Sarah May B.

Nacario
BSCHE-III
Biology 1

1. Which monomers are joined together to form a starch?

Answer: glucose

2. Proteins are polymers of amino acids. Each amino acid has a central carbon
atom linked to:

a nitrogen containing _________ group

a hydrogen atom
a carboxyl group which acts as an acid
an R group which varies in different amino acids

Answer: amino

The figure shows four of the twenty different kinds of amino acids in proteins. Circle
the part of each amino acid which is the same in all types of amino acids.

Answer:

3. What are the structural levels of protein organizations and their functions?

Answer:

The shape of a protein is critical to its function because it determines whether the
protein can interact with other molecules.

Primary structure: the linear arrangment of amino acids in a protein and the
location of covalent linkages such as disulfide bonds between amino acids.
 Secondary structure: areas of folding or coiling within a protein; examples
include alpha helices and pleated sheets, which are stabilized by hydrogen
bonding.

Tertiary structure: the final three-dimensional structure of a protein, which

results from a large number of non-covalent interactions between amino acids.

Quaternary structure: non-covalent interactions that bind multiple

polypeptides into a single, larger protein. Hemoglobin has quaternary structure
due to association of two alpha globin and two beta globin polyproteins.

source:
http://www.vivo.colostate.edu/hbooks/genetics/biotech/basics/prostruct.html

4. For starch and proteins, identify:

a. the monomers contained in the polymer
b. atoms contained in the monomer
c. how many types of monomers contained in the polymer
d. Function of the polymer

Answers:

Starch:
a. glucose
b. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
c. one (1)
d.
Function in human:
A type of complex carbohydrate, starch is found in a wide range of foods,
including potatoes and whole grains. Starch breaks down into glucose in
your body, providing a more gradual energy source for your bodily processes
than simple carbohydrates, such as refined sugar. Glucose is the usable form
 of carbohydrate for your body. Glucose circulates throughout your body in
your bloodstream, and gets taken up by cells and used as a source of fuel.
Glucose is used to power all of your bodily functions, and it's the main
source of energy for your brain and nervous system.
source: http://www.livestrong.com/article/483010-what-is-the-function-of-
starch/

Function in plants:
Starch is the form that plants store carbohydrate that they produce by
photosynthesis. Some of the carbohydrate they make is used immediately
while the rest is stored as starch for use at night, when there's no sunlight, or
for longer-term storage in roots, tubers and seeds

Protein:
a. amino acids
b. Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, and usually Sulfur
c. twenty (20)
d.
Protein is essential to the structure of red blood cells, for the proper
functioning of antibodies resisting infection, for the regulation of
enzymes and hormones, for growth, and for the repair of body tissue.
source: http://www.nutristrategy.com/nutrition/protein.htm

Six Primary Functions of Proteins

Repair and Maintenance. Protein is termed the building block of the body. It is
called this because protein is vital in the maintenance of body tissue, including
development and repair. Hair, skin, eyes, muscles and organs are all made from
protein. This is why children need more protein per pound of body weight than adults;
they are growing and developing new protein tissue.

Energy. Protein is a major source of energy. If you consume more protein than you
need for body tissue maintenance and other necessary functions, your body will use it
for energy. If it is not needed due to sufficient intake of other energy sources such as
carbohydrates, the protein will be used to create fat and becomes part of fat cells.

Hormones. Protein is involved in the creation of some hormones. These substances

help control body functions that involve the interaction of several organs. Insulin, a
small protein, is an example of a hormone that regulates blood sugar. It involves the
interaction of organs such as the pancreas and the liver. Secretin, is another example
of a protein hormone. This substance assists in the digestive process by stimulating
the pancreas and the intestine to create necessary digestive juices.

Enzymes. Enzymes are proteins that increase the rate of chemical reactions in the
body. In fact, most of the necessary chemical reactions in the body would not
efficiently proceed without enzymes. For example, one type of enzyme functions as
an aid in digesting large protein, carbohydrate and fat molecules into smaller
molecules, while another assists the creation of DNA.

Transportation and Storage of Molecules. Protein is a major element in

transportation of certain molecules. For example, hemoglobin is a protein that
transports oxygen throughout the body. Protein is also sometimes used to store certain
molecules. Ferritin is an example of a protein that combines with iron for storage in
the liver.

Antibodies. Protein forms antibodies that help prevent infection, illness and disease.
These proteins identify and assist in destroying antigens such as bacteria and viruses.
They often work in conjunction with the other immune system cells. For example,
these antibodies identify and then surround antigens in order to keep them contained
until they can be destroyed by white blood cells.

Source: http://healthyeating.sfgate.com/6-primary-functions-proteins-5372.html