Professional Documents
Culture Documents
INGLS INSTRUMENTAL
PARA INFORMTICA
Manaus 2011
2
SUMRIO
TCNICAS DE LEITURA
As tcnicas de leitura, como o prprio nome diz, vo nos ajudar a ler um texto.
Existem tcnicas variadas, mas veremos as mais utilizadas. Ao ler um texto em
Ingls, lembre-se de usar as tcnicas aprendidas, elas vo ajud-lo. O uso da
gramtica vai ajudar tambm. As principais tcnicas so: a identificao de
cognatos, de palavras repetidas e de pistas tipogrficas. Ao lermos um texto
vamos,ainda, apurar a idia geral do texto (general comprehension) e utilizar duas
outras tcnicas bastante teis: skimming e scanning.
Cognatos Os cognatos so palavras muito parecidas com as palavras do
Portugus. So as chamadas palavras transparentes. Existem tambm os falsos
cognatos, que so palavras que achamos que tal coisa, mas no ; os falsos
cognatos so em menor nmero, estes ns veremos adiante.
Como cognatos podemos citar: school (escola), telephone (telefone), car (carro),
question (questo, pergunta), activity (atividade), training (treinamento)... Voc
mesmo poder criar sua prpria lista de cognatos!
Palavras repetidas As palavras repetidas em um texto possuem um valor
muito importante. Um autor no repete as palavras em vo. Se elas so repetidas,
porque so importantes dentro de texto.
Muitas vezes para no repetir o mesmo termo, o autor utiliza sinnimos das mesmas
palavras para no tornar o texto cansativo.
Pistas tipogrficas As pistas tipogrficas so elementos visuais que nos
auxiliam na compreenso do texto. Ateno com datas, nmeros, tabelas, grficas,
figuras... So informaes tambm contidas no texto.
Os recursos de escrita tambm so pistas tipogrficas. Por exemplo:
... (trs pontos) indicam a continuao de uma idia que no est ali exposta;
negrito d destaque a algum termo ou palavra;
itlico tambm destaca um termo, menos importante que o negrito;
(aspas) salientam a importncia de alguma palavra;
( ) (parnteses) introduzem uma idia complementar ao texto.
General Comprehension A idia geral de um texto obtida com o emprego
das tcnicas anteriores. Selecionando-se criteriosamente algumas palavras,
termos e expresses no texto, poderemos chegar idia geral do texto.
Por exemplo, vamos ler o trecho abaixo e tentar obter a general comprehension
deste pargrafo: Distance education takes place when a teacher and students are
separated by physical distance, and technology (i.e., voice, video and data), often in
concert with face-to-face communication, is used to bridge the instructional gap.
From: Engineering Outreach College of Engineering University of Idaho
A partir das palavras cognatas do texto (em negrito) podemos ter um a idia geral do
que se trata; vamos enumerar as palavras conhecidas (pelo menos as que so
semelhantes ao Portugus):
distance education = educao a distancia
students = estudantes, alunos
separeted = separado
physical distance = distncia fsica
technology = tecnologia
voice, video, data = voz, vdeo e dados (ateno: data no data)
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Ento voc poderia dizer que o texto trata sobre educao a distncia; que
esta ocorre quando os alunos esto separados fisicamente do professor; a
tecnologia (voz, vdeo, dados) podem ser usados de forma instrucional. Voc
poderia ter esta concluso sobre o texto mesmo sem ter muito conhecimento de
Ingls. claro que medida que voc for aprendendo, a sua percepo sobre o
texto tambm aumentar. H muitas informaes que no so to bvias assim.
Com a tcnica do skimming podemos dizer que este trecho afirma que a tarefa do
educador selecionar as opes tecnolgicas; o objetivo ter uma mistura de
mdias instrucionais de uma maneira instrucionalmente efetiva e economicamente
prudente.
Scanning Scan em Ingls quer dizer examinar, sondar, explorar. O que faz
um scanner? Uma varredura, no ?! Logo, com a tcnica de scanning voc ir
fazer uma varredura do texto, procurando detalhes e idias objetivas.
Aqui importante que voc utilize os conhecimentos de Ingls; por isso, ns
vamos ver detalhadamente alguns itens gramaticais no ser Estudo da Lngua
Inglesa. Olhe este trecho: Teaching and learning at a distance is demanding.
