropped onto the surface
of the water where it is allowed to react spontaneously. Acetylene gas is withdrawn from the
top of the tank while calcium hydroxide and other impurities settle to the bottom of the tank.
The reactor is cooled by internal coils containing cooling water on the exterior of the tank or
both. The calcium hydroxide and impurities produced, is discharged. Acetylene is
compressed and stored in high pressure vessels.

The process of the invention consists of a two-stage reactor system in which calcium carbide
and water are reacted to form acetylene and calcium hydroxide The calcium hydroxide is
subsequently reacted with hydrogen chloride in a neutralizer to form calcium chloride.

The invention embodies a unique, dual reactor configuration in which water and calcium
carbide are mixed in an entrained flow-type reactor. The reaction is allowed to occur in a
dilute aqueous phase with residence times such that the reaction proceeds to 60-90%
completion while in the primary reactor. Entrained reaction products and unreacted feed
material are carried overhead to the secondary reactor which consists of a dense phase,
laminar plug-flow type reactor. Calcium hydroxide intermediate product is allowed to settle
and is removed from the bottom of the reactor. Unreacted water is separated from the calcium
hydroxide by use of an overflow wier and recycled to the primary reactor. The combination
of the Primary reactor and the secondary reactor are such that the majority of reaction occurs
in a stirred-tank reactor type configuration which undergoes a transition in the secondary
reactor to a plug-flow reactor configuration. The plug-flow reactor allows for the completion
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of the reaction of calcium carbide with water. In the presence of excess water, the reaction of
calcium carbide with water is effectively a first order, irreversible reaction.

CaC2 + 2 H2O C2H2 + Ca(OH)2

Calcium carbide
water acetylene Calcium
hydroxide

OPERATING TEMPERATURE
The temperature must be high. It depends on the reaction rate. Generally, as the temperature increases
so does the rate at which the reaction occurs. Temperature control is through the vessel wall.
OPERATING PRESSURE
Plug flow reactor mostly operate at constant pressure. Any pressure drop will effect the performance
of plug flow reactor.
INLET REACTANT AND OUTLET PRODUCTS AND BY-PRODUCT COMPOSITIONS
Calcium carbide is charged into plug flow reactor vessel containing water. The entrained reaction
products and the unreacted feed material are carried over to a secondary reactor to complete the
reaction, and the acetylene gas is drawn off. Calcium hydroxide product is removed from the reactor
and reacted with hydrogen chloride to form calcium chloride. 1 mol of calcium carbide react with 2
mol of water and the product is 1 mol of acetylene and 1 mol of calcium hydroxide.
REACTOR CONVERSION
For irreversible reactions, maximum conversion is complete conversion, X = 1 (100%). The
conversion for this reaction is 60% - 90%.
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2.4 PART 4 (STUDENT 4)

Question 1: Background study on the assigned reactor, Plug Flow Reactor (PFR)

i. Introduction of PFR

Plug Flow Reactor (PFR) is also known as continuous tubular reactors (CTR) or
piston flow reactor, consist of a cylindrical pipe with openings on each end for reactants and
products which are continually consumed and obtained, respectively as they flow down
through the length of reactor which the reactor is usually have plug flow, operated at steady-
state and constant density (reasonable for liquids but a 20% error for polymerizations, valid
for gases only if there is no pressure drop, no net change in the number of moles, or large
temperature change) and a single reaction occurring in the bulk of the fluid (homogeneously).
PFR has spatial variation in axial direction but not in radial direction (there is a changes in
reactor in terms of concentration and temperature along axis direction). PFR is an ideal
reactor which have real reactor that can be modeled as combinations of multiple of plug flow.
Real reactor of PFR are tubular, tubular exchanger, fixed bed, radial-flow, fired heater,
serpentine tubular and serpentine fluidized-bed reactor. A material balance on the differential
volume of a plug, on species i of axial length dx between x and x+dx gives: [in]-[out]+
[generation]-[consumption] = [accumulation]

where accumulation is 0 under steady state, therefore, above mass balance can be written as
follows: Fi(x) - Fi(x+dx) + (At.dx.vi.r) = 0

ii. Equipment design of PFR

Plugs of reactants are continuously fed into the reactor from the left. As the plug flows
down the reactor the reaction takes place, resulting in an axial concentration gradient.
Products and unreacted reactants flow out of the reactor continuously. PFR in the form of a
tube wrapped around an acrylic mold which is encased in a tank and is configured as one
long tube or a number of shorter tubes. They range in diameter from a few centimeters to
several meters. The choice of diameter is based on construction, cost, pumping cost, the
desired residence time and heat transfer needs. A long small diameter tubes are used with
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high reaction rates and larger diameter tubes are used with slow reaction rates. The tube will
be a tube in a shell and tube heat exchanger.

