Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mrs. Trainor
AP Psychology
8 September 2016
How We Encode
Sensory memory
Some external stimuli is processed consciously
Coded into working mem.
Some are processed unconsciously
Coded into long-term mem.
Unconscious Processing
Automatic Processing
Automatically process
Info. processed one absorbs with little to no effort
Space
Encode where something is
on a page
Time
Subconsciously encode
is
Retracing steps
Frequency
Keep track of how many
Effortful Process
Lot of info. Is processed auto, but others take time and effort
Content of this chapter
Effortful processing produces durable and and
accessible mem.
Rehearsal
Used when learning new mem
Learning names
Conscious repetition
Hermann Ebbinghaus Experiment
Memory through repetition
Ebb. grew impatient with phil. Speculations
Conduct own scientific experiment
Create nonsense words
A vowel between two
consonants
JIH, BAZ
Randomly selected sample of syllables
Tried to recall
As #rep inc., time taken to relearn dec.
The amount remembered depends on the time spent
learning
Overlearning increases retention
is seldom remembered
But info presented the hour
is over time
Spacing effect
retention
Those who learn quickly also forget quickly
Memorizing phone numbers
Expanding spaced rehearsal
Repeat number
Wait a few seconds
Repeat number again
Wait longer
Etc.
Serial position effect
People remember first and last items better than
middle
Learning coworkers names
First few is good, last few not so much
Sometimes repeating info is not enough to store for recall
What We Encode
Encoding Meaning
encode them
Gordon Bower and Daniel Morrow
Minds are similar to theatre directors
Asked to recall a show
alcohol reveals
If the glove doesnt fit, you
must acquit
Semantic encoding
Fergus Craik and Endel Tulving
Flashed words at people and asked a question that
remembering it
When told it was about washing clothes,
studying
Visual Encoding
three is a tree
Soon you will be able to count by peg
fill w/ milk
Chunking
Organizing is very important for memorization
KLCISNE NVESE YNA NI CSTTIH TNDO
Vs. NICKELS SEVEN ANY IN STITCH
DONT
Chunking
When we can organize info into
meaningful units/chunks
Occurs naturally
We all remember information best when
arrangements
Aids recall of unfamiliar material
Acronyms
ROY G BIV
HOMES
Chunks of number for remembering
I personally think its easier in Chinese
Memorizing all dates of