However, learning will be more meaningful and deeper for distant students, if
students and their instructor share responsibility for developing learning goals:
actively interacting with class members; promoting reflection on experience; relating
new information to examples that make sense to learners. This is the challenge and
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PREFIXOS E SUFIXOS
Prefixos Sufixos
In-, im-, un-, ir-, il-, non-, dis-, -ify, -ize
Expressam negao, oposio; so geralmente usados Para formar verbos
como adjetivos, verbos ou advrbios. American = americanize simple = simplify
Usual = unusual legal = illegal Legal = legalize pure = purify
Possible = impossible calculate = miscalculate
Connect = disconnect real = unreal
-ed
Super-, sub-, over-, hyper-, mini- Para formar o passado dos verbos regulares
Expressam grau ou tamanho Talk = talked Love = loved
Man = superman human = subhuman Stop = stopped Kiss = kissed
Dose = overdose critical = hypercritical
Skirt = miniskirt -al, -ence, -ee, er-, -or, -ion, -ment, -ness
Para formar substantivos
Super-, sub-, inter-, trans- Arrive = arrival prefer = preference
Expressam locative Employ = employee train = trainee
Superstructure subconscious Act = actor run = runner
International transplant Educate = education treat = treatment
Happy happiness dark = darkness
Fore-, pre-, pos-, ex-, re-
Expressam tempo e ordem -ful
Foretell forecast Adicionado a substantivos abstratos forma adjetivos que
Post-classical ex-husband indicam existncia, presena em grande quantidade
Re-evaluate pr-marital Power = powerful hope = hopeful
Care = careful success = successful
Over
Expressa excesso -less
Overtired overwork Adicionado em substantives abstratos foram adjetivos que
Overdose overweight indicam falta, carncia, ausncia de alguma coisa
Use = useless care = careless
Under Noise = noiseless pain = painess
Expressa o sentido oposto a Over; falta; no necessrio;
menos
Underdressed underpaid
Underestimate underage
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Exerccios
Physical fitness is not the only of the most important keys to a healthy body; it is the
basis of dynamic and creative intellectual activity. The relationship between the
soundness of the body and the activities of the mind is subtle and complex. Much is
not yet understood. But we do know what Greeks knew: that intelligence and skill can
only function at the peak of their capacity when the body is healthy and strong; that
hardy spirits and tough minds usually inhabit sound gods. (John Kennedy)
a) Healthy ( ) complex
b) Subtle ( ) firme
c) Complex ( ) vigoroso, valente
d) Strong ( ) saudvel
e) Hardy ( ) perfeito
f) Tough ( ) sutil
g) Sound ( ) forte
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Lets practice:
Complete as frases usando uma linking words...
despite / despite the fact that / rather than / while / the same...as / such as / therefore
/ however / so that / until / once / so / then / as / on the other hand / like / not
only...but/ also / if / else / even / yet.
a) ___________________ the world has sufficient resources to put an end to
poverty; thousands of people die because they are poor.
b) ______________ all its problems, this is still a beautiful world.
c) __________________ just taking about the problem, lets do something about
it.
d) Did anybody call _____________ I was away?
e) They wanted to visit Brazilian historic towns ___________ Ouro Preto,
Mariana and So Joo del Rey.
f) The verb to ban has _________ meaning as to forbid.
g) Betty knows she has to lose weight, ___________________ she has decided
to go on a diet.
h) Kurt was rich and famous, _________________________, he didnt seem to
be happy.
i) ________________________ the virus gets inside your body its very difficult
to get rid of it.
j) They have been researching for a long time, _______________ they expect to
get some results soon.
k) _____________________science finds a vaccine that protects people from
AIDS, the disease will continue spreading.
l) We went to a restaurant, ________________ to the theater.
m) _________________ your friend, I ca only give you good advice.
n) Mens bodies are generally bigger than womens, _________ women
generally live longer than men.
o) She plays sports ______________ volleyball and basketball.
p) Leonardo was ______________ an architect ________________ an inventor
and a scientist.
q) ________________________ its a known fact that chocolate is not a healthy
food, why do we eat it?
r) We all know its dangerous, and __________ we find it irresistible.
s) Candy bars, brownies, doughnuts, what _______ has chocolate in it?
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Systems analysts
Programmers, Operators
Liveware Schedulers
Data Base and DCOM
Administrators
Specialized Managers
Technical support
10
EXERCISES
d) The software consists of the systems analysts, programmers, operators and many
others.
___________________________________________________________________
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Programs and flowcharts are documents in which many kind of jobs are
(c) ( )
done.
b) _________________ the computer has changed the way ___________ many kinds of jobs
Em pouco tempo pelo qual
_____________.
so feitos
b) hardware _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
d) input _____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
e) liveware __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
f) mainframe _________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
g) modem ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
h) network __________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
i) output ____________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
j) software ___________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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HARDWARE
Hardware is not difficult to understand. It is nuts and bolts and microchips.
But what is software? Perhaps the easiest way to think of it is in terms of a simple
analogy: hardware is to software as a television set is to the shows that appear on it.
computer programs, rather like those aired on TV, are a man-made effort to turn
lifeless hardware into something one might want to spend some time with.
Programs, like television scripts, are written not in English, but in
English-like commands that vary from machine to machine. BASIC, for example, is a
language most desktop computers are wired to understand.
In the past, computer owners had to write their own software. Today
thousands of prewritten programs are on the market, ranging from games to
accountants tools. Running these software packages, as opposed to writing them, is
no more difficult than playing a CD or a videotape. Just find the appropriate disc, put
it in a disc drive and push a button. In a matter of seconds the computer is
programmed and set to do the job at hand from balancing the books to finding
misspelled words to playing a video game.