iii. Operation and Uses of PFR

PFR are used to describe chemical reactions in continuous, flowing systems of

cylindrical pipes and predict the behavior of chemical reactors of such design, so that key
reactor variables like dimensions of the reactor, can be estimated. Fluid going through PFR as
a series of infinitely thin coherent plugs each with a uniform composition, traveling in the
axial direction of the reactor, with each plug having a different composition from the ones
before and after it and it represent a variety of engineered or natural conduits through which
liquids or gases flow (e.g. pipelines).Water at a controlled temperature is circulated through
the tank to maintain constant reactant temperature. Any plug that enters the reactor at time
will exit the reactor at time , where is the residence time of the reactor. The residence time
distribution function is therefore a dirac delta function at . PFR has a residence time
distribution that is a narrow pulse around the mean residence time distribution. PFR are used
to carry out the process of Suzuki reaction, Hoffmann reaction, Grignard reaction, Oxidation
reaction, biocatalyst, hydrogenation, Bourne reaction, emulsion polymerization, nano particle
synthesis and counter current extraction.

iv. Advantages and disadvantages of PFR

The advantages of using PFR compared to other types of reactors are it is

mechanically simple which consists of cylindrical pipe which reactant and products can
easily flow through, easily maintained and its tubes are easy to clean since there are no
moving parts. PFR is a steady-state operation, hence no accumulation and unvarying product
quality. PFR has low pressure drops and high volumetric conversion rate per reactor volume
which is very efficient for use of reactor volume. PFR can run for long periods of time
without maintenance and is good for large capacity processes. PFR is suitable for fast
reaction mainly used for gas phase reaction. The heat transfer rate in PFR can be optimized
by using more and thinner tubes or fewer and thicker tubes in parallel. The disadvantages are
its temperatures are hard to control which can result in undesirable temperature gradients and
vary the composition of product. Next, hot spots may occur within PFR when used for
exothermic reactions. PFR maintenance is also more expensive than CSTR maintenance.
Question 2: A detailed analysis on the application of the reactors in industries.
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The application of the reactors type Plug Flow Reactors (PFR) in industries are used
for large-production, slow reactions, homogeneous or heterogeneous reactions, continuous
production and high-temperature reactions and commonly used in industrial processing such
as pharmaceutical, oil and gas and food and drinks. The functions of reactors are to describe
chemical reactions in continuous, flowing systems and predict behavior chemical reactors of
such design so that key reactor variables such as dimensions can be estimated. PFR is
commonly used in industrial processing which works well for liquids, gases and slurries,
which is used more often for gas phase reaction and are used to carry out the process of
Suzuki reaction, Hoffmann reaction, Grignard reaction, Oxidation reaction, biocatalyst,
hydrogenation, Bourne reaction, emulsion polymerization, nano particle synthesis and
counter current extraction. PFR usually used in gasoline production, oil cracking, synthesis of
ammonia from its elements, and the oxidation of sulfur dioxide to sulfur trioxide. PFR used
in research on the oxidation of nitrogen compounds.

In oil and gas industry of production of algae, PFR can also be used as bioreactors or
for small scale production. The PFR bioreactor shown below is used for the production of
algae. The algae is then compressed and dried and can be used as feed for a biodiesel reactor.
A portable system and method for producing biofuel from algae are disclosed. In the portable
system, a chemostat and a PFR formed from plastic bladders are interconnected. Further, an
algae separator is in fluid communication with the PFR for removing algae cells. Also, the
system includes a device for processing biofuel from the algae cells. Importantly, the system
includes a temperature controller to maintain desired temperatures in the chemostat and PFR
for algae growth and intracellular algae production.

In process oil refining cracker of high quality of gasoline in industry oil and gas, the
reactant and product flow regimes in the riser is modeled as plug flow assumptions. Plug flow
is that reactor regime in which fluid moves in form of plugs. And along the length of riser
there is variation in composition. That is there are axial variations. Fluid composition is
changing. However radial variations are not present. Along each cross section the
composition with respect to spatial and time domains is constant. Plug flow assumption is
very useful in modeling the riser since there is no back mixing. Back mixing is condition
where the reactor products catalyst etc is moved to rector influent. There they mix with
reactant. And also back mixing leads to condition of mixed flow reactor. And in mixed flow
reactor there is always a less conversion as compared to plug flow. And in our case we are
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requiring higher conversion. Back mixing with bring catalyst with the reactant and product to
influent. In our case of fluidized catalytic cracking the feed is vacuum gas oil and its cracked
products gasoline, coke and lights gases.

In pharmaceutical industry which PFR is used to produce penicillin-V which the

design and operation of an industrial penicillin-V deacylation reactor is simulated, using a
kinetic expression and mass transport parameters for the immobilized enzyme particles. It is
desirable to use a series of equalized PFR with pH control at the entrance to each reactor, and
with a possibility of recycling reactant in each reactor. Higher pumping costs and lower
productivity are unavoidable drawbacks of an operation mode where the separation costs for
the product mixture are desired to be low.

