A pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular

chart divided into sectors, illustrating numerical

proportion. In a pie chart, the arc length of each
sector (and consequently its central angle and
area), is proportional to the quantity it
represents. While it is named for its
resemblance to a pie which has been sliced,
there are variations on the way it can be
presented. The earliest known pie chart is
generally credited to William Playfair's
Statistical Breviary of 1801.

Pie charts are very widely used in the business world and the mass
media.However, they have been criticized, and many experts recommend
avoiding them,] pointing out that research has shown it is difficult to compare
different sections of a given pie chart, or to compare data across different pie
charts. Pie charts can be replaced in most cases by other plots such as the
bar chart.

Constructing Circle Graphs:

1. Add all the individual pieces of data together to get a whole. For
example, if you were doing a pie chart on religion on your street and
you found 20 Discordians, 15 Subgenuises and 45 Pastafarians, you
would add them together to get 80 people.

2. Divide each individual group by the total sum. For example, 20

Discordians / 80 total people = 0.25.]

3. Calculate the number of degrees each group takes up in your pie.

There are 360 degrees in a circle, so multiply each decimal by 360. So
the Discordians would take up 0.25 x 390 = 90 degrees.

4. Put a dot on a piece of paper. Put the tip of the compass in the center
of that dot and trace a circle around it. Draw a straight line from the
center of the circle to one of the edges.

5. Use a protractor to measure the first slice of the pie. Place the 0
degree mark of the protractor on the line you made and measure the
appropriate number of degrees around the circle. Make a dot on the
 edge of the circle to mark the boundary of the first slice. For example,
you would measure from 0 to 90 degrees and mark the circle for
Discordians.

6. Draw a line from the center of the circle to the dot on the edge. Then,
measure the next slice from that edge. Draw another dot and another
line. Continue until you have drawn all the slices.

7. Label each piece of the pie with a name and a percentage. The easiest
way to get a percentage value is to multiply the decimal you got in
step 2 by 100. So Discordians are 0.25 x 100, or 25 percent of the
total.

8. Trace over all the lines, words and numbers with a black felt-tipped
marker. Then lightly color in each piece of the pie with a different
colored highlighter. This step is optional, but it will create better visual
impact.

Maps and Globes

A map is a visual representation of an area

a symbolic depiction highlighting
relationships between elements of that
space such as objects, regions, and themes.

Many maps are static two-dimensional,

geometrically accurate (or approximately
accurate) representations of three-
dimensional space, while others are dynamic
or interactive, even three-dimensional.
Although most commonly used to depict
geography, maps may represent any space,
real or imagined, without regard to context or scale; e.g. brain mapping, DNA
mapping and extraterrestrial mapping.

The orientation of a map is the relationship between the directions on the

map and the corresponding compass directions in reality. The word "orient" is
derived from Latin oriens, meaning East. In the Middle Ages many maps,
including the T and O maps, were drawn with East at the top (meaning that
the direction "up" on the map corresponds to East on the compass). Today,
the most common but far from universal cartographic convention is that
North is at the top of a map. Several kinds of maps are often traditionally not
oriented with North at the top:

Maps from non-Western traditions are oriented a variety of ways. Old

maps of Edo show the Japanese imperial palace as the "top", but also
at the centre, of the map. Labels on the map are oriented in such a
way that you cannot read them properly unless you put the imperial
palace above your head.[citation needed]

Medieval European T and O maps such as the Hereford Mappa Mundi

were centred on Jerusalem with East at the top. Indeed, prior to the
reintroduction of Ptolemy's Geography to Europe around 1400, there
was no single convention in the West. Portolan charts, for example, are
oriented to the shores they describe.

Maps of cities bordering a sea are often conventionally oriented with

the sea at the top.

Route and channel maps have traditionally been oriented to the road
or waterway they describe.

Polar maps of the Arctic or Antarctic regions are conventionally centred

on the pole; the direction North would be towards or away from the
centre of the map, respectively. Typical maps of the Arctic have 0
meridian towards the bottom of the page; maps of the Antarctic have
the 0 meridian towards the top of the page.

Reversed maps, also known as Upside-Down maps or South-Up maps,

reverse the "North is up" convention and have South at the top.

Buckminster Fuller's Dymaxion maps are based on a projection of the

Earth's sphere onto an icosahedron. The resulting triangular pieces
may be arranged in any order or orientation.

Modern digital GIS maps such as ArcMap typically project north at the
top of the map, but use math degrees (0 is east, degrees increase
counter-clockwise), rather than compass degrees (0 is north, degrees
increase clockwise) for orientation of transects. Compass decimal
degrees can be converted to math degrees by subtracting them from
450; if the answer is greater than 360, subtract 360
 Globes (Hebrew: )is a Hebrew language
daily evening financial newspaper, published
in Israel. It deals with economic issues and news
from the Israeli and international business
worlds, and is the oldest financial newspaper
in Israel. The color of the paper is pink, inspired
by the British Financial Times.