Vocabulary
hardware: computador (a rnquina) to range: variar
nuts and bolts: porcas e parafusos accountant: contabilista
software: prograrna de computador ( tool: ferrarnenta, instrumento
rather) like: corno, da mesma forma to run: operar, fazer funcionar
que television package: pacote
set: apareiho de televiso to play a record: tocar um disco
to air: transrnitir to push a button: apertar um boto
effort: esforo set: pronto, preparado
to turn ... into: transformar em at hand: pronto, a mo
lifeless: inanirnado, sern vida to balance the books: fazer a contabilidade
to wire: equipar, preparar to misspell: escrever com erro
owner: dono, proprietrio
Responda, em portugus, as perguntas 1 a 5.
Since computers can understand only two words, variously defined as yes
and no, on and off, or zero and one, computer scientists have devised a babel of
languages that translate human wishes into some variation of the computers two
words. BASIC is the language of most desktop personal computers, originally written
for Dartmouth students in the mid- 1960s; FORTRAN is an earlier attempt used
mainly for scientific problems; Logo is designed for children; and Ada is used mainly
for military problems. *
Vocabulary
since: desde que, como, visto que science-minded: muito interessada
to devise: projetar, inventar pela cincia
wish: desejo to live on: continuar presente
earlier attempt: experincia anterior engine: mquina
mainly: principalmente whether: se
in honor of: em hornenagem a whatever: tudo aquilo que
A magnetic disk is a computer data storage device on which programs and data
may be stored and retrieved quickly far faster than cassette tape but more expensive.
Data on disks is stored in many concentric circles, each of which is called a track. Data
stored on a magnetic disk cannot be read as quickly as data stored in the main memory of
the computer, but disk storage has larger capacity and is not erased when the computer is
turned off. Microcomputers use floppy disks or diskettes, or hard disks. A floppy disk looks
like a small phonograph record, covered with a magnetic coating. A hard disk is
permanently mounted in the computer and cannot be removed. The part of the computer
that reads and writes the disk is known as the disk drive.
EXERCISES
2. Complete in English.
a) A __________________________ is one form of ______________________
device.
b) The part of the computer that _______________________ and
___________________ the disk is known as the __________________________.
c) It is ________________________ because it uses a mixture of characters which
can be _______________________ or ________________________ or
____________________ or any _________________________.
3. Match the columms.
b) alphanumeric________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Not long ago, it would have been hard to get an Internet article published outside
the confines of the specialized computer pages. Today editors are commissioning Internet
articles, which means they are planning publication before they have even read them. To
some extent, of course, journalism is a fashion industry. Previously, the focus has been on
microcomputers, virtual reality, computer viruses and video games. Now it is the Internet
that is fashionable.
A popular question is: who is on the Internet? Apart from the White House, the
American Library of Congress and the Science Museum, computer hardware and software
suppliers are significant users, partly because they have the plethora of PCs, modems
and communications programs required to exploit on-line access. Most of the worlds
universities and research institutes are on the Internet because linking them was, after all,
the reason the Internet was invented.
The Internet grew out of the ARPAnet, sponsored by the US Defense Department
s Advanced Research Projects Agency; to start with, this linked four university campuses
in California and the University of Utah. The real Internet came into being in 1980 when
the ARPAnet was connected to the Computer Science Research Network.
EXERCISES
1. These are the main topics in the text. Which paragraph does each topic refer to?
2. Choose the correct alternative. According to the writer, the Internet was invented to:
3. Write in English.
5. Find in the text the sentences which correspond to the ones below. Write them down.
a) Computer hardware and software suppliers have a large number of PCs, modems
and communications programs that required on-line access.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
a)
_______________________________________________________________________
b)
_______________________________________________________________________
c)
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Read the first paragraph and say if these statements are true (T) or false (F).
a) It was always easy to find texts about the Internet. ( )
b) Nowadays editors read these texts before publishing them. ( )
c) Texts about microcomputers are in fashion. ( )
d) The Internet is much more in fashion than video games. ( )
10. Which is the best (but not necessarily literal) translation for:
Interaja com o texto por meio das estratgias de leitura: identificao de palavras
cognatas, de marcas topogrficas, de palavras repetidas, de pontos principais, predio,
skimming, scanning, seletividade e palavras-chave.
1. Read the text Computer Viruses and answer the questions below in PORTUGUESE :
a) In the beginning of the text , there is a description of the Maltese Amoeba by means of
a comparison. What is the Maltese Amoeba compared to ?
b) What kind of damage can be caused by viruses when they are inside a computer ?
c) The text mentions three different kinds of computer crimes. What are they ?
d) According to the text , what is the best method to avoid the spreading of viruses ?
2. There are different kinds of viruses which are mentioned throughout the text. Choose 2
viruses and describe them.
c) Todo ms aproximadamente 150 novos vrus so descobertos , fato este que implica
em uma constante atualizao dos produtos antivrus utilizados.