In production of an aerosol, which is a process for the manufacture of 1-chloro-3,3,3-

trifluoropropene (HCFC-1233zd) at commercial scale from the reaction of HCC-240 and HF
is disclosed. In one embodiment, HCC-240fa and HF are fed to a reactor operating at high
pressure. Several different reactor designs useful in this process include; a stirred-tank reactor
(batch and/or continuous flow); a PFR, a static mixer used as a reactor; at least one of the
above reactors operating at high pressure; optionally combined with a distillation column
running at a lower pressure; and combinations of the above; and/or with a distillation column.
The resulting product stream consisting of 1233zd, HCl, HF, and other byproducts is partially
condensed to recover HF by phase separation. The recovered HF phase is recycled to the
reactor. The HCl is scrubbed from the vapor stream and recovered as an aqueous solution.
The remaining organic components including the desired HCFC-1233zd are scrubbed, dried
and distilled to meet commercial product specifications.

In environmental industry of sewage ponds water treatment, fixed-film or attached

growth secondary treatment bioreactors are similar to a PFR model circulating water over
surfaces colonized by biofilm, while suspended-growth bioreactors resemble a PFR keeping
microorganisms suspended while water is being treated. Secondary treatment bioreactors may
be followed by a physical phase separation to remove biological solids from the treated water.
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REFERENCES

1. Acetylene. (2014) Advameg, Inc. [Online]. [Accessed 13th February, 2016]. Available
from World Wide Web: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-
4/Acetylene.html#ixzz40PWEBw8S

2. Acetylene. (2013) NPTEL. [Online]. [Accessed 11thFebruary, 2016]. Available from

World Wide Web: http://nptel.ac.in/courses/103106108/Lecture%207.pdf

3. Acetylene. (2001) Wikipedia. [Online]. [Accessed 12th February, 2016]. Available

from World Wide Web: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetylene

4. Dr. Kelly Y.T.L., Chapter 1: Mole Balance of Types of Reactor in Industry Plug Flow
Reactor (PFR),UniKL MICET, Melaka, 2016, p12.

5. How Product are Made. (2015) Advameg, Inc.[Online].[Accessed on 16thFebruary

2016]. Available from World Wide Web: http://www.madehow.com/Volume-
4/Acetylene.html

6. Lanny D.S., The Engineering of Chemical Reactions, Oxford University Press, New
York, 1998.

7. Plug Flow Reactor Model. (2005) Wikipedia. [Online]. [Accessed 13th February,
2016]. Available from World Wide Web:
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plug_flow_reactor_model

8. Plug Flow Reactors. (2013) Encyclopedia Of Chemical Engineering Equipment.

[Online] [Accessed 14th February, 2016]. Available from World Wide Web:
http://encyclopedia.che.engin.umich.edu/Pages/Reactors/PFR/PFR.html

9. Plug Flow Reactors. (2000) University of Michigans Education Portal. [Online]

[Accessed 14th February, 2016]. Available from World Wide Web:
http://www.umich.edu/~elements/5e/asyLearn/bits/pfrfinal/index.htm

10. Process Flow Sheet of Acetylene Manufacturing from Methane.(2014) Process Flow
Sheet. [Online]. [Accessed 12th February, 2016]. Available from World Wide Web:
http://processflowsheet.com/acetylene-manufacturing-from-methane
CKB20104-REACTION ENG. P R O D U C T I O N O F A C E T Y L E N E P a g e | 25

11. The Production of Acetylene from Methane by Partial Oxidation. (1951) The
University of British Columbia. [Online]. [Accessed 12th February, 2016]. Available
from World Wide Web: https://open.library.ubc.ca/media/stream/pdf/831/1.0059187/1

APPENDICES

A material balance on the differential volume of a fluid element, or plug, on species i of axial
length dx between x and x + dx gives:

[accumulation] = [in] - [out] + [generation] - [consumption]

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Accumulation is 0 under steady state; therefore, the above mass balance can be re-written as
follows:

where:

x is the reactor tube axial position, m

dx the differential thickness of fluid plug

the index i refers to the species i

Fi(x) is the molar flow rate of species i at the position x, mol/s

D is the tube diameter, m

At is the tube transverse cross sectional area, m2

is the stoichiometric coefficient, dimensionless

r is the volumetric source/sink term (the reaction rate), mol/m3s.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Stages No. Content Page Number

2.0 Process background

2.1 Part 1 (Student 1)

1-5
2.2 Part 2 (Student 2)
6-11
2.3 Part 3 (Student 3)
1 12-13

2.4 Part 4 (Student 4)

14-17
References
18-19
Appendices
20