According to TGI 2009 media survey Globes'

market share rose15% over the year to 4.4%. [1]
Its main competitors in printed media are TheMarker of Haaretz group and
Calcalist published by Yedioth Ahronoth Group. Since 1997 Globes has an
online version.

History:

The daily paper founded by Haim Bar-On, the publisher of the newspaper, on the
basis of a small, Haifa-based financial newspaper, in partnership with businessman
Eliezer Fishman. Fishman in recent years also bought a stake in Yediot Ahronot.

Following the success of Globes, it had a competitor in the form of Telegraph, which
had a lower subscription price and was also printed on Saturday. Telegraph was
closed after several years. A few years later, the Schocken Media Network published
TheMarker economic newspaper as a competitor to Globes.

The Chief editor of Globes is Haggai Golan (Golan was preceded by Matti Golan and
Adam Baruch). Among the regular contributors to the newspaper are Yoav Karni, Eli
Tsipori, Matti Golan, Stella Korin-Lieber, Joshua Simon and Dror Foer.

A degree (in full, a degree of arc, arc degree, or arcdegree), usually denoted by
(the degree symbol), is a measurement of plane angle, representing 1360 of a full
rotation; one degree is equivalent to /180 radians. It is not an SI unit, as the SI unit
for angles is radian, but it is mentioned in the SI brochure as an accepted unit

Minutes

n. Abbr. min.
1. A unit of time equal to one sixtieth of an hour, or 60 seconds.
2. A unit of angular measurement equal to one sixtieth of a degree, or 60 seconds.
Also called minute of arc.
3. A measure of the distance one can cover in a minute: lives ten minutes from
school.
4. A short interval of time; moment. See Synonyms at moment.
5. A specific point in time: Stop that this minute!
6. A note or summary covering points to be remembered; a memorandum.
7. Minutes An official record of the proceedings of a meeting.
tr.v. minuted, minuting, minutes

Bar Graph

Definition:

A bar graph displays data visually and is sometimes called a bar chart or a bar
graph. Data is displayed either horizontally or vertically and allows viewers to
compare items displayed. Data displayed will relate to things like amounts,
characteristics, times and frequency etc. A bar graph displays information in a way
that helps us to make generalizations and conclusions quickly and easily. A
typical bar graph will have a label, axis, scales and bars. Bar graphs are used to
display all kinds of information such as, numbers of females versus males in a
school, sales of items during particular times of a year. Bar graphs are ideal for
comparing two or more values.

The image shows a bar graph about the favorite seasons of the boys and girls in a
class. The blue represents the fall, the red represents the winter, the green
represents the spring and the purple represents the fall. At a glance, you can see
that the favorite season among the girls is summer and the boys is fall. The least
favorite season for both girls and boys is winter. On the left side of the graph are
numbers that represent how many students were surveyed. Numbers of students
are represented on the x axis and the y axis shows the genders.

When interpreting a bar chart, look at the tallest bar and look at the shortest bar.
Look at the titles, look for inconsistencies and ask why they are there.

Types of Bar Graphs

Single: Single bar graphs are used to convey the discrete value of the item for each
category shown on the opposing axis. An example would be a representation of the
number of males in grades 4-6 for each of the years 1995 - 2010. The actual
number (discrete value) could be represented by a bar sized to scale with the scale
appearing on the x axis. The Y axis would show a tick and label for the
corresponding year for each bar.
Grouped A grouped or clustered bar graph is used to represent discrete values for
more than one item that share the same category. An example would be, using the
single bar example above and introduce the number of female students in grades 4-
6 for the same categories, years 1995- 2010. The two bars would be grouped
together, side by side, and each could be color coded to make it clear which bar
represents male vs. female discrete value.

Stacked: Some bar graphs have the bar divided into subparts that represent the
discrete value for items that represent a portion of a whole group. An example
would be to represent the actual grade data for males in each grade 4-6 and then
scale each grade discrete value as a part of the whole for each bar. Again color
coding would be needed to make the graph readable.

Once you've had some experience with bar graphs, you'll want to check into the
many other graphs that mathematicians and staticians use. Bar graphs are used in
school as early as kindergarten and they are seen in the curriclum through to high
school. Graphs and charts are the standard in visually representing data. If a picture
is worth a thousand words then you'll appreciate the value or interpreting
information presented in bar charts and graphs. More often than not, I tend to use a
spreadsheet to represent data in bar charts. The tutorial here is helpful to learn how
to use a spreadsheet to create a bar chart or graph.

Multiple Line Graph

Definition of Line Graph

Line graph is a graph that uses line segments to connect data points and shows changes in data over time.
More about Line Graph
Multiple Line Graph: Multiple line graph is a line graph that shows changes in data over time for more than one
category.

Examples of Line Graph

The line graph shows the annual income of a person over a period of 7 years.

PROJECT
 IN
MATHEMATICS

Submitted By:
1. Wila Mae G. Flores
2. Erickson Aloro

Submitted To:
Ms. Karen May J. Onayan