Typical Cervical Vertebra

- Transverse process -> Foramen transversarum

- Spines are small and bifid
- Body -> Broad from side to side
- Vertebral foramen -> Large and triangular
- Superior and Inferior articular process

Atypical Cervical Vertebra

A. ATLAS (C1) - No body
- No spinous process
- Possess anterior and posterior arch
- Possess lateral mass on each side

B. AXIS (C2) - Odontoid Process

C. VERTEBRA PROMINENS (C7) - Has the longest spinous process

- Transverse process is larger -> Foramen transversarum
is small

Thoracic Vertebra
A. TYPICAL THORACIC VERTEBRA - Body is medium sized and heart shaped
- Vertebral foramen -> Small and circular
- Spines are long and inclined downward
- Costal facets present on transverse process

B. ATYPICAL THORACIC VERTEBRA - T1 with 1 pair of circular costal facet

- T9 no inferior pair of demifacet
- T10, T11 no inferior demifacet; no facet on transverse
process
 - T12 same as T11
Lumbar Vertebra
- Body is large and kidney shaped
- Pedicles -> strong and directed backward
- Thick laminae
- Vertebral foramen -> Triangular
- Transverse process -> Long and slender
- Spinous process -> Short, flat, quadrangular

Sacrum
- Five rudimentary vertebrae
- Wedged shaped bone
- Upper border -> 5th lumbar vertebra
- Narrow inferior border -> Coccyx
- Laterally -> two iliac bones
- Sacral promontory
- Sacral canal -> Formed by vertebral foramina
- Sacral hiatus
Coccyx
- Four vertebra fused together